This volume addresses a variety of issues on traffic safety policy, ranging from issues of climate change, urban equity, and transport safety, in a broad global and societal context, while retaining situation-specific details. Written by international experts on issues of transportation and traffic safety, it will be of special interest to advanced researchers in the engineering and planning disciplines working on these issues as well as policy makers concerned with setting up institutions and legislations for traffic safety.

This book gathers contributions from researchers and practitioners that foster user-centric, cross-modal and sustainable transport systems in Europe. It reports on cutting-edge approaches discussed within the project MOBILITY4EU, a Coordination and Support Action funded by the European Commission, and presented at the second conference "Towards User Centric Transport in Europe" that took place in Brussels in Fall 2018. The respective papers describe innovative approaches to improving urban mobility and accessibility, achieving zero-emission mobility, and guaranteeing, seamless operations. Co-creation approaches are also discussed. Highlighting technological, socio-economic and political strategies alike, the book provides researches and stakeholders with a comprehensive, timely snapshot of current measures and challenges for the mobility of tomorrow.

This book summarizes research being pursued within the Research Unit FOR 2089, funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG), the goal of which is to develop the scientific base for a paradigm shift towards dimensioning, structural realization and maintenance of pavements, and prepare road infrastructure for future requirements. It provides a coupled thermo-mechanical model for a holistic physical analysis of the pavement-tire-vehicle system: based on this model, pavement structures and materials can be optimized so that new demands become compatible with the main goal - durability of the structures and the materials. The development of these new and qualitatively improved modelling approaches requires a holistic procedure through the coupling of theoretical numerical and experimental approaches as well as an interdisciplinary and closely linked handling of the coupled pavement-tire-vehicle system. This interdisciplinary research provides a deeper understanding of the physics of the full system through complex, coupled simulation approaches and progress in terms of improved and, therefore, more durable and sustainable structures.

Elisabeth Schmidt investigates the effect of thermal stimulation during passive driver fatigue in a series of driving simulator experiments. Thermal stimulation of the upper body resulted in significantly decreased subjective fatigue ratings as well as an increase in pupil diameter and skin conductance. The effects of different stimulus temperatures, durations, lower leg cooling and repetitive cooling were also examined. The studies show that thermal stimulation of the upper body causes physiological and subjective effects, which can be associated with a short-term sympathetic activation, whereas lower leg cooling does not cause physiological activation.

This proceedings present current trends in the transport growth. It presents transport solutions both at a micro-level, such as that of a single city or a single company, as well as at a macro-level of a whole transportation system. The transport decisions made by an individual in regards to the transport mode and route, add up to the structure and efficiency of the whole system. Transport systems cannot grow extensively anymore, due to lack of space or the amount of additional costs, so the authors presents new solutions, ones which are innovative and sustainable, while also increasing the efficiency of transport operations. These solutions are analyzed for performance at a scale of individual cities or companies, as well as whole transport systems. The researchers, who are often also practitioners in the field of transport, provide not only the theoretical background for the transport analysis but also empirical data and practical experience.

This book addresses various aspects of electric mobility deployment in public transport. These include transport policy-related issues as well as technical, organizational and technical dimensions of the fleet conversion process (from conventional one towards the increased share of electric vehicles in public transport). In the book, one may find, e.g. the determinants for the successful functioning of electrified transport systems (including charging facilities), models and methods for battery electric bus energy consumption, the analysis regarding the charging strategies (including power-grid) as well as electric vehicle battery issues. As the process of fleet conversion is multi-faceted, the book also contains the issues related to cybersecurity in public transport, autonomous vehicles and hyperloop. The book is dedicated to transport professionals, consulting companies and researchers in the field of electromobility and modern transport systems.

This book gathers selected papers presented at the KES International Symposium on Smart Transportation Systems (KES-STS 2021). Modern transportation systems have undergone a rapid transformation in recent years, producing a range of technological innovations such as connected vehicles, self-driving cars, electric vehicles, Hyperloop, and even flying cars, and with them, fundamental changes in transport systems around the world. The book discusses current challenges, innovations, and breakthroughs in smart transportation systems, as well as transport infrastructure modelling, safety analysis, freeway operations, intersection analysis, and other related cutting-edge topics.

