HIV and the New Viruses presents cutting-edge reviews of persistent human virus infections as a coherent collection for the first time. These cover recently discovered viruses such as HHV-6, HHV-8 and HCV, as well as the latest research on HIV.
This comprehensive and updated reference includes an in-depth study of the major issues in the epidemiology, pathogenicity, molecular virology, host responses and management of conditions associated with those viruses. Information on new pharmaceuticals and vaccine developments is also included.
Edited by the leading experts in the field, HIV and the New Viruses will be essential reading for postgraduates, clinicians and researchers in virology, immunology, cancer, molecular biology and the pharmaceutical industry.
Key Features
* Presents cutting-edge reviews of persistent human virus infections as a coherent collection for the first time
* Includes an in-depth study of the major issues in the epidemiology, pathogenicity, molecular virology, host responses, and management of conditions associated with those viruses

O'Brien describes the coping strategies that long-term survivors of HIV employ to promote positive quality of life. She also explores the impact of the virus on family members, friends, and caregivers; their strategies for dealing with HIV are identified as well.

This book has two unique features. First, the creative coping strategies developed to deal with HIV are explored primarily through the words of those living and/or working with the virus. O'Brien utilized more than 350 hours of tape-recorded interviews to glean the insightful and poignant anecdotes which describe their walk with HIV. Second, the HIV-positive individuals described are long-term survivors of the virus. Although that population consists primarily of gay men, the case is made that they are the first group of people with HIV to experience long-term survival; thus, their coping strategies and those of the people close to them provide a model for others moving into the survivor category. An important resource for nurses, social workers, chaplains, others in fields working with HIV/AIDs patients, and their families and friends.

Over the past decade, enormous progress has been made in understanding the late events in the HIV replication cycle. This has been made possible by major advances in cell biology, virology, and structural biology. The field continues to move forward rapidly, with important new discoveries being reported on a regular basis. The impact of this progress across a broad spectrum of biomedical research has been substantial. The increase in basic knowledge in the areas of HIV assembly, release, and maturation has been accompanied by new possibilities for therapeutic intervention.The work includes topics relating to basic molecular biology, cell biology, and structural biology of HIV assembly, coupled with more applied ideas of how this basic information can inform the field of antiretroviral research. The book coversall major topics pertaining to the late stages of HIV replication, with leaders in each area recruited to contribute chapters in their areas of expertise . The topics will be sufficiently focused to allow authors the opportunity to cover the latest developments in detail.

Facing up to AIDS is a novel and incisive study of a global plague which continues to threaten to engulf South Africa at this crucial moment in its history. Economists, demographers and health planners present a range of new methods of understanding the likely course of the disease, drawn from the most recent research and thinking by social scientists on the relationship between epidemic disease, economic growth and human resources. South Africa presents a unique opportunity for understanding AIDS, combining as it does Third World problems with a sophisticated infrastructure: the models of demographic projection and economic linkages which are explored here will be of major relevance for examining the socio-economic impact of AIDS in a range of countries in Asia and Latin America. Until medical science comes up with a miracle vaccine, the modification of behaviour is the only defence, and the essays in this volume make a powerful case for putting further resources into the research needed to bring this about.

This work identifies significant factors influencing, on the one hand, the historical pattern of sexually acquired diseases in 12 countries in Asia and the Pacific and, on the other hand, factors shaping the government and community responses to that pattern. Contributors analyze the role of supranational forces such as colonialism and economic modernization as well as distinctive national factors. The geographic scope is wide, extending from India in the west, to China in the east, to Australia in the south. The chronological scope is equally ambitious and contributors review two centuries or more of history, while also addressing the effect of the AIDS pandemic in a region of great social and economic dynamism. A number of factors including gender and economic inequality, as well as colonialism and economic growth, have been identified as important to the historical spread of sexually transmitted diseases and to the collective response of the spread. Quantitative data on disease incidence and mortality are used extensively throughout the book as are demographic, economic, and social statistics.

