First published in 1984, this book examines a number of questions on the boundary of competence and performance - whose solutions have implications for linguistic theory in general. In particular, the form of grammatical statements, the relationship between various rules of grammar, the interaction between sentence in a sequence, and the inferences to be drawn from linguistic behaviour to linguistic knowledge. The author argues that many grammatical processes, inadequately handled by conventional sentence-grammars, require a text grammar in which the basic constitutive processes of information and deixis can be specified. They ago further to investigate the novel hypothesis that emphatic structure provides a crucial condition for the application of transformational rules, paying particular attention to the 'movement-rules' using mostly data culled from actual usage.

This new edition of Portuguese: An Essential Grammar is a practical reference guide to the most important aspects of modern European Portuguese. Combining traditional and function-based grammar, the book sets out the complexities of Portuguese in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear, free from jargon and substantiated by examples. Throughout, the emphasis is on Portuguese as used by native speakers. This third edition: reflects the new orthographic agreement; includes an expanded section on verbs and pronouns, as well as a new section on syntax; provides authentic examples to illustrate grammar in context; focuses on Portuguese as used in Portugal and Africa; links to Basic Portuguese: A Grammar and Workbook, which offers a valuable set of language practice exercises; includes a detailed contents list and index for easy access to information. An important addition to Routledge's collection of grammars on the variants of Portuguese, this is an ideal reference source for the learner and user of European Portuguese. It is suitable for either independent study or for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types.

Greek: A Comprehensive Grammar of the Modern Language has become firmly established as the leading reference guide to modern Greek grammar. With its detailed treatment of all grammatical structures, its analysis of the complexities of the language and its particular attention to areas of confusion and difficulty, it is the first truly comprehensive grammar of the language to be produced. It provides a study of the real patterns of use in contemporary Greek

This second edition continues to focus on the Greek spoken and written by native speakers today. Taking account of recent changes to the Greek language, this new edition features:

• Significantly expanded material on many areas, including syntax and phonology
• A new chapter on derivational morphology and other word formation processes including compounding and acronym formation
• Examples drawn from everyday spoken usage as well as official, journalistic and online discourse, such as newspapers, blogs and discussion groups
• A significantly expanded index of English terms and Greek words and a revised glossary of terms

The Grammar will be an essential reference source for the adult learner and user of Greek. It is ideal for independent study and for use in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes, up to an advanced level.

Basic Swedish: A Grammar and Workbook combines an accessible basic reference grammar and related exercises in one volume, and covers most of the topics that students might expect to deal with in their first year of learning Swedish. Each of the 25 units discusses one or more grammar topics, with examples that are subsequently practised in the exercises that follow. The book introduces the contemporary language against a backdrop of Swedish culture, society, geography, customs and history. Each unit ends with a cultural text that outlines an aspect of Swedish culture and exemplifies and consolidates the grammar topic examined in the unit. Features include: clear grammatical explanations with examples in Swedish and English vocabulary based on a major corpus of written Swedish in order to guarantee authenticity and relevance cross-references to other units over 100 exercises with a key to all the correct answers full vocabulary list at the end of the book. The book is suitable both for independent study and for class use. It can be used by absolute beginners and those who have advanced a little further.

Intermediate Welsh: A Grammar and Workbook is designed for learners who have achieved basic proficiency and wish to proceed to more complex language. It presents a broad range of grammatical topics, illustrated by examples, which serve as models for the varied exercises that follow. The emphasis throughout is on colloquial spoken Welsh used by modern-day native speakers. Features include: a clear, accessible format; many useful language examples; jargon-free grammar explanations; sample drills and exercises; a full key to the exercises. This new edition has been redesigned for greater clarity and further examples have been updated.

Proceeding from a reference-semantic approach, the study develops a concept of deixis allowing a clear distinction between discourse deixis and anaphora. Discourse deixis needs to be regarded as a specific form of temporal deixis invariably containing a metacommunicative element. The metacommunicative component in discourse deixis is expressed above all by the verbs. Temporal deictic reference is based on the interaction between lexical aspect classes and other temporal expressions, not only deictic ones such as tense, but also non-deictic features like grammatical aspect and others - like adverbs - which can be both deictic and non-deictic.