This book contributes to the progress towards intelligent transportation. It emphasizes new data management and machine learning approaches such as big data, deep learning and reinforcement learning. Deep learning and big data are very energetic and vital research topics of today's technology. Road sensors, UAVs, GPS, CCTV and incident reports are sources of massive amount of data which are crucial to make serious traffic decisions. Herewith this substantial volume and velocity of data, it is challenging to build reliable prediction models based on machine learning methods and traditional relational database. Therefore, this book includes recent research works on big data, deep convolution networks and IoT-based smart solutions to limit the vehicle's speed in a particular region, to support autonomous safe driving and to detect animals on roads for mitigating animal-vehicle accidents. This book serves broad readers including researchers, academicians, students and working professional in vehicles manufacturing, health and transportation departments and networking companies.

This book presents the principal structure, networks and applications of the Global Aeronautical Distress and Safety System (GADSS) for enhanced airborne Communication, Navigation and Surveillance (CNS). It shows how their implementation works to ensure better security in flight and on the airports surface; improved aircraft tracking and determination in real space and time; and enhanced distress alerting, safety; and Search and Rescue (SAR) system for missing, hijacked and landed aircraft at sea or on the ground. Main topics of this book are as follows: an overview of radio and satellite systems with retrospective to aeronautical safety; security and distress systems; space segment with all aspects regarding satellite orbits and infrastructures; transmission segment of radio and satellite systems; ground segment of radio and earth ground stations; airborne radio and satellite antenna systems and propagation; aeronautical VHF and HF Radio CNS systems and networks; Inmarsat, Iridium and Cospas-Sasrast aeronautical satellite CNS systems and networks; Aeronautical Global Satellite Augmentation System (GSAS) and networks; Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel via Satellite (DVB-RCS) standards and Aeronautical Stratospheric Platform Systems (SPS) and networks.

This book presents the proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Maritime Education and Development. The conference exchanges knowledge, experiences and ideas in the domain of maritime education and development, with the ultimate goal of generating new knowledge and implementing smart strategies and actions. Topics include the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR); unmanned air/sea surface/underwater vehicles (UxV); the digital divide and Internet accessibility; digital infrastructure; IMO E-navigation strategy; smart-ship concept; automation and digitalization; cyber security; and maritime future. This proceedings pertains to researchers, academics, students, and professionals in the realm of maritime education and development.

Cities for Driverless Vehicles examines the relationship between autonomous vehicles, transport infrastructure requirements and urban forms, as well as explores ways to adopt autonomous vehicles into future cities. With insights drawn from urban planners and professionals across the world, the book informs the reader how our future cities will look, what legal requirements will need to be met, how pedestrians will interact with driverless vehicles, the Mobility as a Service (MaaS) concept and how planners can prepare for the new technological age. Informed research and expert transport modelling is underpinned by international case studies along with the action plans required to make the transition a smooth, orderly and safe one for future generations. With technology changing the face of future travel faster than ever before, the need to be ahead of the curve has never been greater. This forward-thinking book is, therefore, an ideal and necessary purchase for urban and transport planners, infrastructure engineers, vehicle manufacturers, and policy and decision makers tasked with future-proofing urban areas.

This book focuses on the latest scientific and technological advancements in the field of railway turnout engineering. It offers a holistic approach to the scientific investigation of the factors and mechanisms determining performance degradation of railway switches and crossings (S&Cs), and the consequent development of condition monitoring systems that will enable infrastructure managers to transition towards the implementation of predictive maintenance. The book is divided into three distinct parts. Part I discusses the modelling of railway infrastructure, including switch and crossing systems, while Part II focuses on metallurgical characterization. This includes the microstructure of in-field loaded railway steel and an analysis of rail screw failures. In turn, the third and final part discusses condition monitoring and asset management. Given its scope, the book is of interest to both academics and industrial practitioners, helping them learn about the various challenges characterizing this engineering domain and the latest solutions to properly address them.

