Old Church Slavonic, the language of the religious texts translated by Saints Cyril and Methodius for the use of the Slavonic-speaking people of Central Europe in the early Middle Ages, later to become the literary language of medieval Russia and other East European countries, is a basic component of Modern Standard Russian. This is an elementary grammar of the language for readers of English. No previous knowledge of a Slavonic language or of philology or linguistics is assumed, and the essential points are explained with the minimum of technical terms. After a brief historical introduction, the sound system and its representation by the alphabets are described. The declensions and conjugations are then set out clearly with examples. The syntax is treated more fully than in other grammars of the language, and should be of particular help to the student, as it includes many examples which can be used as reading material or as the basis for exercises. A selection of reading passages is included, together with a full glossary.

Do you believe that Ring Around the Rosie refers to the Black Death? Or that Eskimos have 50 (or 500) words for "snow"? Or that "Posh" is an acronym for "Port Out, Starboard Home"? If so, you badly need this book. In Word Myths, David Wilton debunks some of the most spectacularly wrong word histories in common usage, giving us the real stories behind many linguistic urban legends.
Readers will discover the true history behind such popular words and expressions such as "rule of thumb," "the whole nine yards," "hot dog," "raining cats and dogs," "chew the fat," "AWOL," "under the weather," "in like Flynn," "Dixie," "son of a gun," "tinker's damn," and many more. We learn that SOS was not originally an acronym for "Save Our Ship" or "Save Our Souls," but was chosen because the morse code signal (3 dots, 3 dashes, 3 dots) was easy to send and recognize. Also, "let the cat out of the bag" does not refer to the whip (the "cat") used to punish sailors aboard ship. The term "upset" (to defeat unexpectedly) does not date from the horse race when the heavily favored Man O' War was beaten by a nag named Upset (Upset was the only horse ever to defeat Man O' War, but the word predates the race by half a century). And Thomas Crapper did not invent the flush toilet, nor do the words "crap" or "crapper" derive from his name.
As Wilton quashes these word myths, he offers us the best of both worlds: not only do we learn the many wrong stories behind these words, we also learn why and how they were created--and what the real story is. "Think 'hot dog' was coined by a New York baseball vendor, or that a certain vulgarity originated as an acronym? Then you need to read this book, which shows that some of the best etymological stories are just tall tales." --Chicago Tribune (10 Best Books About Language, 2004)
"Most everything you know about word and phrase origins is likely to be wrong, and David Wilton proves it with a light touch and a wealth of fascinating case histories. Absolutely everyone with an interest in language will love this book." --J.E. Lighter, Editor, Historical Dictionary of AmericanSlang

Sponsored by the Department of Classics of Harvard University, a revised edition of the late Professor Smyth's A Greek Grammar for Colleges is now available. All necessary corrections have been made, and the book retains the form which has long made it the most complete and valuable work of its kind. In this descriptive grammar the author offers a treatment of Greek syntax which is exceptionally rich as well subtle and varied.

This is a guide to Korean language usage for students who have already acquired the basics of the language and wish to extend their knowledge and organise accumulated bits of information into a comprehensive picture. It is designed to promote the fluency and accuracy vital to effective communication, provides excellent coverage of proverbs, idioms, and sound symbolism, is tailored to the needs of the English-speaking user, and will be invaluable to anyone requiring up-to-date guidance on points of grammar and vocabulary. Unlike conventional grammars, it highlights those areas of vocabulary and grammar which cause most difficulty to English speakers. Special attention is given throughout the book to the appropriateness of different language styles in various situational contexts. Clear, readable, and easy to consult, it is essential for all those who wish to take their Korean beyond the beginner's level.

This accessible grammar provides a concise and user-friendly guide to the structure of Modern Standard Arabic. Using familiar terminology and keeping theory to a minimum, it is suitable for beginning students as well as those at a more advanced level. Detailed descriptions of all types of sentence are given, and numerous tables provide a clear presentation of verbs and nouns. The most familiar grammatical terms are given in Arabic as well as in English in order to help the student identify them, and the index is also presented in both languages for fast and straightforward cross referencing. Each pattern or rule described is illustrated with authentic examples from a range of real-life contexts such as newspapers, magazines, business communication and the Internet, as well as from Arabic literary texts. Clearly organised and practical, this book will be an invaluable reference resource for all learners and teachers of Modern Standard Arabic.

