Closing the Gap is an accessible overview of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) and the impact it is set to have on various sectors in South Africa and Africa. It explores the previous industrial revolutions that have led up to this point and outlines South Africa’s position been through each one.

With a focus on artificial intelligence as a core concept in understanding the 4IR, this book uses familiar concepts to explain artificial intelligence, how it works and how it can be used in banking, mining, medicine and many other fields.

Written from an African perspective, Closing the Gap addresses the challenges and fears around the 4IR by pointing to the opportunities presented by new technologies and outlining some of the challenges and successes to date

Develop a thorough understanding of the mechanics of materials - an essential area in mechanical, civil, and structural engineering -- with the analytical approach and problem-solving emphasis in the market-leading MECHANICS OF MATERIALS, 9E.

This book focuses on the analysis and design of structural members subjected to tension, compression, torsion, bending, and more.

Photographs and detailed diagrams demonstrate reactive and internal forces and resulting deformations.

This volume comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Humanizing Work and Work Environment organized by the Indian Society of Ergonomics (HWWE2019). The book presents research findings on different areas of ergonomics for developing appropriate tools and work environment considering capabilities and limitations of working people for maximum effectiveness on their performance. This volume will be of interest to academics, professionals and practitioners in the field of ergonomics.

This book makes a serious effort at bringing forth and synergistically combining the concepts of green chemistry, sustainability and nanotechnology and should motivate scientistsat all levels to think clearly and seriously about creating and optimizing novel and sustainable green approaches to nanotechnology. The chapters in this book can be divided into three broad categories: 1) Advancement in research on pollution control through the green chemistry principles of nanotechnology; 2) Emergence of nanomaterials in widespread applications in various scientific fields, including but not limited to sensors and catalysts; 3) Extension of research into nanotechnology and green nanotechnology at a rapid pace. Review articles on the individual aspects of these diverse and complementary topics have become important resources for researchers, industry leaders, and regulators, both nationally and internationally. This book contains a few chapters associated with these particular themes, and provides glimpses of the many difficulties and challenges faced by those who seek to not only understand but also regulate the new nanomaterials. Nanotechnology represents a unique field of science, and necessitates new and novel sustainable approaches to create usable end products for the market place with the primary goal of yielding less adverse effects upon both human health and the environment.

Polymer electronics is the science behind many important new developments in technology, such as the flexible electronic display (e-ink) and many new developments in transistor technology. Solar cells, light-emitting diodes, and transistors are all areas where plastic electronics is likely to, or is already having, a serious impact on our daily lives. With polymer transistors and light-emitting diodes now being commercialised, there is a clear need for a pedagogic text that discusses the subject in a clear and concise fashion suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate students. The content builds on what has been learnt in an elementary (core) course in solid state physics and electronic behaviour, but care has been taken to ensure that important aspects such as the synthesis of these polymers are not overlooked. The chemistry is treated in a manner appropriate to students of physics. Polymer Electronics presents a thorough discussion of the physics and chemistry behind this new and important area of science, appealing to all physical scientists with an interest in the field.

An informal and highly accessible writing style, a simple treatment of mathematics, and clear guide to applications have made this book a classic text in electrical and electronic engineering. Students will find it both readable and comprehensive. The fundamental ideas relevant to the understanding of the electrical properties of materials are emphasized; in addition, topics are selected in order to explain the operation of devices having applications (or possible future applications) in engineering. The mathematics, kept deliberately to a minimum, is well within the grasp of a second-year student. This is achieved by choosing the simplest model that can display the essential properties of a phenomenom, and then examining the difference between the ideal and the actual behaviour. The whole text is designed as an undergraduate course. However most individual sections are self contained and can be used as background reading in graduate courses, and for interested persons who want to explore advances in microelectronics, lasers, nanotechnology, and several other topics that impinge on modern life.

Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) stands for an intriguing phenomenon in which a series of non-emissive molecules in solutions are induced to emit strongly in the aggregate or solid state. The concept of AIE was first coined by author Ben Zhong Tang in 2001, when he and his co-workers serendipitously discovered that 1-methyl-1,2,3,4,5-pentaphenylsilole was almost non-emissive in ethanol solution but became extremely bright in water-ethanol mixtures. Over the past 15 years, AIE has grown into a research field with high visibility and broad impact across both science and technology. Aggregation-Induced Emission: Materials and Applications summarizes the recent advances in AIE research, ranging from fundamentals, such as design, synthesis, and optical properties of AIE-active molecules, to mechanism studies supported by modeling and experimental investigations, and further to promising applications in the fields of energy, environment, and biology. The topics covered in Volume 2 include: AIE polymers; AIE-induced chirogenesis; Room-temperature phosphorescent AIE molecules; Liquid crystalline AIE molecules; AIE materials for energy devices; New chemo- and biosensors with AIE molecules; Cell structure and function imaging with AIE molecules; and AIE materials in drug delivery and therapy.