This book offers a timely snapshot of research and developments in the area of air traffic engineering and management. It covers mathematical, modeling, reliability and optimization methods applied for improving different stages of flight operations, including both aerodrome and terminal airspace operations. It analyses and highlights important legal and safety aspects, and discusses timely issues such as those concerned with Brexit and the use of unmanned aerial vehicles. Gathering selected papers presented at the 6th edition of the International Scientific Conference on Air Traffic Engineering, ATE 2020, held in October 2020 in Warsaw, Poland, this book offers a timely and inspiring source of information for both researchers and professionals in the field of air traffic engineering and management.

This book reports on cutting-edge theories and methods for analyzing complex systems, such as transportation and communication networks and discusses multi-disciplinary approaches to dependability problems encountered when dealing with complex systems in practice. The book presents the most noteworthy methods and results discussed at the 21st International Multidisciplinary Conference on Reliability and Statistics in Transportation and Communication (RelStat), which took place remotely from Riga, Latvia, on October 14 - 15, 2021. It spans a broad spectrum of topics, from mathematical models and design methodologies, to software engineering, data security and financial issues, as well as practical problems in technical systems, such as transportation and telecommunications, and in engineering education.

The urgent need for vehicle electrification and improvement in fuel efficiency has gained increasing attention worldwide. Regarding this concern, the solution of hybrid vehicle systems has proven its value from academic research and industry applications, where energy management plays a key role in taking full advantage of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). There are many well-established energy management approaches, ranging from rules-based strategies to optimization-based methods, that can provide diverse options to achieve higher fuel economy performance. However, the research scope for energy management is still expanding with the development of intelligent transportation systems and the improvement in onboard sensing and computing resources. Owing to the boom in machine learning, especially deep learning and deep reinforcement learning (DRL), research on learning-based energy management strategies (EMSs) is gradually gaining more momentum. They have shown great promise in not only being capable of dealing with big data, but also in generalizing previously learned rules to new scenarios without complex manually tunning. Focusing on learning-based energy management with DRL as the core, this book begins with an introduction to the background of DRL in HEV energy management. The strengths and limitations of typical DRL-based EMSs are identified according to the types of state space and action space in energy management. Accordingly, value-based, policy gradient-based, and hybrid action space-oriented energy management methods via DRL are discussed, respectively. Finally, a general online integration scheme for DRL-based EMS is described to bridge the gap between strategy learning in the simulator and strategy deployment on the vehicle controller.

The book offers a novel approach to the study of the complex dynamics of cities. It is based on (1) Synergetics as a science of cooperation and selforganization, (2) information theory including semantic and pragmatic aspects, and optimization principles, (3) a theory of steady state maintenance, and of (4) phase transition, i.e. qualitative changes of structure or behavior. From this novel theoretical vantage point, the book addresses particularly three issues that stand at the core of current discourse on cities: Urban Scaling, Smart Cities and City Planning. An important consequence of "the 21st century as the age of cities", is that the study of cities currently attracts scientists from a variety of disciplines, ranging from physics, mathematics and computer science, through urban studies, architecture, planning and human geography, to economics, psychology, sociology, public administration and more. The book is thus likely to attract scholars, researchers and students of these research domains, of complexity theories of cities, as well as of general complexity theory. In addition, it is directed also to practitioners of urbanism, city planning and urban design.

This book focuses on holistic approaches to sustainability in all sectors of building, infrastructure, and energy to achieve a best-balanced global energy, building, infrastructure, transportation, and water technology (EBITW) system using a series of innovative research and implementation solutions. The goal of this book is to define the context for proactive consideration of scientific theories and practical technical applications of sustainable development, following main seven themes: Renewable Energy Technology, Advanced Building Design Technology, Innovative Infrastructure and Transportation Engineering, Clean Water and Sanitation, Sustainable Urban and Rural Development, Clean Environment, and Sustainable Planet; which are very much interconnected to secure the global equilibrium. The book is prepared for a wide audience including researchers, field engineers, and students.

