In this complete and thorough update of Arthur Boucot's seminal work, Evolutionary Paleobiology of Behavior and Coevolution, Boucot is joined by George Poinar, who provides additional expertise and knowledge on protozoans and bacteria as applied to disease. Together, they make the Fossil Behavior Compendium wider in scope, covering all relevant animal and plant groups and all epochs, and providing a detailed review of animal and plant fossil behavior in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Fossil behavior encompasses not only past evidence of the life history of an organism but also behavioral, predation, and symbiotic interactions, including parasitism. This book compares patterns of behavior and coevolution in the past with those of the present-day descendants. It also discusses how to evaluate the rates of evolution of behavior and coevolution at various taxonomic levels. The compendium emphasizes the interactions between fossils and compares these interactions with present-day counterparts. It also provides new discussions on topics related to fossils in amber. Keeping Boucot's trademark, easy-to-read style, the book includes new findings never published previously, reports not easily accessed, numerous examples, 40 tables, 285 illustrations-some published here for the first time-and a four-page color insert. The book provides a concise account of the evidence for varied disease types recognized to date in the fossil record.

Multivariate, heterogeneous data has been traditionally analyzed using the "one at a time" variable approach, often missing the main objective of discovering the relationships among multiple variables and samples. Enter chemometrics, with its powerful tools for design, analysis, and data interpretation of complex environmental systems. Delineating the rigors of modern environmental analysis and how to effectively solve limitations through multivariate approaches, Environmental Chemometrics: Principles and Modern Applications provides an introduction and practical guide to chemometric methods used in environmental chemical analysis. The text begins with an overview of chemometrics in relation to quantitative environmental analysis and a review of descriptive statistical concepts. Building on this, the author covers environmental sampling considerations, experimental design and optimization techniques, multivariate analysis of environmental and chemical data sets, time series analysis, and quality assurance and method validation. Each chapter contains problem-oriented exercises and research applications from the author's own work and from other experts in the field. The author's presentation of the basic principles of these methods together with real applications in the field of environmental chemistry makes the comprehension of complex environmental problems and chemically-related concepts more accessible. He covers all major areas of environmental analysis backed by studies from experts in the field. The book is a valuable tool for understanding the rapidly developing world of chemometric methods in environmental analysis.

The hydrogeologic environment of fractured rocks represents vital natural systems, examples of which occur on every continent. This book discusses key issues, methodologies and techniques in the hydrogeology of fractured rocks, summarizing recent progress and anticipating the outcome of future investigations. Forty-four revised and updated papers were selected from extended abstracts presented at the International Conference on Groundwater in Fractured Rocks, held in Prague in 2003 and these provide a valuable benchmark reference for studies in fractured rock hydrogeology worldwide. Topics include sustainable groundwater development, groundwater protection and management, new and improved approaches to the investigating hydrogeology of fractured systems, understanding of hydrogeologic properties both on local and regional scales, and both quantitative and qualitative aspects of groundwater flow and solute/contaminant transport.

Collecting and analyzing data on unemployment, inflation, and inequality help describe the complex world around us. When published by the government, such data are called official statistics. They are reported by the media, used by politicians to lend weight to their arguments, and by economic commentators to opine about the state of society. Despite such widescale use, explanations about how these measures are constructed are seldom provided for a non-technical reader. This Measuring Society book is a short, accessible guide to six topics: jobs, house prices, inequality, prices for goods and services, poverty, and deprivation. Each relates to concepts we use on a personal level to form an understanding of the society in which we live: We need a job, a place to live, and food to eat. Using data from the United States, we answer three basic questions: why, how, and for whom these statistics have been constructed. We add some context and flavor by discussing the historical background. This book provides the reader with a good grasp of these measures. Chaitra H. Nagaraja is an Associate Professor of Statistics at the Gabelli School of Business at Fordham University in New York. Her research interests include house price indices and inequality measurement. Prior to Fordham, Dr. Nagaraja was a researcher at the U.S. Census Bureau. While there, she worked on projects relating to the American Community Survey.

