This book presents a comparative study on various issues regarding legal aspects of cruises - mainly, the importance of the cruise business, the impact of cruise tourism, general and specific rules applicable to cruises, liability issues, cruise passengers as consumers, package travel, labor rules for cruise workers, relevant rules on ports (e.g. on taxes, costs and rates charged to cruises in different ports), rules on the environmental impact of cruises, jurisdiction, arbitration, and choice of law in cruise contracts, and general conditions used by companies offering cruise services - in order to identify the current sources of law on these matters and determine whether or not they are appropriate and sufficient. Combining a general report with individual national reports, the book offers not only a general overview, but also the perspectives of selected jurisdictions in the Americas, Europe and Asia, namely: Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Japan, Poland, Romania, Spain, Turkey, the United States, and Uruguay.

Chinese as well as European regulatory decisions need to consider regional particularities but insist on an implementation system that never loses sight of its goal. In the area of electronic communications policy, this goal is the establishment of a market environment that ensures innovation, high quality and affordable prices. The present survey aims at improving the process of knowledge exchange between European and Chinese experts and decision-makers in Information Society law and policy. The EU-China Information Society Project asked the authors to assess both the EU's and the Chinese status quo, and to bring together both perspectives together in a joint effort to learn from the EU experiences for the Chinese decision-making process today.

The Dispute Settlement Reports are the WTO authorized and paginated reports in English. They are an essential addition to the library of all practising and academic trade lawyers and a valued resource for students worldwide taking courses in international economic or trade law. DSR 2020: Volume 2 provides the report on 'Russia - Measures Affecting the Importation of Railway Equipment and Parts Thereof (WT/DS499)'.

Now presented in two convenient volumes, the sixth edition of Berlingieri on Arrest of Ships is an invaluable source of information, detailing the claims in respect of which a ship may be arrested, the conditions for obtaining an order of arrest, the need for a security, the manner by which the ship that has been arrested may be released, the possibility of a multiple arrest and the jurisdiction on the merits. Focused on the 1952 Arrest Convention, volume I provides a unique, thorough, and updated commentary, analysing each provision with reference to its interpretation in a significant number of States Parties. Moreover, the original comments have been reviewed on the basis of the Travaux Preparatoires of the Convention, which the Author has collected and arranged under each article. In addition to this, the Travaux Preparatoires are now included as a new and important appendix to the volume. Written by a renowned expert in the field, and analysing the various conventions relating to the arrest of ships in an article-by-article and paragraph manner, this book is a useful reference tool for practitioners, as well as academics and post-graduate students of maritime law.

This book, written in three parts, covers the basics of the international trade, financing and the legal framework related to the law of carriage of goods by sea, elaborates on bills of lading in depth and sea waybills and ship's delivery orders in brief and charterparties in depth. While the book is based on the English law, cases and materials from other jurisdictions, particularly Singapore, Malaysia, India, the USA, and Australia are brought in to provide an international perspective. The practical analyses, commentary and critiques of cases would be a useful guide for practitioners in developing case arguments. Although written with practitioners, academicians and students in mind, the book will also serve as a useful guide for sea carriers, freight forwarders, international traders, financiers, etc. as the complex subject is presented in reader-friendly and easy to grasp manner.

The rise of 'smart' - or technologically advanced - cities has been well documented, while governance of such technology has remained unresolved. Integrating surveillance, AI, automation, and smart tech within basic infrastructure as well as public and private services and spaces raises a complex set of ethical, economic, political, social, and technological questions. The Governing Knowledge Commons (GKC) framework provides a descriptive lens through which to structure case studies examining smart tech deployment and commons governance in different cities. This volume deepens our understanding of community governance institutions, the social dilemmas communities face, and the dynamic relationships between data, technology, and human lives. For students, professors, and practitioners of law and policy dealing with a wide variety of planning, design, and regulatory issues relating to cities, these case studies illustrate options to develop best practice. Available through Open Access, the volume provides detailed guidance for communities deploying smart tech.

