This accessible grammar provides a concise and user-friendly guide to the structure of Modern Standard Arabic. Using familiar terminology and keeping theory to a minimum, it is suitable for beginning students as well as those at a more advanced level. Detailed descriptions of all types of sentence are given, and numerous tables provide a clear presentation of verbs and nouns. The most familiar grammatical terms are given in Arabic as well as in English in order to help the student identify them, and the index is also presented in both languages for fast and straightforward cross referencing. Each pattern or rule described is illustrated with authentic examples from a range of real-life contexts such as newspapers, magazines, business communication and the Internet, as well as from Arabic literary texts. Clearly organised and practical, this book will be an invaluable reference resource for all learners and teachers of Modern Standard Arabic.

This accessible grammar provides a concise and user-friendly guide to the structure of Modern Standard Arabic. Using familiar terminology and keeping theory to a minimum, it is suitable for beginning students as well as those at a more advanced level. Detailed descriptions of all types of sentence are given, and numerous tables provide a clear presentation of verbs and nouns. The most familiar grammatical terms are given in Arabic as well as in English in order to help the student identify them, and the index is also presented in both languages for fast and straightforward cross referencing. Each pattern or rule described is illustrated with authentic examples from a range of real-life contexts such as newspapers, magazines, business communication and the Internet, as well as from Arabic literary texts. Clearly organised and practical, this book will be an invaluable reference resource for all learners and teachers of Modern Standard Arabic.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of pedagogical grammar research and explores its implications for the teaching of grammar in second language classrooms. Drawing on several research domains (e.g., corpus linguistics, task-based language teaching) and a number of theoretical orientations (e.g., cognitive, sociocultural), the book proposes a framework for pedagogical grammar which brings together three major areas of inquiry: (1) descriptions of grammar in use, (2) descriptions of grammar acquisition processes, and (3) investigations of the relative effectiveness of different approaches to L2 grammar instruction. The book balances research and theory with practical discussions of the decisions that teachers must make on a daily basis, offering guidance in such areas as materials development, data-driven learning, task design, and classroom assessment.

Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar is a comprehensive introduction to the syntactical analysis of classical Chinese. Focusing on the language of the high classical period, which ranges from the time of Confucius to the unification of the empire by Qin in 221, the book pays particular attention to the Mencius, the Lunyu, and, to a lesser extent, the Zuozhuan texts. Outline of Classical Chinese Grammar starts with a brief historical overview and a discussion of the relation between the writing system and the phonology. This is followed by an outline of overall principles of word order and sentence structure. The next sections deal with the main sentence types - nominal predicates, verbal predicates, and numberical expressions, which constitute a special type of quasiverbal predication. The final sections cover such topics as subordinate constitutents of sentences, nondeclarative sentence types, and complex sentences.

In the last part of the twentieth century, the human sciences witnessed three paradigmatic turns' that made it possible to comprehend each individual discipline in the light of a unitary object of study, the text: the pragmatic turn within linguistics, the linguistic turn within historical and cultural studies, and the cultural turn within literary studies. Combined with the more comprehensive nature of the texts studied (the mass media, postcolonial studies, etc.), reflection on the theoretical approach is more important today than ever as a means of interdisciplinary practice across both disciplines and languages. Most of the contributions in this book were originally presented at a conference on Disciplines and Interdisciplinarity in Foreign Language Studies. The conference took place at the University of Aarhus, Denmark, 19-20 September 2003 and was organised by The Language and Culture Network. Founded in 2002, the network promotes interdisciplinary collaboration between the traditional branches of Foreign Language Studies.

Dieser Tagungsband dokumentiert Besonderheiten der Translation literarischer Werke aus kultureller, historischer und linguistischer Perspektive. Die UEbersetzungsvorschlage verdeutlichen, wie es den namhaften oder weniger bekannten UEbersetzern (Wolf von Aichelburg, Ruth Herrfurth, Helene Maugsch-Draghiciu, Hermine Pilder-Klein, St. O. Iosif, Nora Iuga) gelungen ist, formal-stilistische oder lautliche Eigenheiten bedeutender Autoren (Lucian Blaga, George Topirceanu, Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Schiller) bei der UEbertragung zu bewahren und wertvolle literarische Zeugnisse zu vermitteln. Gelungene deutsche und rumanische Lyrik- und Prosaubertragungen, biografische Einfuhrungen und Werkdarstellungen zeitgenoessischer Gegenwartsautoren (Filip Florian, Franz Hodjak, Nora Iuga, Radu Vancu, Joachim Wittstock) aus dem rumanischen und deutschen Kulturraum runden den Band ab.