Causal clauses with because, since, as and for display differing syntactic properties. The study demonstrates that these differences correspond with certain meanings of reason and cause specified in the course of the book. To this end the syntactic analyses are supplemented by speech act-theoretical and language-analytic studies; also, philosophical theories and models of the conceptual field 'causality - explanation - substantiation' are drawn on. The LOB corpus provides the material for examples and underlies the text-typological inquiry into the occurrence of the causal clauses in question.

El desarrollo de la ciencia tiene como uno de sus aspectos fundamentales la codificacion linguistica por cuanto la lengua se constituye en la base de su expresion y de su comunicacion. Tomando como punto de partida la importancia del sistema linguistico como vehiculo de comunicacion de la ciencia, la Red Tematica "Lengua y ciencia" reune 28 grupos de investigacion de seis paises diferentes (Alemania, Austria, Canada, Espana, Italia y Portugal) que desde las mas diversas perspectivas comparten en sus lineas de investigacion la interseccion entre estos dos parametros. La publicacion que se presenta reune distintos estudios que reflejan el trabajo de varios de estos grupos. El libro, por tanto, encuentra en su diversidad una solida unidad tematica y muestra novedosas tendencias de analisis que se estan desarrollando actualmente en torno a este tema.

Contents:
Preface List of abbreviations 1. The alphabet and pronunciation 2. The writing system 3. The noun and the noun phrase 4. Pronouns and determiners 5. Numerals 6. The verb and the verb phrase 7. The adverb and the adverbial phrase 8. The preposition and the prepositional phrase 9. Conjunctions and particles 10. The clause 11. Word formation 12. Conversational features Appendicies Glossary of grammatical terms Some recommended books for further study Indexes

Finnish: A Comprehensive Grammar presents a fresh, accessible and thorough description of the language, concentrating on the real patterns of use in modern Finnish. The book moves from the sound system through morphology and word classes to a detailed analysis of sentence structures and semantic features. Key features include: particular focus on examples from spoken Finnish reflecting current usage grammatical phenomena classified as common or rare appendices identifying stems and sequences of endings English-Finnish contrasts highlighted throughout. Finnish: A Comprehensive Grammar is an essential reference for the intermediate and advanced learner and user of Finnish.

Master Dutch grammar, quickly and easily In "Dutch Grammar You Really Need to Know," you will find every integral grammar concept simply explained, each illustrated with lots of examples. Even if you do not know the grammatical term in question, the book is structured so that you can look up language forms according to what you want to say. With this comprehensive resource, you will gain the confidence to communicate comfortably in Dutch. Lots of instant help with common problems and quick tips for success, based on the author's many years of experience Tests in the book and online to keep track of progress Glossary of grammatical terms for easy reference

Working with Arabic Prepositions: Structures and Functions is a reference book focusing on Arabic prepositions, their structure and usage. The system of Arabic prepositions is complex, and the textbook aims to assist students at the lower intermediate to advanced level understand it in an accessible way. This is an area in which students can experience great difficulty, and the aim of this book is to explain clearly the structures and functions of Arabic prepositions and their usage in Modern Standard Arabic and media Arabic. Drills and exercises are provided to enable readers to practice what they have learned in the chapters. This book will be an ideal source of information for undergraduate students studying Arabic, as well as graduate studies and additional courses in the major dialect areas, and a very useful resource for teachers of Arabic as a foreign language.

Die Verknupfung von einfachen Satzen zu komplexen Einheiten ist ein elementares Verfahren, das alle Sprachen nutzen, um die Brucke zwischen der Struktur des einfachen Satzes und der von Texten zu schlagen. Der Band versammelt Beitrage, die sich diesem Thema aus verschiedenen Perspektiven nahern: systembezogen, sprachgeschichtlich, sprachvergleichend, diskursbezogen, korpuslinguistisch.

Modal particles and their same-form counterparts in other parts of speech display heterosemic relations (cross-category semantic relations). Comparison of the lexemes studied shows that there are class-specific grammaticalization patterns for modal particles. In the framework of a modular-oriented theory of meaning, the combination of synchronic and diachronic analysis produces minimalist meaning postulates for non-propositional usage. The Old/Middle/early New High German e(cher)t is a hitherto undiscovered modal particle that went out of currency in the early stages of New High German.

