This edited collection investigates the biomedical and social technologies used to control the HIV pandemic through case studies and critical commentaries from Africa, Europe, North America and Australia. With reference to global and local complexities, the volume engages with HIV treatment access, community-based health promotion, sexual health, HIV prevention and the relations between treatment and prevention. The volume includes chapters from leading authors in their fields and takes a trans-disciplinary approach by making reference to theoretical and empirical research from sociology, psychology, cultural studies and science and technology studies, thus helping to establish new ways of understanding current and future configurations of HIV technologies.

In The HIV-Negative Gay Man: Developing Strategies for Survival and Emotional Well-Being, you ll get instant access to some of the most recent information on the market today about remaining HIV-negative. You ll come in contact with a wealth of information concerning the psychosocial and psychosexual needs of HIV-negative gay men and discover strategies for staying uninfected and cultivating a meaningful way of life in the face of HIV/AIDS.Compiled by both professionals and peers, The HIV-Negative Gay Man goes to the front-lines of HIV prevention to help you understand the most beneficial and dependable ways of preserving the value of life and living it to the fullest. Radically reshaping and rehumanizing traditional HIV prevention efforts, these updated and personalized approaches will give you many individual strategies for survival in a world in which the link between sex and survival has been turned upside-down. You ll find new ways to expand and enrich your own coping repertoire as you explore these topics: how the HIV-negative gay man 's complex emotional reactions change what peer groups can do when creating and experimenting with new identities and roles when group work needs to be short-term or long-term why a sex life vocabulary needs to be built where Latino Men can learn critical thinking about internalized homophobia and transgression survival mechanisms changing attitudes as a result of the development of protease inhibitors and new drug therapies in HIV preventionIn The HIV-Negative Gay Man, you ll find that the road to survival is a long one but a road that can be travelled and enjoyed if the right strategies are applied. This book is a "road map" for survival. In it, you ll meet many brave professionals who are currently fighting on the front lines of HIV prevention and coming forward to share their own personal stories of survival. In turn, you ll learn from them and eventually tell your own survival story to someone else along the way.

In this startling new collection of case studies entitled HIV/AIDS and the Drug Culture: Shattered Lives, you ll take an eye-opening and informative look at the lifestyle and culture of the HIV/AIDS intravenous drug users (IVDUs). You ll see how health care providers and caregivers can update their methods and mindsets in order to meet the needs of this special cross-section of patients.In each chapter of HIV/AIDS and the Drug Culture, you ll gain instant access to full medical and psychosocial histories. You ll also find summaries of important events, clues to recognize, and strategies to safely manage each problematic situation that might arise, all of which will speed you on your way to more effectively and professionally administering to current and former intravenous drug users. Specifically, you ll read about: facts about needle exchange programs, injection drug use, and seroprevalence among IVDUs developing and assessing coping skills applying harm reduction models relapse prevention identifying and dealing with manipulative behaviorsBecause most health care providers only deal with a small number of HIV/AIDS IVDU cases, they lack the opportunity to construct valuable and viable plans for dealing with such patients. Now, finally, you have this guide to help you. So, if you re a nurse, social worker, health care provider, case manager, therapist, or someone interested in learning about the latest information regarding health care and intravenous drug use, let HIV/AIDS and the Drug Culture introduce you to the culture of the drug user and the best plans for meeting his or her health care needs. "

Contents:
Global perspectives on drug injecting; the social context of injectors' risk behaviour; health and social consequences of injecting drug use; drug injecting and HIV-1 infection - major findings from the multi-city study; new injectors and HIV-1 risk; the structure of stable seroprevalence HIV- 1 epidemics among injecting drug users; mobility and the diffusion of drug injecting and HIV infection; modelling the HIV-1 and AIDS epidemic among drug injectors; drug injecting and sexual safety - cross-national comparisons among cocaine and opioid injectors; cities responding to HIV- 1 epidemics among injecting drug users; prison and HIV-1 infection among drug injectors; preventing epidemics of HIV-1 among injecting drug users; overview - policies and interventions to stem HIV-1 epidemics associated with injecting drug use; appendix 1 - methodology of the World Health Organization multi-city study on drug injecting and risk of HIV infection; appendix 2 - city epidemics and contexts; appendix 3 - contributors and collaborating agencies in the World Health Organization multi-city study on drug injecting and risk of HIV infection.