Leading law firms from around the world analyze the most pressing legal issues facing the UN World Summit on the Information Society in the first and only book to cover the information technology treaty recommendations. This authoritative text provides in-depth analysis of the topics discussed at the November 2005 Tunis Summit. Expert attorneys examine the twelve major topics under discussion, from internet regulation and intellectual property rights to cryptography and taxation, to aid in constructing a legal framework for a global information society. This timely publication is the blueprint for the global digital revolution
Topics analyzed include:
Copyright challenges of the digital age
Cryptography and electronic signatures
Data protection and trans-border data flows Domain names
Fair use and permitted public use of data
Formation of contracts through email and the Internet
Intellectual property rights ? patents
Internet regulation
Liability for defective software
Resolution of disputes over information technology
Technology, privacy and surveillance.

In the past six years, more than 55 countries have begun adopting UNCITRAL's (United National Commission on International Trade Law) Model Laws of 1999 and 2001 regarding the use and validity of e-signatures. Dozens of pieces of legislation and legislative proposals now exist around the world on the subject of e-signatures. While the model laws may look the same on paper, in practice they can vary widely. Finally, you can be certain that your clients are in compliance when using digital signatures.
The Center for International Legal Studies, in cooperation with UNCITRAL, has gathered experts in over 25 jurisdictions to analyze the impact of these standards in their respective domestic e-commerce regimes. These experts show how the Model Laws are actually implemented today in each of these countries. Now you can have on-the-ground feedback about how UNCITRAL's Uniform Rules on Electronic Signatures, the Model Law on Electronic Commerce 1996, and the Model Law on Electronic Signatures 2001 are being implemented.
A must have reference for:
Any lawyer working on a business transaction or contract using the Internet to exchange forms
Government Lawyers
Intellectual Property Lawyers
Topics covered include:
Application and enforceability of electronic transactions
Defining key terms, including 'writing, ' 'signature, ' and 'original' documents
Legal recognition of data messages
Formation of contracts
Attribution of data messages
Retention of data messages
Trustworthiness of e-signature
Electronic Commerce
Analyzes the global impact of:
UNCITRAL's Uniform Rules on Electronic Signatures
Model Law on Electronic Commerce1996
Model Law on Electronic Signatures 2001

Selbstverteidigung und kollektive Sicherheit reprasentieren gegenlaufige Ordnungsmodelle der internationalen Beziehungen und des Voelkerrechts - eine an den Einzelstaaten orientierte Ordnung steht einer Konzeption gegenuber, die primar auf staatengemeinschaftlichen Institutionen basiert. Die daraus notwendigerweise resultierende Spannung ist von Art. 51 UN-Charta nicht eindeutig geloest worden. Die in dem Buch unternommene Analyse von Charta und Staatenpraxis zeigt jedoch, dass das gegenwartige Voelkerrecht dem kollektiven System grundsatzlich Vorrang einraumt. Der UN-Sicherheitsrat kann das Selbstverteidigungsrecht der Staaten weitgehend einschranken; dies selbst dann, wenn dadurch Staaten in existentielle Gefahr geraten koennen. Dieses Ergebnis spiegelt die stark fortgeschrittene Konstitutionalisierung des Voelkerrechts wider, es legt aber auch eine Revision der Grundlagen des Voelkerrechts nahe.

With advances in technology and maritime transport, human use of the ocean now extends beyond the traditional activities of navigation and fishing. Emerging activities such as bioprospecting, deep seabed mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, offshore renewable energy developments and marine scientific probes of deep sea areas challenge the applicability of maritime law and policy in new ways. This handbook examines current regulatory and enforcement instruments and mechanisms for different sectors of maritime activity. Covering various jurisdictions, its specially commissioned chapters are authored by some of the world's foremost authorities on maritime law, and offer unique perspectives on maritime law, policy and practice. This highly relevant collection is organised into four parts: * International Law Considerations in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement * Role of States and other International Actors in Maritime Regulation and Enforcement * Regulation and Enforcement in Different Maritime Sectors * Current Issues and Future Challenges This comprehensive reference work will be of interest to scholars and students of maritime law, practitioners and non-lawyers interested in the regulation of offshore areas, as well as policy-makers.

