Arc pair grammar is a new, extensively formalized, theory of the grammatical structure of natural languages. As an outgrowth of relational grammar, it constitutes a theoretical alternative to the long-dominant generative transformational approach to linguistics. In this work, David Johnson and Paul Postal offer the first comprehensive presentation of this theoretical framework, which provides entirely new notions of all the basic concepts of grammatical theory: sentence, language, rule, and grammar. Originally published in 1981. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Do you want to communicate easily and freely in Italian? Master Italian grammar and broaden your vocabulary with your very own Italian Tutor. This contemporary interactive workbook features 200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points with clear goals, concise explanations, and real-world tasks. By studying and practicing Italian grammar you'll understand how the language really works and be able to speak Italian with clarity and ease. What will I learn? The Italian Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook covers a comprehensive range of the most useful and frequent grammar and vocabulary in Italian. You can follow along unit by unit, or dip in and dip out to address your weak areas. As you progress, you will be introduced to new vocabulary and combine it with the grammar to complete extensive exercises. You will then practice the language through authentic reading and writing practice. You will achieve a solid upper intermediate level* of Italian grammar. Is this course for me? The Italian Tutor: Grammar and Vocabulary Workbook can be used as a standalone course or as a complement to any other Italian course. It offers extensive practice and review of essential grammar points and vocabulary and skills building. The personal tutor element points out exceptions and gives tips to really help you perfect your Italian. What do I get? This Italian workbook offers a range of clear and effective learning features: -200 activities across a range of grammar and vocabulary points -Unique visuals and infographics for extra context and practice -Personal tutor hints and tips to help you to understand language rules and culture points -Learn to learn section offers tips and advice on how to be a good language learner 22 short learning units each contain: -communication goals to guide your studies -grammar explanations with extensive exercises -vocabulary presentations and activities -reading and writing sections to consolidate your learning *This workbook maps from Novice High to Advanced Mid level proficiency of ACTFL (American Council on Teaching Foreign Languages) and from A2 Beginner to B2 Upper Intermediate level of the CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference for Languages) guidelines. What other courses are available? For further study and practice, see Get Started in Italian (ISBN 9781444174717) and Complete Italian: Teach Yourself (ISBN 9781444177343). Rely on Teach Yourself, trusted by language learners for over 75 years.

For the first time in more than fifteen years AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR is available in a revised edition. In the fifth edition of this renowned advanced grammar textbook, the new author Dallin D. Oaks of Brigham Young University has preserved Stagebergas clear and concise linguistic approach to grammar instruction while updating the text for the 1990s advanced grammar student. Updated chapter material includes revised examples of an exercises for the material studied and the use of tree diagrams. In addition, the fifth edition emphasizes the significance of English grammar in speech and composition in two new chapters: Usage and Language Variation: Historical, Regional, and Social. Two new appendices--A Basic Introduction to Tree Diagramming and An Introduction to Transformational Grammar--provide further instruction regarding the use of tree diagrams and an overview of Transformational Generative-Grammar. As in previous editions, AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH GRAMMAR, Fifth Edition, provides a linguistic approach to grammar instruction that can be used to teach both advanced grammar and composition as well as non-major introductory linguistics courses.

'The thrill is that you're actually figuring it out on your own. You're engaging with another language, not just parroting it... It's an excellent way to start, and leaves the listener thinking, Hey, Ich kann do dis.' - New Yorker, David Sedaris, humorist and author, on learning German with the Michel Thomas Method Looking for a convenient language course that fits your lifestyle and gets you speaking a new language in a matter of weeks, not years? The original no-books, no-homework, no-memorizing method is in tune with the way the brain prefers to receive, store and retrieve information. You'll stick with it because you'll love it. * Pick up Swedish naturally and unforgettably without strain or stress * Learn from listening and speaking, without the pressure of writing or memorizing * Build up your Swedish in manageable steps by thinking out answers for yourself * Progress to the full Foundation Swedish course with confidence in the method. WHY IS THE METHOD SO SUCCESSFUL? 'What you understand, you know; and what you know, you don't forget.' - Michel Thomas Before there was machine learning, there was Michel Thomas. For over 50 years he worked on decoding languages by breaking them down into their most essential component parts. These 'building blocks' are introduced to the learner sequentially in such a way that you reconstruct the language for yourself - to form your own sentences, to say what you want, when you want. This unique method draws on the principles of instructional psychology and works with the way your brain prefers to receive, store and retrieve information. Knowledge is structured and organized so that you absorb the language easily and don't forget it. The method is designed to eliminate the stress which prevents you from relaxing and allowing the brain to work in the way which accepts learning in a seemingly painless, very exciting and highly motivating way. HOW DO THE COURSES WORK? 'All stress inhibits true and effective learning' - Michel Thomas During the course, you will join Michel Thomas Method Teachers Roger Nyborg, Hakan Rosenqvist and two students in a live lesson, learning from both their successes and their mistakes to keep you motivated and involved throughout the course. You, as the learner, become the third student and participate actively in the class. Within the very first hour you will be able to construct simple phrases by listening and thinking out answers for yourself without the pressure of writing or stress of having to memorize. You will learn at your own pace, pausing and repeating where necessary, and complete the course in about 3-5 hours. WHAT WILL I ACTUALLY ACHIEVE? 'I am the architect who builds the house. It's up to you to decorate it.' - Michel Thomas The Michel Thomas Method will help you kick-start, continue, and flourish in your Swedish language learning journey. It is not intended to get you perfectly fluent, but it will get you speaking and using Swedish, with proper pronunciation, faster than most any other method. It is designed to give you a strong foundation and good working knowledge of a language from which you can expand and later 'add decoration' to. It is a rapid method for learning, but still requires effort and concentration on the part of the learner. WHAT'S INCLUDED IN THE COURSE?* Start Swedish includes one audio CD. The booklet is available to download from www.michelthomas.com. LEARN ANYWHERE AND ANYTIME! Reclaim your pockets of free time to learn a new language! Don't be tied to chunky books or your computer, Michel Thomas Method audio courses let you learn whenever and wherever you want, in as little or as much time as you have. WHERE DO I GO NEXT? Foundation Swedish follows on from the Start course.