Das Thema des Buches befasst sich mit diachronischer Syntaxforschung. Speziell geht es um klitische und nichtklitische Objektpronomen bei Infinitivkomplementen. Das Thema wird im Grenzbereich zwischen Morphologie und Syntax behandelt. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Rolle die klitischen Objektpronomen fur die Struktur von Infinitivkonstruktionen spielen. Die Infinitivkonstruktionen im Altfranzoesischen weisen eine systematisch andere Distribution als die im Altitalienischen auf. Insbesondere meidet das Altfranzoesische geradezu, Objektklitika mit Infinitiven zu kombinieren. Erst im Mittelfranzoesischen kommen Objektklitika regular bei Infinitiven vor. Damit beginnen die Infinitivkonstruktionen, eine vergleichbare Distribution aufzuweisen wie altitalienische Infinitivstrukturen. In diesem Buch wird dieses Phanomenbundel strukturtheoretisch im Rahmen der generativen Grammatik erklart.

Many stylebooks and manuals explain writing, but before the release ten years ago of Elsie Myers Stainton's "The Fine Art of Copyediting, " few addressed the practices and problems of editing. This handbook has guided users through the editing process for books and journals, with tips on how to be diplomatic when recommending changes, how to edit notes and bibliographies, how to check proofs, and how to negotiate the ethical, intellectual, and emotional problems characteristic of the editorial profession. Now featuring solid advice on computer editing and a new chapter on style, as well as more information on references, bibliographies, indexing, and bias-free writing, "The Fine Art of Copyediting, Second Edition" offers the same wealth of information that prompted William Safire to commend the first edition in "The New York Times Magazine."

Complete with helpful checklists for the manuscript, proof, and index stages of book production, as well as an excellent bibliography of reference works useful to the copyeditor, "The Fine Art of Copyediting, Second Edition" is an indispensable desk reference for writers and editors confronting a host of questions each day. Why use the word "people" instead of "persons?" What precautions are necessary for publishers to avoid libel suits? How can an editor win an author's trust? What type fonts facilitate the copyediting process? How does computer editing work? For experienced and novice copyeditors, writers and students, this is the source for detailed, step-by-step guidance to the entire editorial process.

Mehrsprachige Menschen verfugen uber die Fahigkeit, mitten in einer AEusserung von einer Sprache in die andere zu wechseln. Dieses sogenannte Codeswitching wird von der Forschung inzwischen als systemhafte kommunikative Ressource anerkannt, deren Untersuchung interessante Einblicke in den Prozess der Sprachverarbeitung gibt. Diese Arbeit zeigt die Besonderheiten phraseologischer Mehrwortverbindungen im bilingualen Diskurs aus einer neuen Perspektive. Sie erlautert am Beispiel von Gesprachen deutscher Emigranten in die USA, welche Regelmassigkeiten beim Codeswitching im Kontext von Phrasemen sichtbar werden und erklart, wie sich Sprachmischungsphanomene an der Schnittstelle zwischen Syntax und Lexikon in die aktuelle Diskussion zu Mehrsprachigkeit und Sprachverarbeitung einbetten lassen.

The tools you need to master Spanish grammar

"Spanish Grammar For Dummies" is a logical extension and complement to the successful language learning books, "Spanish For Dummies" and "500 Spanish Verb For Dummies." In plain English, it teaches you the grammatical rules of the Spanish language, including parts of speech, sentence construction, pronouns, adjectives, punctuation, stress and verb tenses, and moods. Throughout the book, you get plenty of practice opportunities to help you on your goal of mastering Spanish grammar.Grasp the grammatical rules of SpanishBenefit from plenty of practice opportunities throughout the bookUse the Spanish language confidently and correctly

Whether you're a student studying Spanish or a professional looking to get ahead of the pack by learning a second language, "Spanish Grammar For Dummies" is your hands-on guide to quickly and painlessly master the written aspect of this popular language.

Die Autorin untersucht die Einflusse der bundesdeutschen Sprache auf die oesterreichische (Presse-)Sprache. Sie zeigt, welche Funktionen bundesdeutsches Wortgut im oesterreichischen Deutsch erfullt und wie aus der produktiven Verwendung bundesdeutscher Elemente neue Ausdrucksmoeglichkeiten entstehen. Das Buch stutzt sich auf die erste gross angelegte korpuslinguistische Untersuchung zu diesem Thema und erganzt die Forschung zum Verhaltnis oesterreichisches/bundesdeutsches Deutsch um eine weitere Facette. Damit dient es auch als Grundlage fur weitere Studien.