Drug Injecting and HIV Infection is a comparative international study of drug injecting behaviour and HIV infection based on the World Health Organization's study of 13 cities as disparate as Athens, Bangkok, Glasgow and Rio de Janeiro. Using a standardized methodology for the collection of data, as well as central data management and analysis, this study represents the largest international project of its kind. It presents a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about drug injecting, HIV infection, epidemic dynamics and possibilities for prevention.
Stressing the importance of linking research to intervention and policy, the contributors emphasize the need to place HIV and policy issues on the international agenda. Written by experts in the field, this global study offers an in-depth and definitive analysis of the subject.

First published in 1997. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Renaud should be commended for her objective of contributing to the solution of contemporary socioeconomic problems associated with AIDS in Senegal.. -o Ann Reed, Indiana University of Africa Today The contributions of anthropologists to the interpretation, management, and eventual resolution of the worldwide AIDS crisis have received less popular attention than those of medical professionals, perhaps because "soft" science is viewed as irrelevant to the hoped- for medical breakthrough. This engaging book, with its emphasis on cultural context (especially local religious and health-related beliefs and practices) and its wealth of practical implications (most notably regarding male condom acceptance), belies that notion in a compelling way, through the words of sensible and courageous women involved in (legal) prostitution in Senegal, West Africa. Based on dissertation research, the book describes a remarkably successful AIDS education project under which prostitutes not only changed their own behavior but also that of their clients. There are practical ideas for AIDS prevention education here, and there is also good anthropology. Renaud used a variety of ethnogra -o M. A. Gwynne of SUNY at St HIV ravaged the African continent faster and earlier than any other in the world, spreading primarily through unprotected heterosexual sex. Kaolack, Senegal is a town where travelers and prostitutes converge, and HIV transmission rates have soared, especially among the prostitutes. Going beyond empirical analysis of risk/behavior data, Women at the Crossroads tells the stories of these women in their own words. The women portrayed keep their profession a secret from their families and friends, but abide by Senegalese law which states that prostitution is legal for those who register with the police and undergo bi-monthly health examinations. By observing one clinic's successful AIDS education campaign, anthropologist Michelle Renaud demons

Activism and Marginalization in the AIDS Crisis shows readers how the advent of HIV-disease has brought into question the utility of certain forms of "activism" as they relate to understanding and fighting the social impacts of disease. This informative and powerful book is centrally concerned about the ways in which institutionally governed social constructions of HIV/AIDS affect policy and public images of the disease more so than activist efforts. It asserts that an accounting of the power institutional structures have over the dominant social constructions of HIV disease is fundamental to adequate forms of present and future AIDS activism. Chapters in Activism and Marginalization in the AIDS Crisis demonstrate how, despite what is thought of as the "successful activism" of the past decade, the claims of the HIV-positive are still being ignored, still being marginalized, and still being administratively "handled" and exploited even as the plight of those who find themselves HIV-positive worsens. Although chapters reject the assertion that activism has been a highly effective remedy to HIV-positive voicelessness, authors do not deny that activists have been vocal, but that they continue to be ignored despite their vocality.Contributors in Activism and Marginalization in the AIDS Crisis offer numerous examples of institutional control and demonstrate that institutional structures, and not activists, are controlling the public meaning of HIV-related issues. Readers learn how messages about HIV/AIDS are produced, negotiated, modified, and sustained through institutional mechanisms that serve mostly institutional interests rather than those of the HIV-positive. In gaining an understanding of these issues, readers will begin to learn how to modify and strengthen activist efforts with valuable insight on: the lack of HIV-positive voices in mainstream news portrayals of HIV/AIDS research on constructions of HIV-disease at the state government level social constructions and how they affect HIV/AIDS policy the political construction of AIDS and interest-based struggles the emergent "bio-politics" of HIV and homosexuality in the U.S. how institutional power works to govern public understanding of HIV diseaseInstitutional structures are defined in this book as groups engaged in and defined by the production of various "truths" which sustain them. Institutional power may be defined as the capacity to regulate, constrain, and disseminate versions of "truth." Activism and Marginalization in the AIDS Crisis reveals how HIV activist groups have been outmaneuvered when it comes to the production and dissemination of various "truths" about HIV/AIDS by institutional structures more deeply steeped in social legitimacy and which have a superior capacity for message dissemination.HIV/AIDS activists, HIV-positive persons and those with AIDS, HIV/AIDS educators, public and institutional policymakers, health professionals, and the general public will find this book essential to understanding the social constructions of HIV/AIDS, how these affect HIV/AIDS-related policy and public opinion, and how to begin to cipher through the plethora of information to find and promote the "truth."