In der traditionellen Sprachwissenschaft machte man eine wichtige Unterscheidung zwischen besonderer Grammatik und universaler Gram- matik, wobei sich die erste mit den idiosynkratischen Eigenschaften spezifischer Sprachen, die zweite mit den allgemeinen Merkmalen jeder menschlichen Sprache beschaftigt. In den letzten Jahren ist diese Un- terscheidung erneut in den Vordergrund der Forschung geruckt worden, und dieses erneute Interesse fiel mit dem Beginn ernsthafter Forschung auf einem Gebiet der mathematischen Linguistik zusammen, das man manch- mal algebraische Linguistik nennt, um es von statistischen Sprach- untersuchungen und vom Studium probilistischer Performanzmodelle zu unterscheiden. Das Zusammenfallen dieser Entwicklungen ist in mancher Hinsicht ganz naturlich. Algebraische Linguistik studiert die formalen Eigenschaften naturlicher Sprache, indem sie von spezifischen Realisie- rungen in einzelnen Sprachen abstrahiert. So definiert ist sie von der universalen Grammatik gar nicht zu unterscheiden, obwohl es in der Pra- xis eine Arbeitsteilung zwischen den starker empirisch orientierten Studien der universalen Grammatik und den streng mathematischen Studien der von der linguistischen Forschung vorgeschlagenen formalen Struktu- ren gegeben hat. Die Existenz dieser Teilung ist einerseits ein Zeichen fur den unausgereiften Stand der Forschung auf diesem Gebiet, anderer- seits eine Widerspiegelung der differierenden Motivationen und Inter- essen der einzelnen Forscher. Wenn die Teilung inhaltlich eingeschrankt werden kann, dann koennte eine echte Theorie der mathematischen Lingui- stik entstehen, die rein abstrakt die Klasse der von den Prinzipien der universalen Grammatik definierten Systeme untersucht - die Klasse moeg- licher menschlicher Sprachen.

Many words in Spanish are nearly the same as their English counterparts, except for the word ending. This unique book identifies the 24 most common word-ending patterns between these languages and provides over 4,000 words that follow them. For example, many English words that end in "-ance" (distance, importance, etc.) correspond to "-ancia" in Spanish (distancia, importancia, etc.). Similarly, English words ending in "-ary" (necessary, ordinary, etc.) correspond to"-ario" in Spanish (necessario, ordinario, etc.). Using this system for learning, students can add thousands of new Spanish words to their vocabulary. Perfect as a classroom supplement or for self-study, Instant Spanish Vocabulary Builder is appropriate for all ages and levels of experience. The accompanying audio (available for free download) allows students to master pronunciation of the most common words and phrases from each chapter by repeating them after a native Spanish speaker.

Japanese difficult? Study boring? No way Not with this "real "manga," real Japanese" approach to learning. Presenting all spoken Japanese as a variation of three basic sentence types, "Japanese the Manga Way" shows how to build complex constructions step by step. Every grammar point is illustrated by an actual "manga" published in Japan to show how the language is used in real life, an approach that is entertaining and memorable. As an introduction, as a jump-start for struggling students, or (with its index) as a reference and review for veterans, "Japanese the Manga Way" is perfect for all learners at all levels.

Wayne P. Lammers has taught Japanese at the college level and is an award-winning literary and commercial translator. He lives in Portland, Oregon.