Dieses Buch untersucht die Integration der vorangestellten Adverbialsatze im Neuhochdeutschen anhand eines Korpus, das die Nahe-Distanz-Dimension systematisch berucksichtigt. Die Analyse liefert Ergebnisse zum - in der Forschung bislang weitgehend vernachlassigten - Bereich der konzeptionellen Mundlichkeit: Im Hinblick auf die Anbindung vorangestellter Adverbialsatze bestehen relevante Unterschiede zwischen konzeptionell mundlichen und konzeptionell schriftlichen Texten. Es wird zudem aufgezeigt, dass die integrative Stellung im Korpus in der Gesamtschau nicht den frequentesten Stellungstyp darstellt. Eine zentrale Bedeutung kommt dem Parameter der Inhaltsrelation bei der Frage nach der historischen Entwicklung der Verteilung der einzelnen Varianten zu.

Este volumen nace en el marco del grupo de investigacion VETERM de la Universidad de Verona, cuyo objetivo es describir los vocabularios especializados en las areas tematicas de la Gastronomia, la Enologia y la Nutricion. Es, asimismo, el resultado del Congreso Internacional "Terminologia, traduccion y comunicacion especializada", celebrado en Verona en octubre de 2007, en el que se reunieron eminentes especialistas, algunos de los cuales colaboran en este libro. El objetivo prioritario de esta obra es, por un lado, subrayar la importancia de la comunicacion especializada y sus terminologias y, por otro, abrir un espacio para la reflexion teorica y analizar, desde diferentes disciplinas y perspectivas, los varios ambitos de estudio relacionados con la transferencia del conocimiento.

Reading Medieval Latin is an anthology of Medieval Latin texts, arranged chronologically and thematically with introductions, commentaries and a vocabulary of nonclassical words and meanings. It is a language textbook, designed to introduce students with one year or more of Latin to the Latin writing and culture of the period A.D. 550-1200. It is the only systematic introduction for students to all types of Medieval Latin writing.

." . . In Diagramming the Scriptures. . . the curriculum starts with the simple sentence, adds precept upon precept until the learner is able to master complex sentences. . . As each concept is introduced, the student has plenty of practice, followed by quizzes, and later a cumulative test over the entire text. As an educator, a homeschool parent, and a tutor I see this curriculum as an excellent choice for a homeschool, a Christian school classroom, or for an individual of any age who is interested in studying grammar or God's Word, word by word." Deana Haines, Families for Home Education Executive Director ." . .I am quite pleased to recommend your book to college professors as an excellent addition to their basic texts in teaching English grammar. . . Since your examples and exercises utilize Bible sentences, your book is also a valuable asset to the study of hermeneutics." Jim Anderson, Chancellor, Midwestern Baptist College, SBC "Diagramming the Scriptures is a unique way to help focus the Bible student on the words and meanings of Scripture. I commend Shirley Forsen for providing this excellent book and recommend it to all who desire to "go deeper" in their study of God's Word." Dr John A Hash, Bible Pathway Ministries ." . .I recommend Diagramming the Scriptures to all scholars to clarify interpretations of all books and to all teachers of grammar." Glada Kelley, retired teacher and librarian ." . .The best and unique part of Miss Forsen's book is that Bible verses are used for the examples and exercises. This teaches the student an important aspect of "rightly dividing the word of truth": understanding how the structure of the verse influences its meaning. Diagramming the Scriptures teaches necessary skills, both educational and spiritual." Laura Blunk, college freshman