The name "AIDS" is an accusation. It implies punishment for sin--homosexuality and promiscuity. AIDS is a moral judgement masquerading as a scientific name, which is at the very heart of discrimination against the infected. At the bottom are drug users, victims of the War On Drugs, condemned to contract AIDS by using contaminated syringes necessitated by scarcity resulting from restrictive policies. A rational way to control HIV is to liberalize drug paraphernalia policies as in Europe. The U.S. has not taken this simple step, thus unleashing the AIDS epidemic among drug users, their sexual partners, and neonates. While this policy neglect can be understood in the context of AIDS prevention dominated by moral, political, and religious ideologies rather than epidemiological facts, there are critical racial implications. The ethnic divide separating the white researchers and the infected who belong to minorities has fuelled comparisons of AIDS with the infamous Tuskegee Syphilis Study and some preventive strategies have been called genocidal plots. Recent research indicating the ineffectiveness of bleach to disinfect paraphernalia has exposed the deadly consequences of a nonchalant attitude to research and compromises for political expediency.

During the two years since the publication of the first edition of this book, the global spread of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) has continued. HIV was estimated by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1993 to have at least 13 million individuals worldwide, with 1 million infected infected in the United States. HIV/AIDS in the United States has become the leading cause of death among men 25 to 44 years of age and the fifth leading cause of death among women of the same age group. Prevention of HIV infection remains a global challenge. Testing for HIV is the cornerstone for surveillance and prevention programs and for the provision of appropriate medical care for those who are infected. Such testing is equally essential to the search for effective antivirus drugs and vaccines. This second edition of AIDS Testing incorporates the most current thinking on test methodology and interpretation, some of which has changed considerably over the past two years. This edition also has been expanded to include a section consisting of six chapters on test applica tions and a section consisting of four chapters on management issues. This edition, like the first, describes in clear terms all the complex ele ments of testing, including applications, scientific principles, quality assurance, safety, and medical, ethical, and legal considerations."

In this thought-provoking portrait of AIDS Healthcare Foundation, the world s largest HIV/AIDS medical care provider, award-winning journalist Patrick Range McDonald reveals the nonprofit s unlikely rise from a feisty grassroots organization during the 1980s AIDS crisis in Los Angeles to its position today as an aggressive, global leader in the ongoing fight to control HIV and AIDS. This riveting story highlights the motivations behind AHF s life-saving efforts, its battles against (and alliances with) governments and various political establishments, and its work today to provide free HIV treatment and prevention services to vulnerable, lower-income people in more than thirty countries. With unrestricted, insider access, McDonald follows AHF for a year as it clashes with the Obama administration, the state of Nevada, and the World Health Organization. He interviews AHF s key players, including firebrand president Michael Weinstein, and he travels to AHF outposts around the globe, from Miami to Uganda, Cambodia to Russia, Estonia to South Africa. Along the way, McDonald discovers that AHF is a passionate, smart, and tenacious people power organization that brings hope and change to nearly all corners of the world. Beyond its work as a highly effective global AIDS organization, the AHF story also provides a blueprint for every kind of righteous rebel who wants to make the world a better place."

This volume brings together a collection of essays from researchers engaged in, or concerned with, the politics of global health. It addresses the power relations which drive global health strategies, frustrate the possibility of effective engagement and operate to relegate billions of people to a vulnerable and bleak future. From a broad engagement with the global health system, the volume focuses on arguably the most pressing public health issue of modern times - the effective global governance of HIV/AIDS. The underlying objective is to help generate a timely debate and understanding of the impact of globalization on health and the plight of the vulnerable.