Die Vereinten Nationen durch drei Jahrzehnte wissenschaftlich-publizistisch, aber auch politisch so loyal zu begleiten, wie dies mein Munchner Kollege Peter 1. Opitz getan hat, setzt ein bewundernswertes Mass an Idealismus, Optimismus, aber auch Leidensfahigkeitvoraus. Diese Eigenschaften sind vonnoten, nicht nur um mit der Organisation einiger massen gegenuber Angriff und Missbrauch von aussen standhaft zu bleiben, son dern auch um mit dem Bild fertig zu werden, wie die hehren Ziele und Grundsatze der Charta der Vereinten Nationen in der Praxis der Organisation in (allzu) kleine Munze gewechseltwerden. Dennoch mussten die Vereinten Nationen, um eine beliebte Phrase zu strapa zieren, erfunden werden, wenn es sie denn nicht schon gabe: Sie sind nach wie vor die einzige internationale Organisation, die politisch alle Staaten der Erde zur Ver folgung ebenso umfassender Ziele vereint und so spiegelt sie die Realitat der heu tigen Welt wider, ob uns das Spiegelbild nun erschreckt oder freut - das Bild nicht nur einer vertrauten, gemutlichen Umgebung, sondern auch erschreckender, be drohlicher Wirklichkeiten. Damit beruhren wir das Thema des vorliegenden Bandes, die globalen Heraus forderungen. Sie zu definieren und Wege zu ihrer Bewaltigung zu beschreiben, hat seit langem den markantesten Schwerpunkt im wissenschaftlichen Werk von Peter 1. Opitz gebildet. Damit nimmt er einen prominenten Platz in der Reihe deutsch (sprachig)er Politikwissenschaftler und Volkerrechtler ein, welche die Beschafti gung mit den VereintenNationen der Muhe wert finden."

Written by eminent international judges, scholars and practitioners, this book offers a timely study of China's role in international dispute resolution in the context of the construction of the 'Belt and Road Initiative' (BRI). It provides in-depth analysis of the law and practice in the fields of international trade, commerce, investment and international law of the sea, as they relate to the BRI construction. It is the first comprehensive assessment of China's policy and practice in international dispute resolution, in general and in individual fields, in the context of the BRI construction. This book will be an indispensable reading for scholars and practitioners with interest in China and international dispute resolution. It also constitutes an invaluable reference for anyone interested in the changing international law and order, in which China is playing an increasingly significant role, particularly through the BRI construction.

This book is the first of its kind to explore the problems inherent in the unification of maritime law. Featuring contributions from leading experts at European maritime law research centres, it considers international conventions, current maritime practice, standard forms and recently adopted or drafted national codifications of maritime law from the codification point of view. The book is divided into four parts which represent different views on the main topic. Part I gathers chapters dedicated to different aspects and methods of unification of maritime law on a global scale, as well as several specific issues of maritime law from the regulatory point of view. Part II of the book consists of those papers that centre around the issue of transport of goods. Part III is dedicated to codifications of carriage of passengers, cruise law and leisure navigation. Finally, Part IV addresses national codifications of maritime law. Codification of Maritime Law: Challenges, Possibilities and Experience seeks to provide common ground for future unification of maritime law, which makes the book useful both for private and public maritime lawyers and states' maritime administrations worldwide.

This book analyses the impact of two vital and contemporary developments on shipping law and practice: disruptive technologies and climate change. It considers the impact of these new technologies, honing in on likely emerging issues and unresolved questions, especially about existing and potential private law liabilities and concentrates, from the point of view of English, EU and international law, on the legal implications of climate change and associated environmental risks in the shipping sector. Written by a contributor team drawn from the most experienced and knowledgeable academics and practitioners in shipping law, this treatment of these growing areas of practice will be of great use to lawyers and administrators across the world.