Teach middle school students the academic vocabulary words they need to know to master the content in their textbooks. This book gives educators five extensive, research-based lists of vocabulary words frequently used in textbooks, plus guidance and activities to help them teach the words. Vocabulary knowledge plays a huge role in the academic success of middle school students. But which words do students need to know to master the content in their textbooks, and how can they be learned? This book has the practical answers educators need. Middle school teachers will get five extensive, research-based lists of academic vocabulary words most frequently used in student textbooks—the words kids need to know to increase their comprehension and succeed in school. Teachers will also get critical background information on the importance of academic vocabulary, guidance on testing word knowledge, and proven teaching strategies for weaving vocabulary instruction into their everyday lessons. A great resource for in-service professional development and preservice teacher preparation courses! HELP MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS: Strengthen academic vocabulary knowledge in five key school subjects Master the content they need to know under the Common Core State Standards Understand why the words they encounter in textbooks are important Improve comprehension and eliminate roadblocks to understanding what they read Increase school success (for all students, including English language learners and those with disabilities) PRACTICAL MATERIALS: Five research-based lists of hundreds of academic vocabulary words, each one devoted to a key content area. Plus helpful discussion questions and 15 detailed vocabulary instruction activities, including “fix-ups” for struggling readers and English language learners and extensions that build on the activities. Five essential middle school vocabulary lists on: English, grammar, and writing Health Mathematics Science Social studies and history

This accessible grammar provides a concise and user-friendly guide to the structure of Modern Standard Arabic. Using familiar terminology and keeping theory to a minimum, it is suitable for beginning students as well as those at a more advanced level. Detailed descriptions of all types of sentence are given, and numerous tables provide a clear presentation of verbs and nouns. The most familiar grammatical terms are given in Arabic as well as in English in order to help the student identify them, and the index is also presented in both languages for fast and straightforward cross referencing. Each pattern or rule described is illustrated with authentic examples from a range of real-life contexts such as newspapers, magazines, business communication and the Internet, as well as from Arabic literary texts. Clearly organised and practical, this book will be an invaluable reference resource for all learners and teachers of Modern Standard Arabic.

The "Grammar Detective" invites readers to get to grips with English grammar by solving a series of short murder mysteries, each of them illustrated. There are then further exercises - word searches, crosswords and puzzles all come together to help introduce and reinforce grammatical skills and knowledge. The book introduces aspects of grammar such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, clauses and phrases, and includes a variety of test exercises. It also demystifies punctuation, and explains full stops, colons, semi-colons and speech marks. This fun and engaging book is an ideal introduction to English grammar for students, or a handy refresher course for those whose knowledge of grammar and punctuation is a little rusty.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of pedagogical grammar research and explores its implications for the teaching of grammar in second language classrooms. Drawing on several research domains (e.g., corpus linguistics, task-based language teaching) and a number of theoretical orientations (e.g., cognitive, sociocultural), the book proposes a framework for pedagogical grammar which brings together three major areas of inquiry: (1) descriptions of grammar in use, (2) descriptions of grammar acquisition processes, and (3) investigations of the relative effectiveness of different approaches to L2 grammar instruction. The book balances research and theory with practical discussions of the decisions that teachers must make on a daily basis, offering guidance in such areas as materials development, data-driven learning, task design, and classroom assessment.

Dieser Tagungsband dokumentiert Besonderheiten der Translation literarischer Werke aus kultureller, historischer und linguistischer Perspektive. Die UEbersetzungsvorschlage verdeutlichen, wie es den namhaften oder weniger bekannten UEbersetzern (Wolf von Aichelburg, Ruth Herrfurth, Helene Maugsch-Draghiciu, Hermine Pilder-Klein, St. O. Iosif, Nora Iuga) gelungen ist, formal-stilistische oder lautliche Eigenheiten bedeutender Autoren (Lucian Blaga, George Topirceanu, Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Schiller) bei der UEbertragung zu bewahren und wertvolle literarische Zeugnisse zu vermitteln. Gelungene deutsche und rumanische Lyrik- und Prosaubertragungen, biografische Einfuhrungen und Werkdarstellungen zeitgenoessischer Gegenwartsautoren (Filip Florian, Franz Hodjak, Nora Iuga, Radu Vancu, Joachim Wittstock) aus dem rumanischen und deutschen Kulturraum runden den Band ab.

Das Thema des Buches befasst sich mit diachronischer Syntaxforschung. Speziell geht es um klitische und nichtklitische Objektpronomen bei Infinitivkomplementen. Das Thema wird im Grenzbereich zwischen Morphologie und Syntax behandelt. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, welche Rolle die klitischen Objektpronomen fur die Struktur von Infinitivkonstruktionen spielen. Die Infinitivkonstruktionen im Altfranzoesischen weisen eine systematisch andere Distribution als die im Altitalienischen auf. Insbesondere meidet das Altfranzoesische geradezu, Objektklitika mit Infinitiven zu kombinieren. Erst im Mittelfranzoesischen kommen Objektklitika regular bei Infinitiven vor. Damit beginnen die Infinitivkonstruktionen, eine vergleichbare Distribution aufzuweisen wie altitalienische Infinitivstrukturen. In diesem Buch wird dieses Phanomenbundel strukturtheoretisch im Rahmen der generativen Grammatik erklart.