This book offers a comprehensive and practice-oriented guide to risk management, with a special emphasis on the physical and environmental risks related to the operations of railway systems. It is intended to provide a roadmap for managing the risk by controlling safety. Starting with a concise historical introduction and by presenting basic concepts of risk management, the book describes in turn the railway systems and their complexity. Then, it goes in depth into the process of risk management, describing the main elements, from risk identification, analysis and assessment to risk monitoring and communication. Different risk assessment techniques are reviewed in detail, and the main components of a risk management plan are presented. The book concludes with an introduction to health risk management, describing strategies for performing health risk assessments for staff in safety-critical positions. Based on the conviction that controlling safety is the main strategy in managing risk, and on the fact that the systems we would like to control are complex ones, this book provides transport and safety engineers with the necessary knowledge to effectively managing the risks of the railway system.

This proceedings book is devoted to the development of environmental analysis of the surface layer of atmospheric air and green areas of urbanized areas. The analysis of scientific and methodological developments for assessing the level of environmental safety of urbanized areas, taking into account the influence of chemical and physical factors, is carried out. The choice of criteria for assessing the ecological state of the surface layer of atmospheric air is theoretically substantiated. The hazard index of the surface layer of atmospheric air, taking into account the influence of chemical and physical factors, and a method of its visual representation are proposed. An assessment of the environmental risk of the influence of the surface layer of the atmosphere was carried out. A quantitative assessment of the energy balance of the green zone is carried out for Kyiv city (Ukraine). Schemes for informing the population about the ecological state of air in real time are developed. The book is for researchers, engineers, as well as lecturers and postgraduates of higher education institutions dealing with issues of atmospheric pollution, ecological safety and urbanization.

This book introduces typical inertial devices and inertial-based integrated navigation systems, gyro noise suppression, gyro temperature drift error modeling compensation, inertial-based integrated navigation systems under discontinuous observation conditions, and inertial-based brain integrated navigation systems. Integrated navigation is the result of the development of modern navigation theory and technology. The inertial navigation system has the advantages of strong autonomy, high short-term accuracy, all-day time, all weather, and so on. And it has been applied in most integrated navigation systems. Among them, the information processing of inertial-based integrated navigation system is the core technology. Due to the effect of the device mechanism and working environment, there are errors in the output information of the inertial-based integrated navigation system, including gyroscope noise, temperature drift, and discontinuous observations, which will seriously reduce the accuracy and robustness of the system. And the book helps readers to solve these problems. The intelligent information processing technology involved is equipped with simulation verification, which can be used as a reference for undergraduate, graduate, and Ph.D. students, and also scientific researchers or engineers engaged in navigation-related specialties.

Traffic crashes are one of the ten leading causes of deaths worldwide, and the leading cause of death for young people in the western world - a seemingly necessary evil that accompanies increasing levels of motorization. In this comprehensive 2nd edition of the classic "Traffic Safety and Human Behavior" Dr David Shinar provides a theoretical framework and a critical evaluation of the most recent research findings to comprehend the complexity of traffic safety and the central role that road users - drivers, motorcyclists, bicyclists, and pedestrians play in it. In the new edition of approximately 1000 pages with nearly 300 graphs and tables, Shinar covers the key issues that relate human behavior to traffic safety and the impact that cultural, policy, and technological changes have on them. In particular the new edition covers the increasing roles that pedestrians and cyclists have in the traffic system and the need to accommodate them; the intrusion of infotainment and its role in driver distraction; and the increasing role of crash-prevention and driver assistance systems in changing the driver-vehicle interaction.