Aus dem Inhalt: Eva Neuland: Entwicklungen und Perspektiven der Jugendsprachforschung. Zur Einfuhrung - Margot Heinemann: Vier internationale Fachkonferenzen zur Jugendsprachforschung - Ruckblick und Ausblick - Klaus Zimmermann: Jugendsprache, Generationenidentitat und Sprachwandel - Eva Neuland/Stephan Martin/Sonja Watzlawik: Sprachgebrauch und Spracheinstellungen Jugendlicher in Deutschland: Forschungskonzept - Datengrundlage - Auswertungsperspektiven - Wolfgang Bachofer: Charakteristika der deutschen Jugendsprache(n) - Charakteristika der gesprochenen deutschen Umgangssprache - Franoise Gadet: Youth language in France: forms and practices - Uta Helfrich: « Jugendsprache in Frankreich: Erkenntnisse und Desiderata - Lorenz Hofer: « Exgusi - Easy Jugendliche Ausdrucksweisen in einer diglossischen Sprachsituation in einem mehrsprachigen Land - am Beispiel einer Stilisierung in einem Theaterstuck von Jugendlichen - Natalia Filatkina: Phraseologismen in der Sprache der Jugendlichen (am Beispiel des Luxemburgischen) - Mirja Saari: Anfang einer gemischten Sprache? Beobachtungen uber den Sprachgebrauch der schwedischsprachigen Jugendlichen in Helsinki - Connie Eble: Cultural Stereotypes in US University Slang - Anne Menis: Australian Youth Language. Recent Studies and the potential of graffiti as a new approach - Pornsan Watananguhn: Jugendsprache in Thailand - Jianhua Zhu: Jugendlicher Sprachgebrauch in kontrastiver Sicht: Deutsch-Chinesisch - Manabu Watanabe: Deutsche und japanische Jugendsprachen - Uberlegungen fur eine kontrastive Analyse - Sinaida Fomina: Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede in der Sprache der deutschen und russischen Jugendlichen - Laura Freimane: Vergleich derdeutschen und lettischen Jugendsprache - Vineta Ernstsone: Die lettische Jugendsprache in den 80er und 90er Jahren - Peter Schlobinski: Lexikographie und Lexikologie in der Jugendsprachforschung - Ioan Lazarescu: Schwierigkeiten bei der Erstellung eines deutsch-rumanischen Worterbuchs der Jugendsprache - Natalia Vasiljeva: Inoffizieller Namengebrauch in der russischen Jugendsprache und seine lexikographische Darstellung - Galina Kramorenko: Lexikologische Betrachtungen zur deutschen Jugendsprache - Hilke Elsen: Sonderlexik Jugend? - Kathrin Kunkel-Razum: Jugendsprache im Duden-Universalworterbuch - Ernest W. B. Hess-Luttich: Sprachwandel im Spiegel der Alternativpresse von Jugend-Subkulturen in Osterreich und der Schweiz - Jannis Androutsopoulos: Jugendliche Schreibstile in der Netzkommunikation: zwei Gastebucher im Vergleich - Jan Berns: « Ich geb' dir gleich 'n battle - Sprachliche Initiation innerhalb deutscher Hip-Hop Kultur - Martin Hartung: Beobachtungen zur Peer Group-Kommunikation unter Jugendlichen - Milos Chovan: Kommunikative Praktiken in Peergroups: Analysen und Vergleiche - Rebecca Branner: Mode und Korpergestaltung in scherzhaften Provokationen von Madchen - Inken Keim/Ibrahim Cindark: Deutsch-turkischer Mischcode in einer Migrantinnengruppe: Form von « Jugendsprache oder soziolektales Charakteristikum? - Volker Hinnenkamp: Sprachalternieren - ein virtuoses Spiel? Zur Alltagssprache von Migrantenjugendlichen - Marlies Reinke: Jugendliche als Internet-Nutzer - Carmen Spiegel: Jugendliche diskutieren im Unterricht. Jugendsprachliche Elemente bei der Argumentationseinubung im Deutschunterricht - Eva Neuland: Jugendsprachen - Perspektiven fur den Unterricht.Deutsch als Muttersprache und Deutsch als Fremdsprache - Almut Hoppe/Katharina Romeikat/Susanne Schutz: Jugendsprache: Anregungen fur den Deutschunterricht - Jurgen Baurmann: Jugendsprachen im Schulbuch - Maria Lukjantschikowa: Jugendsprache im DaF-Lehrwerk fur Jugendliche - Natalia Matarykina: Kontrastive Ubungen zur Jugendsprache im DaF-Unterricht: 'Disco-Deutsch' - 'Disco-Russisch'.

Pack One of the 'Gateway to Arabic Keyword Rings' contains five sets of eighty key ring flashcards, providing a vocabulary of over 450 words. Each word is given in Arabic, English and French, together with its plural form where appropriate. A transliteration of the Arabic text is also provided, as well as a key to the transliteration system. Each card set is presented in full colour and the text is also colour coded according to language for ease of reference. The themes of the five sets are as follows: * Travel vocabulary* Food and drink* Buildings and places* Numbers and time (part 1)* Forty verbs and forty other key words, including questioning words, prepositions, adverbs and useful expressions. Verbs are shown in the 3rd person masculine singular past and present tense. Each set of these handy pocket-sized cards is mounted on a hinged key ring so that cards may easily be added or removed to tailor them to the user's requirements. Their portable format makes it easy to learn new vocabulary in any spare moment! Each individual card measures 84 mm by 40 mm and each set of eighty cards comes ready mounted onto a 23mm diameter hinged key ring.

Spanish Grammar Made Easy is the ideal introduction to the basics of Spanish grammar for anyone new to the language or looking to refresh their knowledge. This second edition features: concise and jargon-free explanations supported by examples exercises throughout to reinforce learning a 'fast-track' option for more advanced learners a full answer key, making the Grammar ideal for self-study. Spanish Grammar Made Easy presents the essential patterns and rules of the Spanish language in a clear and accessible manner. It is the ideal Grammar for those wishing to supplement their learning and move beyond the phrasebook level.