Effective management of a water well requires that the water well can meet a set of performance indicators. These can include criteria related to water quality, yield, economics and asset life. Water well deterioration due to fouling and corrosion impacts the ability of a well system to meet these criteria. Managing well deterioration processes involves understanding the nature of these processes and having in place water well maintenance strategies to deal with them. Managing water well deterioration fills a need within the literature for an academically based informative text that incorporates practical advice. The focus on a problem-oriented approach to diagnosing well deterioration makes the book a useful practical handbook. It integrates concepts from hydrogeology, hydrochemistry and microbiology to give a thorough understanding of water well deterioration processes. Scenarios have been developed to illustrate common causes of water well fouling. A feature of the book is the treatment of both corrossion and fouling issues in depth. Case studies selected from around the world are uses to illustrate approaches to the diagnosis and remediation of well deterioration. These scientifically orientated perspectives on water well deterioration are embedded within a management framework to provide a comprehensive approach to dealing with water well deterioration.

Historically, research on the methods and amounts of trace element application to agriculture soils for correcting plant deficiencies has received major attention. More recently, due to industrial development and past disposal activities, trace elements are considered to be important environmental contaminants that affect all components in the atmosphere and in aquatic and terrestrial systems. Prepared by a multi-disciplinary group of scientists, Trace Elements in Soil: Bioavailability, Flux, and Transfer explores and discusses emerging issues in biogeochemistry research.
The book emphasizes the role of biological and chemical interactions and discusses the newest research and its application to major environmental problems. It provides a concise compilation of current research and a handy, time-saving reference. With contributions from an international panel of authors, the book focuses on trace element issues in developing countries and environmentally sound techniques such as stabilization and bioremediation.
Fundamental yet complex, bioavailability can be relatively simple to parameterize under controlled simulated conditions. This is not always the case under field conditions. To expand our understanding of the fate and transport of trace elements in soils, the methods of assessing trace element bioavailability, flux, and transfer among the different soil components needs to be redefined and developed. Trace Elements in Soil: Bioavailability, Flux, and Transfer is unique in its emphasis on bioavailability and how trace element contamination ultimately effects plants, wildlife, and human population.

Detailing the latest developments in the disciplines of geotechnical engineering, clay science and geochemistry concerned with the fundamental properties of clay liner and buffer materials.

Topical Issues of Rational Use of Natural Resources contains the contributions presented at International Forum-Contest of Young Researchers 2018 (St. Petersburg Mining University, Russia, 18-20 April 2018). The Forum-Contest is an excellent opportunity for young researchers to present their work to the scientific community involved in the extraction and processing of natural resources. The topics of the book include: * Prospecting and exploration of mineral deposits * Development of solid minerals deposits and safety of mining operations * Development of oil and gas fields and transportation of crude hydrocarbons * Modern technologies of construction work applied in the mineral complex * Metallurgy. Physical and chemical technologies of hydrocarbons treatment * Equipment, transport service and energy efficiency of mining enterprises * Economic tools of innovative development * Environmental protection * Geo information systems and nanotechnologies Topical Issues of Rational Use of Natural Resources collects the best reports presented at the Forum-Contest, and will be of interest to academics and professionals involved in the extraction and processing of natural resources.

Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems describes all of the main Fossil Lagerstatten (sites of exceptional fossil preservation) from around the world in a chronological order. It covers the history of research, stratigraphy and taphonomy, main faunal and floral elements, and the palaeoecology of each site and gives a comparison with coeval sites around the world. It includes all of the well-known fossil sites, such as the Burgess Shale, the Solnhofen Limestone, Mazon Creek, Rancho La Brea etc., and includes an appendix giving information on how to visit the sites and where to see the fossils in museum displays. Available now in its second edition, Lagerstatten included for the first time include Chengjiang, the Herefordshire Nodules and the Jehol Group. A welcome addition to the list of important localities of Cenozoic age is the White River Group, which preserves the finest examples of mammals around the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, including many now-extinct groups. The book is beautifully illustrated throughout with over 450 colour photographs and diagrams, and it is extensively referenced. Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems is essential reading to a wide range of students and professionals in palaeontology and related sciences, and to amateur enthusiasts.