"AIDS is kind of like life, just speeded up. " JavonP., heroinaddictwithAIDS, Bronx, NewYork, 1988 "Now I'm not so much scared of dying as scared of living. " Mike D., heroin addict with AIDS, New Haven, Connecticut, 1998 Within little more than a decade, AIDS has been tranformed from an untreatable, rapidly fatal illness, into a manageable, chronic disease. Most of this tranformation has occurred in the past five years, accelerated by the advent of protease inhibitors and the proven benefits of combination antiretroviral therapy and prophylaxis against opportunistic infections. For people living with HIV/AIDS, these developments have offered unprecedented hope, and also new challenges. As reflected in the quotes above, some of the anxieties and anticipation of premature dying have been replaced by the uncertainties involved in living with a long-term, unpredictable illness. The role of caregivers for people with HIV/AIDS has also changed radically over this time. Earlier in the epidemic, we learned to accompany patients through illness, to bear witness, to advocate, to address issues of death, dying, and - reavement. The arrival of more effective therapy has brought with it new capabi- ties, but also new complexities, raising difficult problems concerning access to care, adherence, and toxicity.

This NIH-supported study of HIV's physical and psychosocial impacts offers both practical and inspiring accounts of how individuals living with HIV respond and cope with the disease and its progressive stages and impacts. The longitudinal approach of the research and the rich resources offered by extensive interviews with the persons with HIV and those closest to them avail the reader of insights and responses that should improve others' coping and caring abilities.

The author's professional experience and extensive research informs the work throughout and fashions a remarkable and moving synthesis of the themes that will help those living with AIDS as well as all who relate to them. From the first awareness of infection to coping with bereavement, this book honestly, sensitively, and substantively addresses the essential concerns that any and all who are touched by the HIV pandemic must reflect on.

Three decades into the HIV pandemic, the goals remain clear: reduce the number of infections, improve the health outcomes of those who are infected, and eliminate disparities in care. And one observation continues to gain credence: families are a powerful resource in preventing, adapting to, and coping with HIV. Recognizing their complex role as educators, mentors, and caregivers, Family and HIV/AIDS assembles a wealth of findings from successful prevention and intervention strategies and provides models for translating evidence into effective real-world practice. Chapters spotlight the differing roles of mothers and fathers in prevention efforts, clarify the need for family/community collaborations, and examine core issues of culture, ethnicity, gender, and diagnosis (e.g., minority families, adolescents with psychological disorders). Throughout, risk reduction and health promotion are shown as a viable public health strategy A reference with considerable utility across the health, mental health, and related disciplines, Family and HIV/AIDS will be a go-to resource for practitioners working with families, researchers studying at-risk populations, administrators seeking to create new (or evaluate existing)prevention and care programs, and policymakers involved in funding such programs."

The author of the bestselling The City of Joy presents the tender, inspiring adventure of the scientists, doctors, nurses, victims, and Sisters of Mother Teresa who are battling against the dread epidemic of AIDS. LG Featured Alternate.

Since the early 20th century, when HIV began to circulate among humans, blood exposures during healthcare have contributed to the transmission of the virus. Despite all the money and attention directed at HIV/AIDS in the past several decades, these risks have remained. The book asks why, and seeks answers to a number of crucial questions: How much of the worst HIV epidemics are from blood exposures? Why have these risks persisted? And what is to be done? Points To Consider looks to the future and recommends new strategies that people and governments can adopt to ensure that healthcare and cosmetic services do not transmit HIV, and to reliably stop the worst HIV/AIDS epidemics. _______________________________ David Gisselquist has published more than a dozen articles in medical journals on HIV epidemics in Africa and India, with special attention to risks to transmit HIV through health care. He has traveled and worked in Africa and Asia, and has assisted field research on HIV in India and Kenya. He co-edited a collection of country studies on injection practices (Pilot-Testing the WHO Tools to Assess and Evaluate Injection Practices, published by WHO, 2003), and has spoken at WHO and at international AIDS conferences. Dr Gisselquist holds a PhD in economics, with experience in anthropology and rural development. He is an independent consultant

