This book is the first coherent quantified assessment of the economy of the Roman Empire. George Maher argues inventively and rigorously for a much higher level of growth and prosperity than has hitherto been imagined, and also explains why, nonetheless, the Roman Empire did not achieve the transition which began in Georgian Britain. This book will have an enormous impact on Roman history and be required reading for all teachers and students in the field. It will also interest and provoke historians of the medieval and early modern periods into wondering why their economies failed to match the Roman level. Part of the problem in assessing the Roman economy is that we do not have much in the way of numerical data, but Roman historians, who rarely have much statistical expertise, have not always recognised the potential of the data we do have. Dr Maher's reassessment of the economy of the Roman Empire has to use the same data as everyone else, but he is able to draw strikingly novel conclusions in two ways: first, by more statistically sophisticated use of a few crucial datasets and, second, by correlating and drawing a coherent picture across the whole economy. On grain yields, firstly, instead of getting bogged down in details of individual cases, George Maher shows how there is a remarkably consistent pattern from which outliers can be excluded, showing yields were much higher than normally assumed. He then demonstrates that high yields are in fact necessary to explain the exceptional urbanization of the Empire. Urbanization at this level in turn, as George Maher shows, has implications for consumption and commerce. He takes this further to show how high levels of trade imply high levels of sophistication in economic practices and mentality. In one of his most methodologically novel chapters, George Maher develops a new and simpler way of assessing average life expectancy and argues for a life expectancy almost double the traditional view. This book, Dr George Maher's doctoral thesis, is the theoretical underpinning of his book Pugnare: Economic Success and Failure.

The oil and gas industry's wide international exposure and constantly changing landscape leave it particularly vulnerable to disputes. As this practical book demonstrates, the risks associated with disputes can be mitigated by parties utilising governing law and dispute resolution clauses in contractual agreements within the sector. Examining a global range of jurisdictions, the book offers clear guidance on the most appropriate choice of law and choice of dispute resolution forum for oil and gas contracts, analysing the key issues and defining the legal contours involved. Key Features: Insightful contributions from over 40 leading practitioners and expert legal scholars Examination of domestic and international case law, with analysis of the local laws of 24 jurisdictions globally Consideration of the future of disputes in the oil and gas industry by tracking the evolution and latest trends of the global energy market Examination of the dispute resolution mechanisms used to mitigate disputes, with a focus on international arbitration as a forum for dispute resolution Discussions of a range of operations in the oil and gas industry, including upstream, midstream and downstream projects, and the various contracts that exist within these Featuring a comparative and practice-oriented perspective, this highly informative book will prove an essential resource for practitioners advising parties concerning contractual agreements in the oil and gas sector, as well as a valuable reference point for scholars of energy law and arbitration.

Now in its second edition, this updated text explores the contemporary trends in retail and channel marketing. Disentangling the complexity of channel marketing issues, it offers a systematic overview of the key concepts and intricacies of the subject and provides a holistic approach to retail and channel marketing.   Key features of the second edition include: Coverage of both the core tenets and the latest research frontiers in the field A new chapter detailing the history of retailing and its importance to modern economies Updated case examples based on real-world scenarios to reinforce understanding of complex topics Exploration of key concerns of commercial sector analysis and retail marketing through the lenses of the manufacturer, the retailer and the customer. Offering a comprehensive introduction to both foundational topics and advanced concepts, this textbook is ideal for courses relating to channel marketing and retail management, as well as MBA courses on marketing and go-to-market strategy.

In 1996, the Argentine government authorized the use of genetically modified (GM), herbicide-resistance soybean seeds. By the mid-2000s, GM soybeans were cultivated on more than half of the arable land in Argentina and represented one-fourth of the country's exports. While this agricultural boom has benefitted agribusiness companies and fed tax revenues, it also has a dark side: it has accelerated the deforestation of native forests, prompted the eviction of indigenous and peasant families, and spurred episodes of contamination. In Soybeans and Power, Pablo Lapegna investigates the ways in which rural populations have coped with GM soybean expansion in Argentina. Based on over a decade of ethnographic research, Lapegna reveals that many communities initially resisted, yet ultimately adapted to the new agricultural technologies forced upon them by public officials. However, rather than painting the decline of the protests in an exclusively negative light, Lapegna argues that the farmers played an active role in their own demobilization, switching to tactics of negotiation and accommodation in order to maneuver the situation to their advantage. Lapegna offers a rare, on the ground glimpse into the life cycle of a social movement, from mobilization and protest to demobilization and resigned acceptance. Through the case study of Argentina, a major player in the use and export of GM crops, Soybeans and Power gives voice to the communities most adversely affected by GM technology, as well as the strategies that they have enacted in order to survive.