Unconventional Lawmaking in the Law of the Sea explores the ways that actors operating at the international level develop standards of behaviour to regulate varied maritime activities beyond traditional lawmaking. Other than conventions and customary international law, there is a plethora of international agreements that influence international conduct. This 'soft law' or 'informal law' is now prolific in ocean governance, and so it is time to consider its significance for the law of the sea. This monograph brings together women law-of-the-sea scholars with expertise in specific areas of the law of the sea, as well as international law more generally. Informal lawmaking is examined in relation to ocean resources, maritime security, shipping and navigation, and the marine environment. In each instance, there are reflections on the diverse actors, processes, and outputs shaping the regulation of the oceans. The analyses in this book further consider what this activity means within the rules on the sources, formation, and interpretation of international law. The growing reliance on informal agreements to fill legal gaps provides quick responses to pressing matters. We must assess and understand these new forms of cooperation in order to influence existing treaties or customary international law. Unconventional Lawmaking in the Law of the Sea surveys the scope of informal lawmaking in the law of the sea and evaluates the significance of this activity for the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, as well as for ocean governance more broadly, now and in the future.

The book examines the extent to which Chinese cyber and network security laws and policies act as a constraint on the emergence of Chinese entrepreneurialism and innovation. Specifically, how the contradictions and tensions between data localisation laws (as part of Network Sovereignty policies) affect innovation in artificial intelligence (AI). The book surveys the globalised R&D networks, and how the increasing use of open-source platforms by leading Chinese AI firms during 2017-2020, exacerbated the apparent contradiction between Network Sovereignty and Chinese innovation. The drafting of the Cyber Security Law did not anticipate the changing nature of globalised AI innovation. It is argued that the deliberate deployment of what the book refers to as 'fuzzy logic' in drafting the Cyber Security Law allowed regulators to subsequently interpret key terms regarding data in that Law in a fluid and flexible fashion to benefit Chinese innovation.

In this book, Dr Luping Zhang investigates dispute resolution mechanisms in international civil aviation with a primary focus on the functions of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Council. The ICAO was created as a result of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention) laying the foundations for these dispute resolution mechanisms in international civil aviation, although it neglected to cover economic regulations. Over the years there has been a proliferation of bilateral Air Services Agreements (ASA)s and multilateral treaties. With the advancement of aviation technology, The Resolution of Inter-State Disputes in Civil Aviation considers whether dispute resolution mechanisms should be modernised, and if so, what form this modernisation might take. It explores this through five chapters: the first chapter defines the scope of the research and introduces the methodology. The second chapter traces the evolution of dispute resolution clauses under both multilateral air law treaties and bilateral ASAs, with the most up-to-date data. The third chapter analyses how disputes brought forward in relation to the treaties in Chapter II are resolved in practice. The fourth chapter builds on empirical evidence to critically assesses the political and legal implications of settling international aviation disputes. The final chapter proposes a model for reform based on this cumulative research, introducing a proposal for amending rules and procedures in the ICAO, as well as for the establishment of a new arbitral institution.

Ship Registration Law and Practice is fully updated and now entering its third edition. Part of Lloyd's Shipping Law Library, it is the most authoritative guide to the theory and practice of ship registration in the most popular jurisdictions. It contains the reference material needed to submit a vessel for registration at the leading ship registries world-wide, as well as extracts from key international conventions in this area, a new statistical analysis of the world merchant fleet and Port State control rankings.

The Routledge Handbook of Public Aviation Law is the first book to incorporate a comprehensive analysis of Public Aviation Law - principally international, but also domestic law in a comparative context - in a single volume. International Law is pervasive in Aviation Law, and is incorporated into a number of major multilateral treaties (e.g., the Chicago Convention of 1944, for Public International Air Law). This is supplemented by various Annexes (promulgated by the International Civil Aviation Organization) and Conventions and Protocols (promulgated by States in diplomatic conferences). States then implement these international obligations in domestic laws that create aviation regulatory administrations that, in turn, promulgate regulations. Bringing together leading scholars in the field, this prestigious reference work provides a comprehensive and comparative overview of Public Aviation Law. It surveys the state of the discipline including contemporary and emerging areas of law, regulation, and public policy in air transportation. Each chapter begins with an overview of the international law applicable to the subject matter, followed, where appropriate, by a comparative examination of domestic statutes, regulations, and jurisprudence. The objective of the book is to identify and summarize existing areas within the context of international research, and to identify and highlight emerging areas. Both practical and theoretical in scope, the Routledge Handbook of Public Aviation Law will be of great relevance to scholars, researchers, lawyers, and policy makers with an interest in aviation law.