This edited volume presents a detailed portrait of couples living with mixed HIV status, where one partner is HIV-positive and the other negative. Readers will come to understand the various and complex ways in which these mixed-status, or serodiscordant couples build a life together within the shadow of HIV-related stigma. Spanning the globe, coverage explores serodiscordance as a negotiated practice and process, inseparable from the social context in which it is situated. The book shows how couples draw on diverse and sometimes contradictory cultural discourses of medicine, romance, and "normality" to make sense of and manage their mixed HIV status and any perceived risks, not uncommonly in ways that depart from prevailing HIV prevention messages. Throughout, compelling personal stories accompany the empirical research, sharing the firsthand experiences of men and women in serodiscordant relationships. Bringing together research from diverse disciplines and geographical regions, this book contributes important insights for future HIV health promotion as well as offers new knowledge to scholarship on the cultural intersections of illness and intimacy. It will appeal to a broad audience working across the fields of HIV, health, gender, sexuality, development, and human rights.

In the mid-1990s new treatment options introduced a new era of AIDS. This book is a sophisticated study of the shaping of this new era. Well informed by ethnographic as well as statistical data, it reveals the complex and ambiguous processes of change in the field of HIV/AIDS and beyond. The investigation leads from the changing conceptions of disease and body to the re-defined roles of patients and physicians, and eventually treats the shifts in the production and diffusion of knowledge that the health care system underwent. In doing so, the book captures the new era of AIDS from multiple perspectives and through the voices of physicians as well as people with HIV. It offers an accessible and engaging account of the wide-ranging responses this illness caused.

As an original and timely contribution to questions of considerable currency in medicine and the social sciences, the book meets the interests of specialists, professionals, researchers and students alike.

Drugs into Bodies recounts the emergence and development of a globally oriented AIDS treatment activist movement that refused to accept that more than 40 million people with HIV in the developing world should simply be left to die. Rooted in earlier AIDS activist efforts, this new movement has forged a global network dedicated to providing universal access to life-saving medications. More than 40 million people are living with HIV/AIDS worldwide, yet only a small fraction have access to life-saving treatments. For many years, governments, pharmaceutical companies, and even some international relief agencies have called this a tragic but unavoidable situation, given the high cost of the medications used to fight HIV. A small but growing group of activists, however, have banded together to prove that the obstacles to universal HIV treatments are mostly human-made, and thus can be overcome by human actions. Drugs into Bodies chronicles the birth and expansion of the global AIDS treatment activist movement, focusing in particular on the U.S.-based organization Health GAP. Drawing on the legacy of the protest group ACT UP and other earlier AIDS activism, Health GAP and like-minded allies have forged a global network to combat the AIDS crisis in Africa and throughout the developing world. From the White House to the United Nations, from plush corporate offices to South African shantytowns, AIDS treatment activists have defied the dictates of globalization, altered government policies, shamed multinational corporations, secured funding for treatment, and brought hope to millions of people with HIV.

Leading experts provide the only comprehensive book examining all aspects of immune response and immune-based treatments for HIV infection. Contributions, divided into three sections, discuss basic mechanisms, immunopathogenesis of HIV infection, and immune-based therapies. Researchers thoroughly review vaccine-including prospects of T cell vaccine-and gene therapy for HIV infection. Additional topics include organization of HIV genes, the role of co-receptors in signaling of lymphocytes, and biological response modifiers. This reference is designed for basic and clinical researchers, internists, pediatricians, infectious disease specialists, neuropathologists, oncologists, and rheumatologists.

An AIDS vaccine is still elusive and HIV treatment continues to develop multidrug resistance at alarming rates. Because of the similarities between HIV and immune deficiency infections in a variety of animals, it is only natural that scientists use these animals as models to study pathogenesis, treatment, vaccine development and many other aspects of HIV.

Part of the series Infectious Agents and Pathogenesis, this volume reviews the immune deficiency virus in a variety of hosts. Pathogenesis, vaccine and drug development, epidemiology, and the natural history of the monkey, mouse, cat, cow, horse, and other animal viruses are detailed and compared to HIV. Also included are chapters on the history and future of animal models, as well as a chapter on ethical and safety considerations in using animal models for AIDS studies.