This study draws on feminist theory, cultural studies, the philosophy of science, and gay and lesbian studies to problematize the factual scientific discourse about AIDS, and interpret it as a political discourse. Waldby argues that much AIDS discourse relies on an implicit and unconscious equation between sexual health and heterosexual masculinity. In this equation, women, bisexual and gay men are the targets of preventative programmes, while heterosexual men tend to remain unaddressed by such programmes. Drawing upon examples of preventative policies from Australia, Britain and the USA, Waldby investigates the concept of public health and questions whose interests are represented in a "healthy society". It demonstrates the extent to which established ideas about the virus: the immune system, the HIV test and the epidemiology of the disease, rely upon unexamined, conservative assumptions about sexual identity and sexual difference.

It is estimated that 90 per cent of those who are HIV positive are in employment. However, the significant body of literature into HIV/AIDS to date has primarily focused on the medical aspects of the disease and its implications for health/social policy. There has been little analysis of the employment implications of HIV/AIDS, and what does exist is essentially descriptive and usually limited to legal features of the employment relationship. This text provides a review of the theoretical and practical issues which bear upon organisational responses to HIV/AIDS. The authors set these responses in a historical and international context, before analysing recent research findings. In the first three chapters, issues are explored through an analysis which highlights international convergences and divergences. The remaining chapters draw on the authors' research to explore the "internal" dynamics of HIV/AIDS in the workplace.

This is not another book about how AIDS is out of control in Africa and Third World nations, or one complaining about the inadequacy of secured funds to fight the pandemic. The author looks objectively at countries that have succeeded in reducing HIV infection rates...along with a worrisome flip side to the progress. The largely medical solutions funded by major donors have had little impact in Africa, the continent hardest hit by AIDS. Instead, relatively simple, low-cost behavioral change programs--stressing increased monogamy and delayed sexual activity for young people--have made the greatest headway in fighting or preventing the disease's spread. Ugandans pioneered these simple, sustainable interventions and achieved significant results. As National Review journalist Rod Dreher put it, "Rather than pay for clinics, gadgets and medical procedures--especially in the important earlier years of its response to the epidemic--Uganda mobilized human resources." In a New York Times interview, Green cited evidence that "partner reduction," promoted as mutual faithfulness, is the single most effective way of reducing the spread of AIDS. That deceptively simple solution is not merely about medical advances or condom use. It is about the ABC model: Abstain, Be faithful, and use Condoms if A and B are impossible. Yet deeply rooted Western biases have obstructed the effectiveness of AIDS prevention. Many Western scientists have attacked the ABC approach as impossible and moralistic. Some Western activists and HIV carriers have been outraged, thinking the approach passes moral judgment on their behaviors. But there is also a troubling suspicion among a growing number of scientists who support theABC model that certain opponents may simply be AIDS profiteers, more interested in protecting their incomes than battling the disease. This book is a bellwether in the escalating controversy, offering persuasive evidence in support of the ABC approach and exposing the fallacies and motivations of its opponents.

