The task of updating the classification was given to the Classification and Nomenclature Committee of the International Society of Gynecological Pathologists and its four subcommittees. This classification reflects the present state of knowledge and modifications are almost certain to be needed as experience accumulates. Since many of the tumours and tumour-like conditions in the classification occur in several sites in the female genital tract, cross-referencing from one site to another has been done in illustrating these lesions.

Although more than 12 years have passed since publication of the first WHO histological classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumours, the changes in this revised edition are not radical. Only one formerly recognized entity has been deleted: the monstrocellular sarcoma, because there is immuno- cytochemical evidence of its astrocytic nature. Several new tumour types have been added: the pleomorphic xanthoastro- cytoma has been generally acknowledged for almost a decade; the neurocytoma has gradually evolved as a clinical-pathological entity; and two new entries, the dysembryoplastic neuroepi- thelial tumour and the desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma, have only been characterized morphologically during the past few years. We regard the classification as an international standard to facilitate communication and have tried to avoid current con- ceptual controversies. The majority of partiCipants supported inclusion of the term "primitive neuroectodermal tumour" (pNET). However, because of our limited knowledge of the biol- ogy of embryonal CNS tumours, preference was given to use PNET selectively, rather than applying it to all small cell embryo- nal childhood tumours, irrespective of their histological pheno- type. Ependymomas and meningiomas now have new histological SUbtypes. Most of these are not associated with biological behaviour different from the parent tumour type, but their description will aid the practising pathologist to identify and classify these lesions. 2 Introduction Histological Typing Following the philosophy of this WHO series, classification is based primarily on histological assessment of cell types and tis- sue patterns recognized by conventional light microscopy.

1. 1 The Cytokeratins as a Member of the Intermediate Filament Protein Family Intermediate filaments together with microtubules and actin microfilaments make up the filamentous cytoskeleton found in the cytoplasm of vertebrate cells. Recently, intermediate filament proteins have also been described in invertebrates, but their chemistry is not yet known (for review see Biessmann and Walter 1989). These filaments (about 10 nm in diameter) used to be categorized into five classes - cytokeratin, vimentin, desmin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and neurofilaments (NFs). The expression of these proteins follows differentiation-dependent rules: cytokeratins occur in epi- thelial cells, NF proteins are expressed in neurons, GFAP in astrocytes and some nonglial cells, desmin in smooth muscle cells and in striated myocytes, and vimentin in mesenchymal cells (for review see Lazarides 1980; Osborn and Weber 1983). Recent investigations including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein sequencing and peptide mapping have redefined the intermediate filaments into five types or subfamilies (type I, acidic cytokeratins; type II, basic cytokeratins; type III, vimentin, desmin, peripherin, and GFAP; type IV, the three NF proteins; and type V, the nuclear lamins (for review see Nagle 1988). A new type VI intermediate filament protein, nestin, has been described in the developing nervous system (Lendahl et al. 1990), and is initially co- expressed with vimentin in neuroepithelial stem cells (Steinert and Liem 1990). The cytokeratins are the most complex subgroup of intermediate filament proteins.

Disturbances in peripheral O extraction can be produced in dogs treated with 2 endotoxin and thereby provide an opportunity to test theories for the origin of pathological O supply dependency or to try different treatment modalities. The 2 most serious deficiency in the current animal models is the inability to mimic the increased O demand that is observed in patients at 02 delivery rates in excess of 2 normal. A particular feature of this increased O demand is that it apparently does 2 not stimulate increased 02 extraction, although the limitation in O extraction has 2 not been explored in patients by lowering 02 supply, for obvious reasons. At least two possibilities to account for increased 02 demand could be investigated in animal models, however. The amount of 02 that is utilized in extramitochondrial pathways, which is normally on the order of 10%, may be greatly increased in ARDS and sepsis by O radical formation. There is presently no information 2 concerning how much 02 might be used in this way. Another strong possibility is that mitochondrial injury, perhaps as a result of 02 radical formation, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Some evidence presently in the literature supports this idea [19]. Indeed, the association of increased blood lactate levels with higher than expected 02 demands makes uncoupling a very attractive hypothesis that warrants further investigation in animal models using such agents as 2,4-dinitrophenol. References 1.

Retaining the same scope as the first edition, this new edition deals with the classification and characteristics of tumours and tumour-like lesions. Similar information is also given on odontogenic and non-odontogenic cysts of the jaws. It is extensively illustrated with photomicrographs in colour, together with clinical radiographs and photographs of operation specimens to show the distinctive features of various lesions. The classification has been updated to reflect the present state of knowledge and changes in views, and includes a number of newly recognised entities.