Most major recent advances in understanding the history of life on Earth have been through the study of exceptionally well preserved biotas (Fossil-Lagerstatten). These are windows on the history of life on Earth and can provide a fairly complete picture of the evolution of ecosystems through time. This book follows the success of Evolution of Fossil Ecosystems by the same authors which covered Fossil-Lagerstatten around the world. The success of the first book prompted this new book which draws on four localities from the original book and adds another ten, all located in North America.Following an introduction to Fossil-Lagerstatten, each chapter deals with a single fossil locality. Each chapter contains a brief introduction placing the Lagerst e in an evolutionary context; there then follows a history of study of the locality; the background sedimentology, stratigraphy and palaeoenvironment; a description of the biota; discussion of the palaeoecology, and a comparison with other Lagerstatten of a similar age and/or environment. At the end of the book is an Appendix listing museums in which to see exhibitions of fossils from each locality and suggestions for visiting the sites.

The Congress "Arsenic in the Environment" offers an international, multi- and interdisciplinary discussion platform for research aimed towards a holistic solution to the problem posed by the environmental toxin arsenic, with considerable societal impact. The congress has focused on cutting edge and breakthrough research in physical, chemical, toxicological, medical, agricultural and other specific issues on arsenic across a broader environmental realm. The Congress "Arsenic in the Environment" was first organized in Mexico City (As2006) followed by As2008 in Valencia, Spain, As2010 in Tainan, Taiwan and As2012 in Cairns, Australia. The 5th International Congress As2014 was held May 11-16, 2014 in Buenos Aires, Argentina and entitled One Century of the Discovery of Arsenicosis in Latin America (1914-2014). The session topics comprised: Theme 1: Arsenic in environmental matrices (air, water and soil) Theme 2: Arsenic in food Theme 3: Arsenic and health Theme 4: Removal technologies Theme 5: Mitigation management and policy Hosting this Congress in Argentina was especially relevant because 2014, marks 100 years since the discovery of the disease Hidroarsenicismo Cronico Regional Endemico (HACRE) or arsenicosis by Dr. Goyenechea and Dr. Ayerza in the city of Bell Ville, Province of Cordoba, Argentina. Dr. Ayerza was the first person to relate skin disorders to the consumption of groundwater with high concentrations of arsenic. It is estimated that more than 14 million people in Latin America are at risk, of whom nearly 4 million are exposed to drinking water with high arsenic concentration in Argentina, and further in Chile, El Salvador, Mexico, Nicaragua and Peru. A vast area of the Chaco-Pampean Plain in Argentina, mostly in the semi-arid regions, is affected not only by arsenic exposure from drinking water but also through other exposure pathways, e.g. through food and other dietary intake. The Congress has gathered professionals involved in different segments of interdisciplinary research in an open forum, and strengthens relations between academia, industry, research laboratories, government agencies and the private sector to share an optimal atmosphere for exchange of knowledge, discoveries and discussions about the problem of arsenic in the environment.

Magmatism is the only true endogenic process for generating new material on the Earth's surface. Obviously, magmatism and tectonic movements are reflections of geodynamics, that is, physical processes which occur in deep-seated environments.
What are the interrelationships between magmatism and tectonics? How did the character of terrestrial magmatism change through time and are there any irregularities in this process? Were there particular "crisis" (catastrophe) points, when current tendencies in the evolution of magmatism changed sharply?
Answers to these cardinal Earth sciences questions and many others can be found in this book, which bridges a long-recognized gap in the literature.

Groundwater Geochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications to Contamination examines the integral role geochemistry play s in groundwater monitoring and remediation programs, and presents it at a level understandable to a wide audience. Readers of all backgrounds can gain a better understanding of geochemical processes and how they apply to groundwater systems.