This book covers a selection of fundamental topics of traffic engineering useful for highways facilities design and control. The treatment is concise but it does not neglect to examine the most recent and crucial theoretical aspects which are at the root of numerous highway engineering applications, like, for instance, the essential aspects of highways traffic stream reliability calculation and automated highway systems control. In order to make these topics easy to follow, several illustrative worked examples of applications are provided in great detail. An intuitive and discursive, rather than formal, style has been adopted throughout the contents. As such, the book offers up-to-date and practical knowledge on several aspects of traffic engineering, which is of interest to a wide audience including students, researchers as well as transportation planners, public transport specialists, city planners and decision-makers.

This book gathers papers from the 23rd International Forum on Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications (AMAA 2020) held online from Berlin, Germany, on May 26-27, 2020. Focusing on intelligent system solutions for auto mobility and beyond, it discusses in detail innovations and technologies enabling electrification, automation and diversification, as well as strategies for a better integration of vehicles into the networks of traffic, data and power. Further, the book addresses other relevant topics, including the role of human factors and safety issues in automated driving, solutions for shared mobility, as well as automated bus transport in rural areas. Implications of current circumstances, such as those generated by climate change, on the future development of auto mobility, are also analysed, providing researchers, practitioners and policy makers with an authoritative snapshot of the state-of-the-art, and a source of inspiration for future developments and collaborations.

A road traffic participant is a person who directly participates in road traffic, such as vehicle drivers, passengers, pedestrians, or cyclists, however, traffic accidents cause numerous property losses, bodily injuries, and even deaths to them. To bring down the rate of traffic fatalities, the development of the intelligent vehicle is a much-valued technology nowadays. It is of great significance to the decision making and planning of a vehicle if the pedestrians' intentions and future trajectories, as well as those of surrounding vehicles, could be predicted, all in an effort to increase driving safety. Based on the image sequence collected by onboard monocular cameras, we use the Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) based network with an enhanced attention mechanism to realize the intention and trajectory prediction of pedestrians and surrounding vehicles. However, although the fully automatic driving era still seems far away, human drivers are still a crucial part of the road-driver-vehicle system under current circumstances, even dealing with low levels of automatic driving vehicles. Considering that more than 90 percent of fatal traffic accidents were caused by human errors, thus it is meaningful to recognize the secondary task while driving, as well as the driving style recognition, to develop a more personalized advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) or intelligent vehicle. We use the graph convolutional networks for spatial feature reasoning and the LSTM networks with the attention mechanism for temporal motion feature learning within the image sequence to realize the driving secondary-task recognition. Moreover, aggressive drivers are more likely to be involved in traffic accidents, and the driving risk level of drivers could be affected by many potential factors, such as demographics and personality traits. Thus, we will focus on the driving style classification for the longitudinal car-following scenario. Also, based on the Structural Equation Model (SEM) and Strategic Highway Research Program 2 (SHRP 2) naturalistic driving database, the relationships among drivers' demographic characteristics, sensation seeking, risk perception, and risky driving behaviors are fully discussed. Results and conclusions from this short book are expected to offer potential guidance and benefits for promoting the development of intelligent vehicle technology and driving safety.

This book offers practical as well as conceptual knowledge of the latest trends, tools, techniques and methodologies of data analytics in smart cities. The smart city is an advanced technological area that is capable of understanding the environment by examining the data to improve the livability. The smart cities allow different kinds of wireless sensors to gather massive amounts, full speed and a broad range of city data. The smart city has a focus on data analytics facilitated through the IoT platforms. There is a need to customize the IoT architecture and infrastructures to address needs in application of specific domains of smart cities such as transportation, traffic, health and, environment. The smart cities will provide next generation development technologies for urbanization that includes the need of environmental sustainability, personalization, mobility, optimum energy utilization, better administrative services and higher quality of life. Each chapter presents the reader with an in-depth investigation regarding the possibility of data analytics perspective in smart cities. The book presents cutting-edge and future perspectives of smart cities, where industry experts, scientists, and scholars exchange ideas and experience about surrounding frontier technologies, breakthrough and innovative solutions and applications.