Delve into the uncharted territory of the "hidden" drug addict--users who are not in treatment, not incarcerated, and not officially accessible for research purposes through traditional means. AIDS and Community-Based Drug Intervention Programs describes short-term interventions used to reduce the odds that these drug users will get infected by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The book explains new methods that are being developed, such as targeted sampling, social network analysis, geomapping, and other amalgams of both quantitative and qualitative approaches, that need to be forged to overcome the challenges of the war against AIDS. The research described in this important book was conducted under the Cooperative Agreement for AIDS Community-Based Outreach/Intervention Research funding mechanism of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Chapters include research on several ethnic groups, including Alaska natives, Puerto Ricans, and Navaho teens. AIDS and Community-Based Drug Treatment Programs, written by experts in the field, is a broad-based treatment of the subject by those who are actually doing the work in the trenches. Authors cover topics such as: the use of goal-oriented counseling and peer support to reduce HIV/AIDS risk quantitative and qualitative methods to assess behavioral change among injection drug users (IDUs) the importance of sampling from hidden populations in research a public health model for reducing AIDS-related risk behavior among IDUs and their sexual partners characteristics of female sexual partners of IDUs strategies used to implement random sampling strategies in the recruitment of out-of-treatment crack and IDUs ethnographic analysis of intravenous drug use analysis of contact tracing strategies employed to combat the AIDS epidemic the use of pile sorts to enhance other tools used by drug prevention programsAIDS and Community-Based Drug Intervention Programs is full of current research and useful information for professionals interested in learning about strategies for conducting HIV/AIDS research among hard-to-reach populations. Substance abuse researchers, treatment professionals, and people involved in AIDS prevention programs, state and county health departments, and criminal justice systems will find much relevant and important information to use in their daily work.

Providing a cross-cultural perspective on the social construction of AIDS in Brazil, this book presents research by authors who have a decade's experience in AIDS activism and social research. The final section offers a powerful portrayal of problems faced by a person living with AIDS.

This much-needed book presents an introduction and overview of multicultural AIDS issues in social work practice. In a culturally diverse nation, it is essential that professionals look at AIDS within a cultural context in order to find the most effective treatment and prevention strategies for everyone. Emphasizing this need for a culturally sensitive approach, Multicultural Human Services for AIDS Treatment and Prevention increases social workers'often limited knowledge and experience with various social and ethnic groups. It provides specific suggestions and recommendations for program development and acts as a foundation upon which to build new strategies for policy, research, and practice. Multicultural Human Services for AIDS Treatment and Prevention emphasizes the importance of encouraging and sharing research that addresses AIDS and minority populations and assessing prevention, education, and behavioral change strategies from culturally specific and relevant perspectives. It includes chapters focusing on African Americans, Native American Indians, Hawaiians, Puerto Ricans, and Mexican prostitutes--groups that often suffer disproportionately from poverty and its myriad effects. Some topics discussed in the book are: helping clients reduce cultural dissonance how to enhance behavior change child welfare and permanency planning empowerment of clients and health care models knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding HIV/AIDS cultural contradictions and ambivalence in response to AIDSMulticultural Human Services for AIDS Treatment and Prevention is an extremely useful and informative book for all professionals in social work and human services who want to be better prepared to help all groups of people. The book is also an ideal text for upper-level social work students studying topics such as multicultural issues in social work practice, AIDS in a cultural context, and health policy and health care systems.

Despite educational efforts, the majority of Americans are still under the misconception that they are not at risk from HIV/AIDS infection. In addition, the federal government only spends 2% of the total designated federal AIDS funding toward prevention. Thus, information in respect to AIDS and health communication in any comprehensive nature is almost nonexistent.; This book aims to rectify the situation by presenting detailed analysis and actions necessary to confront the AIDS pandemic on every level of the communication realm. Contributors are experienced researchers, educators, government officials, and physicians. They examine the issue from a number of standpoints, including: communication, adolescent medicine, public administration, psychology, journalism, audiology, speech and language pathology, neurological surgery, preventive medicine and public health.