The text begins with an explanation of fundamental geochemical processes, followed by a description of the methods and tools used to understand and simulate them. The book then explains how geochemistry applies to contaminant mobility, discusses remediation system design, sampling program development, and the modeling of geochemical interactions. This clearly written guide concludes with specific applications of geochemistry to contaminated sites.

This is an ideal choice for readers who do not have an extensive technical background in aqueous chemistry, geochemistry, or geochemical modeling. The only prerequisite is a desire to better understand natural processes through groundwater geochemistry.

In this authoritative review, leading international researchers explore the growing range of applications of stable isotope techniques for probing and integrating biological processes and palaeoclimatic cycles. The interdisciplinary approach covers a wide range of issues, opportunities and developments, setting interactions with plants in the context of water and nutrient cycles, exchanges with the atmosphere and modelling past and present climate change.
This important book will appeal to those requiring an overview of the use of stable isotopes in aquatic, terrestrial and climatic processes and is in tune with current global concerns. In addition postgraduates and research scientists will find an extensive guide to more specialist disciplines, including developing mass spectrometer technologies, compound-specific and cellular-discrimination processes or whole organism and ecosystem responses.

A comprehensive handbook of analytical techniques in geochemistry which provides the student and the professional with an understanding of the wide spectrum of different analytical methods that can be applied to Earth and environmental materials, together with a critical appreciation of their relative merits and limitations.

This volume deals with some basic considerations of structure and its relation to function. After outlining some basic principles in the first chapter, including manufacturing effects, structural determination is discussed in detail. This is important since adequate characterization in terms of molecular size is necessary for a proper understanding and suse. The theme of interrelationships between structure and properties is developed in the next chapters. The second part of the volume deals with selected applications in which the development and sue of macromolecultar materials in specific applications is described.The selection of applications includes synthetic and natural polymers and the range of medical areas involved include orthopedics, dialysis, drug release (macromolecular pharmacology) blood contact, and plastic surgery. Since the list could not be completely comprehensive, these represent areas of special development or of continuing problems.

The understanding of the in vivo performance of synthetic materials is largely dependent upon a profound knowledge of the properties of the materials in question. Analogous to materials science in its broadest sense, the basis for biomaterials science is formed by microstructural there. It is therefore, that in this series on structure property relationships in biomaterials a substantial part is devoted to the analysis of the basic properties of the various synthetic biomaterials. In addition, the effect of microstructural aspects on properties is considered at great length.

Biomaterials have been used for artificial-organ and bioreactor materials, and have gained importance for enhancement of human welfare. This book summarizes research devoted to creating useful biofunctional materials by chemical modification of natural polymers, and forecasts future development.

The current scenario provides an ideal opportunity to confer higher priority to the marine resources of the Indian Ocean, particularly in terms of integrated management of the deep sea, shallow sea and coastal resources. This will maximize their potential in the sustainable development goal (SDG) pattern, leading to an appropriate environmental management. Therefore, this book aims to provide an overview of the area and to highlight the potential market opportunities represented by this vast and rapidly developing nation. In doing so the following aspects have been covered: Exclusive title focussing on mineral resources of Indian ocean. Discusses living, nonliving, ocean waves and tidal energy, ocean environment and protection aspects. Includes information on key themes, details of organizations associated with the Indian Ocean. Illustrates deep sea mining technology and environmental perspectives. Covers hydrocarbons-sub sea oil and gas, minerals from placer deposits to deep sea nodules, sea floor massive sulphides and cobalt rich encrustations.

Geochemical Processes, Weathering and Groundwater Recharge in Catchments is a specialist book concerned with the natural processes taking place where water interacts with minerals and organic matter at the eartha (TM)s surface, in soils or within aquifers. It focuses on the all important interface between the hydrological and geochemical cycles in terrestrial ecosystems, and is thus particularly relevant to understanding the environment. The book is intended primarily as a reference text for graduate students in Earth Sciences, Hydrology or Environmental Sciences, but will be a useful introduction to those studying Chemistry, Biology or Forestry Studies. Geochemical Processes, Weathering and Groundwater Recharge in Catchments presents an overview of the current status of knowledge of catchment studies, with an outline of the challenges of future research. .