Against the backdrop of enormous technological strides, this book argues that the air transport industry must be constantly vigilant in its efforts to employ a legal regime that is applicable to the aeronautical and human aspects of the carriage by air of persons and goods. In this regard, safety and security are of the utmost importance, both in terms of safe air navigation and the preservation of human life. Although the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) addresses legal issues through its Legal Committee, many emerging issues that urgently require attention lie outside the Committee's purview. This book analyzes in detail the items being considered by ICAO's Legal Committee, considers the legal nature of ICAO, and discusses whether or not ICAO's scope should be extended. Since the limited issues currently addressed by ICAO do not reflect the rapidly changing realities of air transport, the book also covers a broad range of key issues outside the parameters set by ICAO, such as: the need to teach air law to a new generation of aviation professionals; combating cyber-crime and cyber-terrorism; the regulation of artificial intelligence; traveller identification; interference with air navigation; human trafficking; unruly passengers; climate change; air carrier liability for passenger death or injury; Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (drones); and the cabin crew and their legal implications.

The Crisis behind the Euro-Crisis encourages dialogue among scholars across the social sciences in an attempt to challenge the narrative that regarded the Euro-crisis as an exceptional event. It is suggested instead that the Euro-crisis, along with the subsequent crises the EU has come to face, was merely symptomatic of deeper systemic cracks. This book's aim is to uncover that hidden systemic crisis - the 'crisis behind the Euro-crisis'. Under this reading it emerges that what needs to be questioned is not only the allegedly purely economic character of the Euro-crisis, but, more fundamentally, its very classification as an 'emergency'. Instead, the Euro-crisis needs to be regarded as expressive of a chronic, dysfunctional, but 'normal' condition of the EU. By following this line of analysis, this book illuminates not only the causes of contemporary turbulences in the European project, but perhaps the 'true' nature of the EU itself.

The Law of Shipbuilding Contracts examines the principles of English contract law as these apply to shipbuilding. The leading text on shipbuilding and marine construction, widely used by the global maritime community, this new edition is updated to account for the "long tail" effects of the global economic crisis on the sector. The authors provide expert analysis on the key shipbuilding contract forms, including sections dealing with agreements ancillary to the shipbuilding contract and ship conversion contracts, together with - for the first time - contracts for the construction of offshore oil and gas vessels and units. The new edition has been comprehensively updated, including commentary on recent High Court decisions on shipbuilding contracts and, in particular, associated refund guarantees. The contractual and legal consequences of global economic turbulence and the resultant increase in the number and size of disputes in the shipbuilding sector are discussed, alongside coverage of other contemporary regulatory and legal issues resulting from environmental pressures and the trend for "cleaner", more efficient tonnage. A comprehensive and authoritative resource, this book is essential reading for buyers and charterers of newbuilding tonnage, shipbuilders and offshore construction yards, shipbrokers, banks and other finance providers, lawyers and insurers working in the maritime and offshore oil and gas sectors, as well as students of maritime law.

Maritime Delimitation as a Judicial Process is the first comprehensive analysis of judicial decisions, state practice and academic opinions on maritime boundary delimitation. For ease of reading and clarity, it follows this three-stage approach in its structure. Massimo Lando analyses the interaction between international tribunals and states in the development of the delimitation process, in order to explain rationally how a judicially-created approach to delimit maritime boundaries has been accepted by states. Pursuing a practical approach, this book identifies disputed points in maritime delimitation and proposes solutions which could be applied in future judicial disputes. In addition, the book engages with the underlying theories of maritime delimitation, including the relationship between delimitation and delineation, the effect of third states' rights on delimitation, and the manner in which each stage of the process influences the other stages.

AI and people do not compete on a level-playing field. Self-driving vehicles may be safer than human drivers, but laws often penalize such technology. People may provide superior customer service, but businesses are automating to reduce their taxes. AI may innovate more effectively, but an antiquated legal framework constrains inventive AI. In The Reasonable Robot, Ryan Abbott argues that the law should not discriminate between AI and human behavior and proposes a new legal principle that will ultimately improve human well-being. This work should be read by anyone interested in the rapidly evolving relationship between AI and the law.