This second edition is more extensive and detailed than the previous one - now a reference of two decades standing. New technical methods have increased our understanding of many tumours, and the earlier group of monomorphic adenomas has been separated for easier identification, while clearly defined tumours - even if uncommon - have their own category. With reference to their differences in prognosis and treatment, the various types of carcinomas are now listed separately, and new entities have been adopted. The inclusion of the TNM classification of salivary gland tumours together with the more detailed description of the tumour-like lesions will contribute to an even better understanding.

This classification is based primarily on the microscopic characteris- tics of tumours. It is therefore concemed with the identification of cell types and histological pattems as seen by conventional light mi- croscopy. In general, time-honoured terms have been retained. Syn- onyms are listed only if they have been widely used, or if they are considered to be important for understanding the disease process. In such cases the preferred term is given first, followed by the synonym in parentheses. The individuality of the tumour manifests itself principally in its histological appearance and the extent of spread at the time of diag- nosis. This volume is concemed only with the histological classifica- tion of tumours. Anatomieal extent or staging is covered in the TNM 1 Classification. The histological classification of a tumour depends on two main parameters, typing and grading, and a number of additional parame- ters which may apply to selected examples.

With strong correlations between gross anatomy and the microanatomy of structures, Netter's Essential Histology, 3rd Edition, is the perfect text for today's evolving medical education. Concise and easy to use, it integrates gross anatomy and embryology with classic histology slides and state-of-the-art scanning electron microscopy, offering a clear, visual understanding of this complex subject. Additional histopathology images, more clinical boxes, and new histopathology content ensure that this textbook-atlas clearly presents the most indispensable histologic concepts and their clinical relevance. Helps you recognize both normal and diseased structures at the microscopic level with the aid of succinct explanatory text as well as numerous clinical boxes. Features more histopathology content and additional clinical boxes to increase your knowledge of pathophysiology and clinical relevance. Includes high-quality light and electron micrographs, including enhanced and colorized electron micrographs that show ultra-structures in 3D, side by side with classic Netter illustrations that link your knowledge of anatomy and cell biology to what is seen in the micrographs. Provides online access to author-narrated video overviews of each chapter, plus Zoomify images and Virtual Slides that include histopathology and can be viewed at different magnifications. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

For 40 years, Bancroft's Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques has established itself as the standard reference for histotechnologists and laboratory scientists, as well as histopathologists. With coverage of the full range of histological techniques used in medical laboratories and pathology departments, it provides a strong foundation in all aspects of histological technology - from basic methods of section preparation and staining, to advanced diagnostic techniques such as immunocytochemistry and molecular testing. This revised and updated 8th Edition by Kim S. Suvarna, Christopher Layton, and John D. Bancroft is a one-stop reference for all those involved with histological preparations and applications, from student to highly advanced laboratory professional. Presents a thorough, up-to-date, and detailed approach to the theory and protocols for preparing cells and tissues for laboratory evaluation, covering topics ranging from basic to advanced Features new content on automation (computer logging and tracking, sub-sampling and archiving of samples), digital scanning techniques for slides used in remote/telepathology, and specialist molecular techniques. Provides superb visual guidance through the use of vivid color illustrations, including additional illustrations of diagnostic modalities and techniques. Contains more summary tables, charts, and boxes throughout for quick reference. Expert ConsultT eBook version included with purchase. This enhanced eBook experience allows you to search all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Cajal and De Castro's Neurohistological Methods provides the first English translation of Fernando de Castro's 1933 publication "Elementos de Tecnica Micrografica del Sistema Nervioso ". A student of the famed founder of modern neuroscience, with Santiago Ramon y Cajal also serving as the Editor of the original text, Fernando de Castro recorded all the various protocols that had been used in his laboratory by his students in order to provide a manual of histological procedures specifically designed for the fine structure of the nervous system. This renowned text is virtually unknown in its original form outside the Spanish-speaking world. In a text that reads like a mix between a recipe book and an alchemical manuscript, authors Miguel Merchan, Javier DeFelipe, and Fernando de Castro (descendant of the 1933 publication's author) put the new translation into historical context. This book is also beautifully illustrated with plates of histological techniques, provides a quick guide to new vocabulary, and the author's notes on the translated text. This pivotal work of classic neurohistological techniques is a wonderful addition to the Cajal library.