The behaviour of gold in sedimentary, magmatic and postmagmatic processes are studied and 40 gold-bearing minerals including ten which were recently discovered are described. The results are presented of new experimental studies on phase relations in gold-sulphide systems. The solubility & form of gold migration in high-temperature chloride, sulphide and arsenic solutions are determined. Based on the new data, the genesis of gold deposits is studied and a geochemical classification proposed. This book is designed for specialists in the field of gold chemistry, geochemistry and mineralogy and for field geologists surveying and prospecting for gold.

This volume comprises the proceedings of a three-day meeting held at the Royal Society, London, UK on 22,23,24 April 1987. The combined second International Symposium on Geochemistry and Health and 5th European Meeting of the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health was sponsored by the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry, UMESCO, the Society for Environmental Geochemistry and Health and Imperial College with additional finacial supposrt from the UK Department of the Environment, the Royal Society, London and the Southern California Edison Company.

The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum provides a comprehensive, fundamental account of the aqueous chemistry of aluminum within an environmental context. An excellent reference for environmental chemists and scientific administrators of environmental programs, this book contains material reflecting the many recent changes in this rapidly developing discipline.
The first three chapters discuss the most fundamental aspects of aluminum chemistry: its quantitation in soils and natural waters, including speciation measurements, and its stable chemical forms, both as a dissolved solute and in a solid phase. These chapters emphasize both critical assessments of and definitive recommendations for laboratory methodologies and measured thermodynamic properties relating to aluminum chemistry.
The next four chapters in The Environmental Chemistry of Aluminum build on this foundation to provide details of the polymeric chemistry of aluminum: its polynuclear and colloidal hydrolytic species in aqueous solution, its complexes with natural organic ligands, including humic substances, and its role as an adsorptive and adsorbent in surface reactions. These chapters are grounded in experimental results rather than conceptual modeling.
The final three chapters describe the chemistry of aluminum in soils, waters, and watersheds. These chapters illustrate the problems of spatial and temporal variability, metastability, and scale that continue to make aluminum geochemistry one of the great challenges in modern environmental science.

Salt and Sediment Dynamics presents a thorough treatment of salt and sediment interactions and the implications of such interactions for sub-salt exploration. The book emphasizes and utilizes recent discoveries on many aspects of salt and sediment interactions, provides the theoretical framework for interpreting the increasing amount of available data on salt and sediments, and develops a self-consistent dynamical evolution model of salt structures and their interaction with surrounding sediments.
The model developed in the text consists of an evolving salt structure that influences sediment motion with self-consistent evolution of sediments and salt shape. The resulting stress and strain in the sediments and the thermal focusing effects of the salt are evaluated. The salt and sediments in the model are consistent with observed geometries, a result of having freely adjustable, observation-controlled model parameters.
In addition, the book describes case histories in a variety of geological settings, thus explaining aspects of the genesis and development of salt structures, of their impact on sedimentary structural evolution, and of the impact of sediments on salt masses.
The techniques developed by the authors expand the current state of knowledge regarding the evolution and dynamics of salt structures and increase the potential for effective sub-salt hydrocarbon exploration.

Computer simulation has become an important means for obtaining knowledge about nature. The practice of scientific simulation and the frequent use of uncertain simulation results in public policy raise a wide range of philosophical questions. Most prominently highlighted is the field of anthropogenic climate change are humans currently changing the climate? Referring to empirical results from science studies and political science, Simulating Nature: A Philosophical Study of Computer-Simulation Uncertainties and Their Role in Climate Science and Policy Advice, Second Edition addresses questions about the types of uncertainty associated with scientific simulation and about how these uncertainties can be communicated. The author, who participated in the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) plenaries in 2001 and 2007, discusses the assessment reports and workings of the IPCC. This second edition reflects the latest developments in climate change policy, including a thorough update and rewriting of sections that refer to the IPCC.