Prevention through appropriate behavior is the best weapon available to fight further spread of HIV infection. However, individuals take necessary actions to prevent diseases such as AIDS only when they are properly informed and they feel motivated to respond to the information they possess. In order to achieve a clearer understanding of these two facets of the prevention process, this book examines the interplay of the messages individuals receive about AIDS at the public level and the messages exchanged between individuals at the interpersonal level. The specific purpose of the book is to provide a theoretical and conceptual foundation for understanding the pragmatic concerns related to the AIDS crisis in the United States and other parts of the world. The book represents the first systematic examination of how theory informs our understanding of AIDS and communication processes. Contributors explore the issues from a variety of theoretical and conceptual viewpoints. Their goal is to stimulate thought which will lead to the pragmatic application of the ideas presented. The chapters focus on four general communication concerns: * interpersonal interaction as it relates to choices individuals make about safer sex practices, * theory and practice of public campaigns about AIDS, * intercultural issues, and * critical and descriptive approaches for understanding news coverage of AIDS.

Written by researchers at a federally funded outreach program to combat the spread of AIDS, this book analyzes the efforts of the Miami Community Outreach Project to intervene in AIDS-related risk behavior among intravenous drug users and their sexual partners. The work provides background information on the history of AIDS, the risk behaviors of drug abusers, and federal intervention programs. It discusses the prevalence of the HIV virus in the Miami area and gives a detailed description of the project, discussing the theoretical basis for the project, the intervention strategies used, the rationale behind those strategies, and the results achieved. Appendixes provide information on the health of the subjects, the material used, and the Belle Glade Community Outreach Project modeled after the Miami project. The book begins with background information on the history of AIDS, the risk behaviors of drug abusers and their sexual partners, and federal attempts to combat the spread of AIDS. It then discusses the prevalence of the HIV virus in the Miami area, drug abusers in the community, and the Miami Community Project. Providing a detailed description, the authors discuss the theoretical basis for the Project, the intervention strategies used, the rational behind those strategies, and the results achieved. Appendixes provide information on the health of the subjects, the research manual and educational materials used, and the Belle Glade Community Outreach Project modeled after the Miami project. The book will be of interest to drug abuse and AIDS researchers as well as to clinicians and counselors.

Because of the special needs of IV drug abusers and their sexual partners, an AIDS intervention program designed for this population should address multiple objectives and requires multilevel, highly integrated interventions. This book suggests that the intervention should be community-based to be effective in reaching the greatest numbers of the target population, particularly any hidden population such as the IV drug abuse treatment programs. Such interventions should be designed to: (a) prepare various members of the community for forthcoming AIDS preventitive efforts, (b) overcome barriers to high-risk-behaviour change, and (c) bring about high-risk behaviour change among those in the community.

AIDS and the virus that causes it have challenged the world's scientists, health care systems, and public health policies as much or more than any medical problem in recorded history. Perhaps this is so because this particular infirmity constitutes more than a merely medical problem: it is enmeshed in psychological, social, cultural, political, and economic contexts. This book examines the need for pragmatic and research-based suggestions on how to address some important problems related to these contexts. Although much basic research in virology and immunology can be accomplished within the biomedical domain, biobehavioral disciplines such as behavioral medicine offer more opportunities for the comprehensive approach necessary to confront the AIDS/HIV problem. The editors of this groundbreaking volume suggest that the very nature of this constantly evolving problem encourages an approach to research and intervention/prevention efforts that emphasizes flexibility of response to changing knowledge, patterns of the pandemic, new treatments, and shifts in public opinion and behavior. A major triumph in dealing with this phenomenon would include a bridging of the gap between research and applied efforts, which has been the largest obstacle for progress to date. In this book, such previously uncharted territory is explored, opening a host of new possibilities for dealing with the very real threat of AIDS.