Fully integrating histology, cell biology, and pathology, the 4th Edition of the award-winning Histology and Cell Biology: An Introduction to Pathology presents key concepts in an understandable, easy-to-digest manner. Authors Abraham L. Kierszenbaum, MD, PhD and Laura L. Tres MD, PhD link basic science to clinical application throughout, focusing on what you need to know for your coursework now - and how to apply that information in a clinical setting . Full-color illustrations on every page, as well as unique, student-friendly features online, help you quickly grasp the complexities of pathologic abnormalities. Get a contemporary, integrated approach to basic science and clinical knowledge, as well as histology, cell biology, and pathology with Dr. Kierszenbaum's ground-breaking text. Clearly visualize challenging concepts with the aid of vivid, full-color illustrations, diagrams, photomicrographs, and pathology photos - all fully integrated on every page of the text. Grasp key information quickly thanks to highlighted key clinical terms, clinical conditions boxes, and Essential Concepts boxes at the end of every chapter. Find clinically relevant material fast with a detailed table of contents that highlights all clinical examples in red. Understand the links between chapter concepts with new concept mapping animations online - an outstanding supplement to in-class instruction. eBook version included! For the first time, you can access the entire book online or offline across all devices with the Student Consult eBook! Build a stronger base of clinical knowledge through the integration of cell biology, histology, and pathology

Textbook of Histology, 5th Edition, brings you up to date with all that's new in the field, while providing a solid foundation in the basic science and clinical application of cellular and molecular biology. Concise and highly illustrated, it functions as both a text and a histology laboratory guide and remains the only histology textbook that includes laboratory exercises for nearly every chapter. Numerous new clinical observations illustrate the importance of histology to clinical practice. More than 170 photomicrographs as well as new drawings, and histology laboratory instructions in most chapters have been added to this edition. Greatly revised content includes new findings in cellular and molecular biology such as the newly discovered endoplasmic reticulum-shaping proteins, the abundance of stem cells in adipose tissue, the phases of Alzheimer's disease and the role of the newly discovered glymphatic system in slowing the progression of the disease, and developments in the microbiome. More quick-reference tables have been added to summarize information discussed in the text. PowerPointT presentations, bolded key terms, bulleted lists, and chapter summaries highlight "need to know" information and facilitate comprehension A combination of USMLE-style questions and image-based questions are found in each chapter of the digital edition Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

Successful transplantation depends on the minimization of immunological differences between the donor and recipient tissues. These differences are based on polymorphisms of the human major histocompatibility complex and play a key role in determining the acceptance or rejection of allografts during transplantation. This important work describes methods for the investigation of these polymorphisms at the gene and protein levels and their application to the clinical transplantation of human organs and bone marrow. There is currently no other text available covering these up-to-date serological and molecular techniques in this area of immunogenetics, despite their importance to fundamental research, clinical practice and forensic medicine.

Histological techniques form the basis of many areas of research, yet they can often be poorly understood. Aimed at postgraduate students and those at an early stage of their career, this title provides a detailed and comprehensive introduction to histological techniques. With detailed images and slides, this book provides a unique overview of the area while providing the reader with a guide to how to use and incorporate histological techniques within their own research. Written by experts working within the field, this book is an essential handbook for anyone wanting to learn more about histological methods and how to apply them successfully.

Each volume in this richly illustrated series - Cytohistology of Small Tissue Samples, sponsored by the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology - provides an organ-based approach to the cytological and histological diagnosis of small tissue samples including fine-needle aspiration biopsy, cell block samples and core, pinch and forceps biopsies. Benign, pre- malignant and malignant entities are presented in a well- organized and standardized format supported with high- resolution color photomicrographs, tables, tabulated specific morphologic criteria and appropriate ancillary testing algorithms. Example vignettes allow the reader to assimilate the diagnostic principles in a case-based format. This unique series strengthens the bridge between surgical pathology and cytopathology, providing the pathologist with the ability to diagnose small tissue samples with confidence. Bridges cytologic and surgical diagnoses in lesions of the head and neck Richly illustrated with over 250 high-quality color images and a DVD-ROM containing all images in a downloadable format Includes numerous clinical vignettes, offering a valuable case-based approach to diagnosis

This revision of the book originally published in 1980 is the result of a collaboration among scientists from 10 countries. The authors include not only pathologists but also a urologist and a basic scientist. The second edition - containing 146 colour photographs - is considerably more extensive than its predecessor. A number of new entities, unrecognized in 1980, are included: prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, which is commonly associated with carcinoma and may also be seen in a biopsy for elevated PSA; basal cell carcinoma; small cell carcinoma; paracrine-endocrine elements; variants of carcinoma; and stromal sarcoma. The criteria for the diagnosis of carcinoma have been expanded, including the minimal criteria. The Gleason grading system, based on growth pattern, is presented in detail. The WHO grading system, based on nuclear anaplasia and glandular differentiation, is more clearly defined.