Many stylebooks and manuals explain writing, but before the release ten years ago of Elsie Myers Stainton's "The Fine Art of Copyediting, " few addressed the practices and problems of editing. This handbook has guided users through the editing process for books and journals, with tips on how to be diplomatic when recommending changes, how to edit notes and bibliographies, how to check proofs, and how to negotiate the ethical, intellectual, and emotional problems characteristic of the editorial profession. Now featuring solid advice on computer editing and a new chapter on style, as well as more information on references, bibliographies, indexing, and bias-free writing, "The Fine Art of Copyediting, Second Edition" offers the same wealth of information that prompted William Safire to commend the first edition in "The New York Times Magazine."

Complete with helpful checklists for the manuscript, proof, and index stages of book production, as well as an excellent bibliography of reference works useful to the copyeditor, "The Fine Art of Copyediting, Second Edition" is an indispensable desk reference for writers and editors confronting a host of questions each day. Why use the word "people" instead of "persons?" What precautions are necessary for publishers to avoid libel suits? How can an editor win an author's trust? What type fonts facilitate the copyediting process? How does computer editing work? For experienced and novice copyeditors, writers and students, this is the source for detailed, step-by-step guidance to the entire editorial process.

Mehrsprachige Menschen verfugen uber die Fahigkeit, mitten in einer AEusserung von einer Sprache in die andere zu wechseln. Dieses sogenannte Codeswitching wird von der Forschung inzwischen als systemhafte kommunikative Ressource anerkannt, deren Untersuchung interessante Einblicke in den Prozess der Sprachverarbeitung gibt. Diese Arbeit zeigt die Besonderheiten phraseologischer Mehrwortverbindungen im bilingualen Diskurs aus einer neuen Perspektive. Sie erlautert am Beispiel von Gesprachen deutscher Emigranten in die USA, welche Regelmassigkeiten beim Codeswitching im Kontext von Phrasemen sichtbar werden und erklart, wie sich Sprachmischungsphanomene an der Schnittstelle zwischen Syntax und Lexikon in die aktuelle Diskussion zu Mehrsprachigkeit und Sprachverarbeitung einbetten lassen.

The Oxford A-Z of Grammar and Punctuation offers accessible and coherent explanations across a broad range of topics, and is an excellent first port of call for any reader seeking clear, authoritative help with grammar and punctuation. Incorporating hundreds of examples of real usage taken from the Oxford English Corpus, this handy volume contains more than 300 alphabetically-arranged entries, including standard grammatical terms such as active voice, conjunction, pronoun, synonym, and transitive verb. It also discusses related questions of usage, including how to distinguish between 'may or might', 'that or which', and 'it's or its'. Over 30 feature entries on major headwords like adverb, clause, and spelling include diagrams listing related terms. The A-Z has been fully revised and updated, and the structure and approach has been revisited to improve its accessibility, including clearer typographical conventions, and the reintroduction of the easy-to-use two-colour format found in early editions. Major headwords have been made (where possible) shorter and easier to navigate, and all sample sentences have been revised, replacing those that are out of date and adding new ones where needed. Readers of all levels will find this volume to be an essential tool for writing at home, in the office, at school, and at college.

Looking for a convenient way to build your Russian vocabulary without drills, books, homework or long lists to memorize? HOW DOES IT WORK? In this five-hour intermediate level audio course, Michel Thomas Method teacher Natasha Bershadski introduces over 600 new words and everyday phrases and the tools to allow you to create thousands more through the application of simple rules for building more words for concepts, people, places, adjectives and verbs. Learning alongside two genuine students, you will acquire essential language building blocks which allow you to increase your vocabulary in manageable, enjoyable steps by thinking out answers for yourself. You will learn at your own pace, pausing and repeating where necessary. You'll stick with it, because you'll love it. WHY IS IT SO SUCCESSFUL? Unlike most vocabulary courses which give you lists of words to memorize, the Michel Thomas Method based Russian Vocabulary Course allows you to further extend your vocabulary by unlocking what you already know. The course is designed to take advantage of the logic and patterns of Russian so you can exponentially build up your knowledge and understanding of the language. WHO IS THE COURSE FOR? Whether you have learned from other Michel Thomas Method courses or are simply looking for a new approach to help improve your proficiency, the high-beginner to Intermediate level Russian Vocabulary Course will introduce you to a unique way of acquiring language that will significantly boost your confidence in your ability to speak and understand Russian. It is a Phase 2 course and should be used after you have completed the Intermediate Russian Course or equivalent. What's in the Course?* Russian Vocabulary Course includes five audio CDs. The booklet is available to download from www.michelthomas.com. *Note that the course content is the same as the previously entitled Russian Vocabulary Builder+ course, but does not include a CD-ROM. LEARN ANYWHERE AND ANYTIME! Reclaim your pockets of free time to learn a new language! Don't be tied to chunky books or your computer, Michel Thomas Method audio courses let you learn whenever and wherever you want, in as little or as much time as you have.