This book provides an overview of background information on the epidemiology, biology, and pathophysiology of HIV infection. It presents the spectrum of HIV disease from acute infection to specific syndrome. The book reviews the management of specific opportunistic infections.

AIDS, like Pandora's box, has unleashed and focused issues upon our twentieth century society that have caused apprehension and anticipation. This text presents realistic approaches to the prevention of HIV infection by looking at health and behavior from an environmental perspective. The text demonstrates that health cannot be separated from the total environment if we are to be effective in planning for health and HIV prevention. The view of AIDS as simply a bio-medical problem is challenged, and individual responsibility for health is enlarged. Those making decisions about HIV prevention need to respond to and attempt to understand complex social and cultural issues like sexuality, drug use, and alternative lifestyles to be effective.

"The Environmental Contexts of AIDS" begins with the history of AIDS, focusing on North America. Behavior change is viewed as essential, so precepts of health promotion and health belief models used to predict motivation and risk behavior are discussed. Particular environments are examined with chapters on the general public, homosexuals/bisexuals, drug users, adolescents/street youths, and women/minorities/special needs groups. Finally, the implications of an environmental perspective are reviewed. This book is essential reading for AIDS researchers, public health administrators and policymakers, health care practitioners, and sociologists.

AIDS has grown in just two decades from a rare disease to one that has already killed millions of men, women, and children worldwide. To help high school and college students understand the history and current status of AIDS as a social, political, psychological, public health, and cultural phenomenon, this documentary history provides 228 short and highly readable selections from primary and secondary sources of information about AIDS and HIV. Its scope covers the entire history of the epidemic from its beginnings to early 1997. The documents, many of which cannot easily be found elsewhere, will help the reader to understand and debate the many perspectives and points of view on this controversial topic.

Douglas A. Feldman, one of the country's leading specialists in international and domestic AIDS social research, and Julia Wang Miller, a research consultant, have selected documents and provided explanatory introductions to them to help readers gain a deeper understanding of the sociocultural ramifications of AIDS. Following a narrative historical overview of the AIDS crisis, the work is organized into nine topical chapters: the history of HIV/AIDS; the impact of the epidemic in the United States and globally; HIV/AIDS within communities and populations; AIDS in the developing world; the human side of AIDS; the politics of AIDS; education and behavioral change; legal and ethical issues; and the future of AIDS. Each chapter contains an introductory narrative overview of the topic, brief explanatory introduction to each document, and list of suggested readings. A glossary of terms and an AIDS resource directory of organizations to contact for further information complete the work. This important documentary history belongs on the shelves of every public school and college and university library.

Cancer incidences increase in people living with HIV/AIDS. Over 2 million people currently live with HIV/AIDS in the US. This number will increase as HAART prolongs the average lifespan and as (at least in some states) the number of new HIV infections increase again. As this population ages their incidence rates for cancer will increase, as well.

Recently, new rational targets for cancer therapy have emerged. But their application to the care of HIV+ patients is slow, because of concerns about the weakened immune status of the patients, because of possible drug interactions with HAART and because some of the AIDS defining cancer are rare.

In a series of case studies of sexually transmitted disease and HIV/AIDS from around Africa, contributors examine the social, cultural, and political-economic bases of risk, transmission, and response to epidemic disease. This book brings together major contributions to the historical study of epidemic disease in developing countries and considers how particular constellations of cultural, social, political, and economic factors in different countries have affected the historical patterns of disease and collective (official and community) response to them. This book is a companion volume to "Sex, Disease, and Society: A Comparative History of Sexually Transmitted Diseases and HIV/AIDS in Asia and the Pacific" (Greenwood, 1997).

From this endeavor to provide insight into the conjunctions and disjunctions between the histories of STDs and the AIDS pandemic in Sub-Saharan Africa certain common issues have emerged. These include medical ambiguity and epidemiologic diversity; cultural change; racism; gender, labor migration, and economic instability; and the practice of biomedicine and epidemiology in African contexts. All of these factors are embedded in the colonial legacy and post-colonial political economic conditions across the continent.