Equip yourself with the tools for success in Electrical Installations with this comprehensive and updated edition of our bestselling textbook, published in association with City & Guilds and IET. - Study with confidence using the most up-to-date information available for the new industry standards, including the 2022 amendments to BS7671: 2018, The IET Wiring Regulations 18th edition - Enhance your understanding of concepts in electrical installation with 100s of clear and accurate technical drawings and step-by-step photo sequences - Get ready for the workplace with industry tips - Prepare for your trade tests or end-of-year exams with end-of-chapter practice questions - Engage with author Peter Tanner's accessible text, drawing on his extensive industry experience - Target your learning with detailed qualification mapping grids for the latest City & Guilds Level 2 qualifications - including the 2365, 8202, 5357 and 5393 specifications, as well as the 352 and 353 T Level occupational specialisms

Exploring why professional team sport clubs are almost always able to survive despite financial mismanagement, inflated player salaries and persistent deficits, this book provides new evidence on how to explain this phenomenon. It looks at the context in which many clubs operate - the soft budget constraint - and how the clubs in this respect resemble state-owned enterprises in socialist countries or big banks in financial crises. Chapters discuss the challenge of hardening the budget constraint, including UEFA's Financial Fair Play regulation. They include new data about the soft budget constraint phenomenon, including evidence from Central and Eastern Europe. Leading scholars in the field develop the theoretical approach to the topic using institutional theory, dialogue with critics and discussions on the merits and limits of soft budgets. The book also investigates key case studies of bailouts and liquidation of professional sports teams. This will be an invigorating read for scholars and students of sports economics and sports management. It will also be helpful to managers and directors in professional sports clubs looking for a better understanding of the soft budget constraint.

Where is the place of the voice in film? Where others have focused on Hollywood film, this volume aims to extend the field to other cinemas from around the world, encompassing Latin America, Asia and Africa amongst others. Traditional theoretical accounts, based on classical narrative cinema, examine the importance of the voice in terms of a desired perfect match between visuals and sonic effects. But, as the chapters of this volume illustrate, what is normative in one film industry may not apply in another. The widespread practices of dubbing, postsynch sound and "playback singing" in some countries, for instance, provide an alternative means of understanding the location of the voice in the soundtrack. Through seventeen original chapters, this volume situates the voice in film across a range of diverse national, transnational and cultural contexts, presenting readings which challenge traditional readings of the voice in film in exciting new ways. By taking a comparative view, this volume posits that the voice may be best understood as a mobile object, one whose trajectory follows a broader network of global flows. The various chapters explore the cultural transformations the voice undergoes as it moves from one industry to another. In doing so, the volume addresses sound practices which have been long been neglected, such as dubbing and non-synch sound, as well the ways in which sound technologies have shaped nationally specific styles of vocal performance. In addressing the place of the voice in film, the book intends to nuance existing theoretical writing on the voice while applying these critical insights in a global context.

The United Africa Company (UAC), formed in 1929 by the fusion of the Niger Company and the African and Eastern Corporation, was by far the largest single commercial organization in West and Equatorial Africa, and thus central to modern African economic history. This is the first detailed account to be published and one which fills a serious gap in the literature. It was not commissioned by the company (now reabsorbed into Unilever) but the author had full access to all confidential material in the UAC and Unilever archives and complete freedom in what he wrote. The book is not intended to be primarily a company history but uses the UAC as a focal point for detailed study of how the role of foreign merchant capital changed in response to economic and political developments in Black Africa during this critical half century.

A completely revised, updated, and repackaged second edition of the 2013 bestselling beer guide. First published in 2013, The Complete Beer Course has helped thousands of beer enthusiasts navigate the vast and often confusing world of beer. Bernstein is back to serve up a second round of insights. He introduces readers to must-know breweries, craft beers, and the industry’s rising stars. Each chapter is devoted to a specific beer style and teaches readers how to taste and evaluate a wide selection, especially new beers gaining popularity such as sours and nonalcoholic varieties. Additionally, readers will find up-to-date information on the pandemic’s effects on the beer world, expanded coverage of international beers, and the author’s top picks for any beer-drinking occasion. If your knowledge of IPAs is a little hazy, then this guide is for you.   Fans of Randy Mosher’s Tasting Beer or The Beer Bible by Jeff Alworth, who are looking for the most up-to-date information on the world of beer, will find just what they need in this book. Perfect for beer fans everywhere—from casual beer drinkers to homebrew enthusiasts—The Complete Beer Course is the ultimate beer book and makes a great gift for dads, bartenders, or anyone else looking to level up their beer knowledge.

The European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road is intended to increase the safety of international transport of dangerous goods by road. Regularly amended and updated since its entry into force, it contains the conditions under which dangerous goods may be carried internationally. This version has been prepared on the basis of amendments applicable as from 1 January 2017. It contains in particular new or revised provisions concerning for vehicles and machineries; battery powered vehicles and equipment; marking and labelling for lithium batteries in Class 9; instructions in writing; construction and equipment of vehicles; use of LPG, CNG and LNG as fuel for vehicles carrying dangerous goods.

The Model Regulations cover the classification of dangerous goods and their listing, the use, construction, testing and approval of packagings and portable tanks, and the consignment procedures (marking, labelling, placarding and documentation). They aim at ensuring a high level of safety by preventing accidents to persons and property and damage to the environment during transport and, providing at the same time, a uniform regulatory framework which can be applied worldwide for national or international transport by any mode

Identifying and analysing safety risks sees a discussion of the various aspects pertaining to safety risk, including the identification of risk and classification of risk. This book also takes an in-depth look at safety hazards and their origins, the legal requirements pertaining to safety risk and the analysis of safety risk. Other important aspects that are discussed by the authors are the role of cross functional teams, evaluating and reporting on safety risk. These topics provide the reader with in-depth knowledge on the topic of safety risk identification and analysis.