Looking for a convenient way to build your Arabic vocabulary without drills, books, homework or long lists to memorize? HOW DOES IT WORK? In this five-hour intermediate level audio course, Michel Thomas Method teachers Jane Wightwick and Mahmoud Gaafar introduce over 600 new words and everyday phrases and the tools to allow you to create thousands more through the application of simple rules for building more words for concepts, people, places, adjectives and verbs. Learning alongside two genuine students, you will acquire essential language building blocks which allow you to increase your vocabulary in manageable, enjoyable steps by thinking out answers for yourself. You will learn at your own pace, pausing and repeating where necessary. You'll stick with it, because you'll love it. WHY IS IT SO SUCCESSFUL? Unlike most vocabulary courses which give you lists of words to memorize, the Michel Thomas Method based Egyptian Arabic Vocabulary Course allows you to further extend your vocabulary by unlocking what you already know. The course is designed to take advantage of the logical construction of Arabic, in which by altering words in predictable ways (e.g. by mimicking word patterns or adding regular prefixes and suffixes), you will exponentially build up your knowledge and understanding of the language. WHO IS THE COURSE FOR? Whether you have learned from other Michel Thomas Method courses or are simply looking for a new approach to help improve your proficiency, the high-beginner to Intermediate level Egyptian Arabic Vocabulary Course will introduce you to a unique way of acquiring language that will significantly boost your confidence in your ability to speak and understand Arabic. It is a Phase 2 course and should be used after you have completed the Intermediate Arabic Course. The course teaches Egyptian Arabic, as this variety is understood throughout the Arabic-speaking world owing to its dissemination through film and popular culture. What's in the Course?* Egyptian Arabic Vocabulary Course includes five audio CDs. The booklet is available to download from www.michelthomas.com. *Note that the course content is the same as the previously entitled Arabic Vocabulary Builder+ course, but does not include a CD-ROM. LEARN ANYWHERE AND ANYTIME! Reclaim your pockets of free time to learn a new language! Don't be tied to chunky books or your computer, Michel Thomas Method audio courses let you learn whenever and wherever you want, in as little or as much time as you have.

Die Autorin untersucht die Einflusse der bundesdeutschen Sprache auf die oesterreichische (Presse-)Sprache. Sie zeigt, welche Funktionen bundesdeutsches Wortgut im oesterreichischen Deutsch erfullt und wie aus der produktiven Verwendung bundesdeutscher Elemente neue Ausdrucksmoeglichkeiten entstehen. Das Buch stutzt sich auf die erste gross angelegte korpuslinguistische Untersuchung zu diesem Thema und erganzt die Forschung zum Verhaltnis oesterreichisches/bundesdeutsches Deutsch um eine weitere Facette. Damit dient es auch als Grundlage fur weitere Studien.

Solve the mysteries of French past-tense verbs

"Practice Makes Perfect: French Past-Tense Verbs Up Close" puts the spotlight on this tricky grammar trouble spot. It boasts plenty of opportunities for practicing your language skills, as well as extensive examples based on a conversational style that will keep you engaged. The book also features a unique answer key that gives you more than just a listing of correct answers; it clues you in on the "why" behind them.

This best-seller presents grammatical structures through sophisticated and up-to-date contexts. The wide range of communicative activities, newly simplified charts, and an expanded writing section lead students from grammar recognition to production.

Dieses Buch untersucht die Integration der vorangestellten Adverbialsatze im Neuhochdeutschen anhand eines Korpus, das die Nahe-Distanz-Dimension systematisch berucksichtigt. Die Analyse liefert Ergebnisse zum - in der Forschung bislang weitgehend vernachlassigten - Bereich der konzeptionellen Mundlichkeit: Im Hinblick auf die Anbindung vorangestellter Adverbialsatze bestehen relevante Unterschiede zwischen konzeptionell mundlichen und konzeptionell schriftlichen Texten. Es wird zudem aufgezeigt, dass die integrative Stellung im Korpus in der Gesamtschau nicht den frequentesten Stellungstyp darstellt. Eine zentrale Bedeutung kommt dem Parameter der Inhaltsrelation bei der Frage nach der historischen Entwicklung der Verteilung der einzelnen Varianten zu.