Essential Chinese Vocabulary: Rules and Scenarios is an indispensable guide for beginner to intermediate students of Chinese who wish to use essential Chinese words and phrases accurately. The book provides the crucial context and explanations of grammar structures and language rules related to important Chinese words and phrases, too often glossed over in primary textbooks. Students are given the tools necessary to refine their use of these words and phrases in order to communicate effectively in Chinese. Key features: In-depth explanations of commonly used words and phrases contextualized with a range of authentic examples providing learners with a comprehensive understanding of the vocabulary-use and allowing them to express themselves accurately and appropriately. Bridges the gap between grammar and vocabulary by presenting the frequently-neglected rules that govern the use of words and phrases. Clear and systematic comparisons between the uses of ostensibly similar words, highlighting the nuances of the Chinese language. Examples provided in simplified Chinese characters, pinyin and English Identifies common mistakes made by learners and ways to avoid them Extensive cross-references. Essential Chinese Vocabulary: Rules and Scenarios is a unique reference and useful complement to basic and intermediate Chinese language textbooks.

The Etymological Dictionary of Frisian Adjectives contains the entire inventory of Old and New Frisian adjectives in their Germanic and Indo-Germanic context. Starting from a Germanic basic form, the phonetic history, word formation and development of the meaning is discussed for each adjective. Mention is also made of the loan influences of the neighboring languages Low German, Dutch and Danish.

Arabic Grammar in Context offers a unique and exciting approach to learning grammar. It presents grammar as a necessary and essential tool for understanding Arabic and for developing comprehension and production skills. Features include: authentic texts from a rich variety of sources, literary and non-literary, used as the starting point for the illustration and explanation of key areas of Arabic grammar clear and authoritative demonstration of the relevance of grammar for understanding and interpreting Arabic a wide range of appropriate exercises designed to consolidate learning fully vocalized exercises and texts a glossary of vocabulary and expressions provided at the end of the book audio readings of the texts available online for additional listening practice. Suitable for class use and independent study, Arabic Grammar in Context is ideal for intermediate to advanced learners of Arabic.

Greek: An Essential Grammar is a concise and user-friendly reference guide to modern Greek. It presents a fresh and accessible description of the language in short, readable sections. Explanations are clear and supported by examples throughout. This new edition has been revised and updated to present an accurate and accessible description of the most important aspects of modern Greek. Features include: clear and up-to-date examples special attention to those points which often cause problems to English-speaking learners Greek/English comparisons and contrasts highlighted throughout. Greek: An Essential Grammar is ideal for learners involved in independent study and for students in schools, colleges, universities and adult classes of all types. Levels CEFR scale A1-B2 and ACTFL level Low-Intermediate to Advanced.

This volume is an introduction to the two most influential versions of syntactic theory to have emerged during the last decade - Government and Binding Theory evolving from Chomsky's generative grammar, and the two latest forms of phrase structure grammar, Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar and Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. The German version of the book (the original was published by Edward Arnold in 1991 as "Syntactic Theory - A Unified Approach") is greatly expanded in comparison to the English original in that it discusses the various problems of syntactic theory not only with reference to English but also to German. This gives the reader an interesting opportunity for comparisons between the structural features of the two languages. It also transpires that in some instances the differences in structure between the two languages call for modifications to the theoretical approach.

The "Grammar Detective" invites readers to get to grips with English grammar by solving a series of short murder mysteries, each of them illustrated. There are then further exercises - word searches, crosswords and puzzles all come together to help introduce and reinforce grammatical skills and knowledge. The book introduces aspects of grammar such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, clauses and phrases, and includes a variety of test exercises. It also demystifies punctuation, and explains full stops, colons, semi-colons and speech marks. This fun and engaging book is an ideal introduction to English grammar for students, or a handy refresher course for those whose knowledge of grammar and punctuation is a little rusty.

Proceeding from fundamental considerations on grammar research, notably in the sectors of prepositions and noun valency, the study examines a large text corpus with a view to identifying the constructional principles underlying the prepositional attribute. Besides establishing a specific terminology specifically tailored to the topic in hand, the study indicates the demarcation criteria for distinguishing prepositional attributes from neighbouring syntactic constructions and discusses the internal structure of prepositional attribute constructions. At the syntactic level this is done for all prepositions that can function as governed, while at the semantic level the internal structure of selected prepositions is examined.