Take a simple approach to understanding the fundamentals with Wheater's Functional Histology. Offering concise text accompanied by hundreds of captions and images of histology slides, this best-selling textbook will equip you with all the must-know histology information you need to complete your courses and ace your exams. All (print) purchasers receive the complete, downloadable eBook (via Student Consult) - which now includes an all new bank of multiple choice questions to test your understanding and aid exam preparation. Recognize the microscopic structure of normal human tissues and how it relates to function with the help of over 900 high-quality histology images and illustrations. Master how to apply histology in a clinical context through coverage of common clinical conditions in each chapter. Access the entire contents online at Student Consult, including all of the images, a virtual histolab, and USMLE-style self-assessment questions and rationales. updated text and captions with recent research/new discoveries replace approximately 15% of the total images in the book increase number of relevant text boxes increase molecular/cell biology include coverage of developmental tissues in some chapters e.g. development of lung, testis increase the review component

Now it its revised, updated Sixth Edition, Histology: A Text and Atlas is the perfect text for medical, health professions, and undergraduate biology students. This best-selling combination text and atlas includes a detailed textbook description that emphasizes clinical and functional correlates of histology, fully supplemented by vividly informative illustrations and photographs. Separate, superbly illustrated atlas sections follow almost every chapter and feature large-size, full-color digital micrographs, with labels and legends that highlight details of microanatomy. For this edition, approximately 30 percent of the micrographs have been replaced with new, sharper, enhanced images. One third of the illustrations have been redrawn in a new style. A powerful interactive atlas CD-ROM is included with the book and features all of the plates in the text with interactive functionality.

Each volume in this richly illustrated series, sponsored by the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology, provides an organ-based approach to the cytologic and histologic diagnosis of small tissue samples including fine-needle aspiration biopsy, cell block samples and core, pinch and forceps biopsies. This volume provides a practical approach to preparing and assessing pancreatic aspiration, core biopsy and brushing samples. Benign, pre-malignant and malignant entities are presented in a well-organized and standardized format supported with high-resolution color photomicrographs, tables, tabulated specific morphologic criteria and appropriate ancillary testing algorithms. Example vignettes allow the reader to assimilate the diagnostic principles in a case-based format. This unique series strengthens the bridge between surgical pathology and cytopathology, providing the pathologist with the ability to diagnose small tissue samples with confidence. The CD-ROM packaged with the printed book contains all the images in a downloadable format, making this a valuable resource for practicing and trainee pathologists.

This book lays out the principles of general pathology for biomedical researchers, grad students, medical students, and physicians, with elegance and deep insight. Disease processes are explained in the light of malfunctions at the cellular level, offering a rich understanding of the clinical correlates of all aspects of fundamental cellular physiology and basic biomedicine. The book has been fully revised and updated to present a current but deep understanding of disease states at the cell and tissue levels - cellular pathology, inflamation, immunopathology, vascular disturbance, and tumor biology.

This book provides a comprehensive and up to date compendium that brings together contributions on the structure, function and pathophysiology of axons in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. Authoritative and superbly illustrated, the 33 chapters and introduction have been authored by 49 world-renowned authorities. New areas, such as the molecular biology of ion channels and of myelination, the role of calcium in pathophysiology and regeneration, cell adhesion molecules and their roles in axo-glial interactions and axonal guidance, and optical recording methods, are highlighted. A generously referenced book which will provide essential reference to those working in this field.

Bridging the gap between textbook diagrams and the complex reality of histological preparations, this magnificent atlas of human microanatomy is designed to help students understand the complex structures encountered when viewing microscopic sections of tissues. Instead of simply depicting an individual section, each drawing is a compilation of the key structures and features seen in many preparations from similar tissues or organs. Invaluable to students in a range of life science and medical disciplines including human and veterinary medicine, dentistry, mammalian biology, pharmacy, and nursing.