The history, symptoms, prevention, and current issues surrounding HIV and AIDS are discussed, along with a focus on special populations struggling with the disease. Once thought to be a disease of homosexuals and drug abusers, AIDS has now impacted people across cultures, genders, and sexual orientations. Despite activism, new research, and treatments, many people are still dying from this disease. HIV/AIDS offers a comprehensive, one-volume resource that traces the history of the disease, and discusses prevention, along with current research and treatment. It examines issues such as care giving, health care settings, human rights, pregnancy, and insurance. The incidence and prognosis for the disease among special populations, as well as their needs and struggles, are covered in detail. These groups include: drug and alcohol abusers, the gay and lesbian community, minority communities, pediatric patients, prisoners, senior citizens, and women. With education the key to both prevention and care of those infected, this volume is an invaluable resource for students and general readers.

Since its inception 14 years ago, CAPRISA has conducted numerous clinical studies that have influenced international TB-HIV treatment guidelines as well as HIV prevention through innovations in the microbicide and vaccine fields. This book provides a historical account of how each of CAPRISA's high impact studies was created, developed, implemented, analysed and communicated. In doing so, the reader is taken on a journey that provides glimpses into the genesis of research ideas and how this ultimately leads to a range of HIV prevention and treatment studies that have impacted the global response to the HIV and TB epidemics. Comprised of 5 sections, the book details the following: HIV epidemic in South Africa and the establishment of a research centre to undertake clinical, epidemiological and laboratory research on HIV. CAPRISA's clinical trials on HIV and HSV-2 prevention. These studies investigated the impact of tenofovir gel as topical antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), implementation of topical PrEP through family planning clinics, conditional cash incentives for HIV prevention, HIV vaccines, and passive immunisation with broadly neutralising antibodies. CAPRISA's research on the treatment of HIV and TB co-infection. A review of the major scientific findings from the CAPRISA studies on acute infection and genital mucosal immunology. Essential support activities for the conduct of clinical trials, including research laboratories and pharmacies, as well as establishing effective communication and sustainable structures for community engagement to maintain effective and respectful partnerships with participating communities. The book concludes with a chapter about the challenges facing future HIV prevention and treatment trials. The CAPRISA Clinical Trials: HIV Treatment and Prevention is a resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students, health care providers, doctors, decision-makers and researchers who are seeking guidance and insights on clinical trials - their creation, conduct and impact.

Biomedical Ethics Reviews is an annual publication designed to review and update the literature on issues of central importance in bioethics today. Ordinarily, more than one topic is discussed in each volume of Biomedical Ethics Reviews. This year, however, we have decided to devote the entire volume of Biomedical Ethics Reviews: 1988 to disussion of one topic, namely, AIDS. The ra tionale for this decision should be clear: AIDS is arguably the most serious public health threat facing our nation today, and the char acter of the disease is such that it creates special problems for ethicists, philosophers, theologians, educators, jurists, health care professionals, and politicians. Indeed, the questions that AIDS gives rise to are so numerous and complex that no one text could hope to treat them exhaustively. Still, if it is impossible, in anyone text, to deal with all of the perplexing difficulties that AIDS generates, it nevertheless remains true that each addition to the AIDS literature contributes to our collective knowledge, and in so doing, brings us one step closer to resolving at least some of the problems associated with the disease. We believe that the articles included in the present volume of Biomedical Ethics Reviews serve this purpose admirably, and we hope the reader will agree. James M. Humber Robert F. Almeder vii Contributors Ronald Carson * Medical Humanities Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas David J.

Russia and a few other Eurasian countries have been home to the fastest-growing epidemics of HIV in the world over the last several years. A study published by the U.S. National Intelligence Council in 2002 identified Russia among five "second wave" countries likely to experience explosive further increases in HIV/AIDS over the next decade if appropriate measures are not taken. It is widely acknowledged that HIV/AIDS is evolving as a serious epidemiological, social, political, and national security problem throughout the Eurasian region. Yet each of these countries confronts a unique set of challenges and strategies for facing those challenges. This volume offers country-specific accounts, authored by the leading players in the analysis of the situation and the fight against the virus.