Charles Henry Robinson (1861-1925) was a Cambridge scholar who, during the 1890s, published several books on the language, literature and culture of the Hausa people. Hausa is an African language originating in Niger and northern Nigeria and spoken widely in West and Central Africa as a lingua franca. Published in 1897, Robinson's Grammar was written to serve the needs of missionaries, colonial staff and army officers who wished to communicate with the local people, but made no claim to be definitive or comprehensive. Until the twentieth century Hausa was written in an Arabic script, examples of which are given, while the exercise sections of the grammar are transliterated for students unfamiliar with Arabic. The vocabulary, mainly relating to agriculture, trade and domestic life, was chosen to suit the practical needs of Robinson's intended audience, and reveals much about colonial life in West Africa as well as providing linguistic information.

'The thrill is that you're actually figuring it out on your own. You're engaging with another language, not just parroting it... It's an excellent way to start, and leaves the listener thinking, Hey, Ich kann do dis.' - New Yorker, David Sedaris, humorist and author, on learning German with the Michel Thomas Method Looking for a convenient language course that fits your lifestyle and gets you speaking a new language in a matter of weeks, not years? The original no-books, no-homework, no-memorizing method is in tune with the way the brain prefers to receive, store and retrieve information. You'll stick with it because you'll love it. * Improve your Portuguese naturally and unforgettably without strain or stress * Learn from listening and speaking, without the pressure of writing or memorizing * Build up your Portuguese in manageable steps by thinking out answers for yourself WHY IS THE METHOD SO SUCCESSFUL? 'What you understand, you know; and what you know, you don't forget.' - Michel Thomas Before there was machine learning, there was Michel Thomas. For over 50 years he worked on decoding languages by breaking them down into their most essential component parts. These 'building blocks' are introduced to the learner sequentially in such a way that you reconstruct the language for yourself - to form your own sentences, to say what you want, when you want. This unique method draws on the principles of instructional psychology and works with the way your brain prefers to receive, store and retrieve information. Knowledge is structured and organized so that you absorb the language easily and don't forget it. The method is designed to eliminate the stress which prevents you from relaxing and allowing the brain to work in the way which accepts learning in a seemingly painless, very exciting and highly motivating way. HOW DO THE COURSES WORK? 'All stress inhibits true and effective learning' - Michel Thomas During the course, you will join Michel Thomas Method Teachers Virginia Catmur and two students in a live lesson, learning from both their successes and their mistakes to keep you motivated and involved throughout the course. You, as the learner, become the third student and participate actively in the class. Within the very first hour you will be able to construct complex phrases by listening and thinking out answers for yourself without the pressure of writing or stress of having to memorize. You will learn at your own pace, pausing and repeating where necessary, and complete the course in about 15-20 hours. By the end of the course, you will have a solid working knowledge of Portuguese and be able to express yourself confidently in a variety of situatio

A Reference Grammar of French is a lively, wide-ranging and original handbook on the structure of the French language. It includes new information on register, pronunciation, gender, number, foreign words (Latin, Arabic, English, Spanish, Italian), adjectives and past participles used as nouns, texting, word order, frequency of occurrence of words, and usage with all geographical names. Examples come not only from France, but also from Quebec, Belgium and Switzerland. Readers will appreciate the initial passages illustrating the grammatical features of a given chapter. Also included is a user-friendly introduction to the French language, from its Latin origins to modern times. A full glossary explains any terms that might confuse the less experienced reader, and the index leads the student through the detailed labyrinth of grammatical features. This handbook will be an invaluable resource for students and teachers who want to perfect their knowledge of all aspects of French grammar.

German Grammar Made Easy is the ideal introduction to the basics of German grammar for anyone new to the language or looking to refresh their knowledge. The Grammar features: * concise and jargon-free explanations supported by examples * exercises throughout to reinforce learning * a "fast-track" option for more advanced learners * a full answer key, making the Grammar ideal for self-study. German Grammar Made Easy presents the essential patterns and rules of the German language in a clear and accessible manner. It is the ideal Grammar for those wishing to supplement their learning and move beyond the phrasebook level.

This three-volume work helps students approach the classical objects of grammar in a novel way. Trainee teachers in particular are encouraged not to cling anxiously to rules, but to analyse grammatical phenomena autonomously, without inhibitions, and take delight in language. Only in this way will they be able to make grammar palatable for their pupils and students. Key features: rediscover grammatical reflection functional orientation replete with examples

Choose Barron's for language learning--a trusted resource for over 50 years! This brand-new edition of 501 French Verbs provides language learners with fingertip access to a carefully curated selection of the 501 most common French verbs--in all tenses and moods! Each verb is listed alphabetically in chart form-one verb per page along with its English translation. Follow the clear, concise instruction, then take your language fluency to the next level with an all-new online activity center. This comprehensive guide also includes: * Lists of synonyms, antonyms, idioms, and usage examples for every verb * A concise grammar review for easy reference * The popular 55 Essential Verbs feature, with an in-depth look at usage and formation for the trickiest French verbs *Over 2,800 additional verbs conjugated like the 501 models Online content includes: * Audio program modeling native speaker rhythms and pronunciation * Listening comprehension * Four practice quizzes with automated scoring and answers