This is the first book in a four-part series designed to give a comprehensive and coherent description of Fluid Dynamics, starting with chapters on classical theory suitable for an introductory undergraduate lecture course, and then progressing through more advanced material up to the level of modern research in the field. The present Part 1 consists of four chapters. Chapter 1 begins with a discussion of Continuum Hypothesis, which is followed by an introduction to macroscopic functions, the velocity vector, pressure, density, and enthalpy. We then analyse the forces acting inside a fluid, and deduce the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible and compressible fluids in Cartesian and curvilinear coordinates. In Chapter 2 we study the properties of a number of flows that are presented by the so-called exact solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations, including the Couette flow between two parallel plates, Hagen-Poiseuille flow through a pipe, and Karman flow above an infinite rotating disk. Chapter 3 is devoted to the inviscid incompressible flow theory, with particular focus on two-dimensional potential flows. These can be described in terms of the "complex potential", allowing the full power of the theory of functions of complex variables to be used. We discuss in detail the method of conformal mapping, which is then used to study various flows of interest, including the flows past Joukovskii aerofoils. The final Chapter 4 is concerned with compressible flows of perfect gas, including supersonic flows. Particular attention is given to the theory of characteristics, which is used, for example, to analyse the Prandtl-Meyer flow over a body surface bend and a corner. Significant attention is also devoted to the shock waves. The chapter concludes with analysis of unsteady flows, including the theory of blast waves.

This ACS Symposium Series is the product of a symposium held at the 241st National Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Anaheim, CA on March 27-31, 2011. It includes chapters on new biobased building blocks such as the furandicarboxylic acid, polyesters and polyamides from adipic, succinic and sebacic acids with aliphatic diols such as 1,3-propylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,12-dodecylenediol and isosorbide. The conversion of hydroxymethylfurfural, the dehydration product of hexose sugars, to succinic acid and 1,4-butanediol to produce poly(butylene succinate) is described in one chapter. Also the synthesis of new polymers from plant-derived olefinic monomers such as tulipalin A and studies of composites from cotton by-products are featured in other chapters. There is a strong emphasis on biocatalytic synthesis and polymerization within the book. Chapter topics include the synthesis of ?-hydroxyfatty acids and polymers therefrom, an interesting discussion on the structural differences of the products of the biocatalytic and chemical catalytic synthesis of polyesters from oleic diacid and glycerol and the ability to produce polylactic acid (PLA) and PLA-PHA copolyesters within a "microbial cell factory". Other areas of interest explored in other chapters include recent developments of biobased polymer fibers and oleate-based pressure sensitive adhesives and composites. One chapter describes a large increase in cold-drawn fiber tensile strength by the blending of a small amount of ultrahigh molecular weight (MW) poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) with a much lower MW 3-hydroxybutyrate polymer. The addition of a rubber and inorganic fillers to normally brittle PLA was found to dramatically improve its ductility. Finally, there are several chapters on seed oil-based polyurethanes, one on fibers from soy proteins and composites from starch.

This volume examines recent developments in the use of intelligent materials and systems for drug delivery. Controlled release technology is moving from being a simple carrier of active agents to becoming a powerful and flexible method that permits subtle modulation of the delivery profile based on the needs of the biological host. The chapters collected here cover recent advances in materials with responsive properties, novel concepts in controlled release technology, new applications, and microanalytical techniques for rapid and accurate measurements of small samples.

Crystallography is an interdisciplinary science covering a wide area, from biology to earth sciences, mathematics and materials science. Its role is growing, owing to the contribution crystallography can offer to the understanding of such diverse fields as biological structures, high-temperature superconductors, mineral properties, and phase transitions. The book describes both the theoretical bases and applications of different areas interacting with crystallography. As with the first and second editions, it is organized as a collection of chapters written by recognized specialists, with all contributions being harmonized into a unified whole. The main text is devoted to the presentation of basics; the appendices deal with specialist aspects. In this third edition topics have been updated so as to document the present state of the art: emphasis is placed upon areas of current research.
To facilitate learning and make teaching more effective, new illustrations have been introduced. As with the second edition, a software package is included via the book's OUP web site: modern graphics will help users to better understand the basics of this science via three-dimensional images, simulation of experiments, and exercises.

In recent years, it has become apparent that knowing the average atomic structure of materials is insufficient to understand their properties. Diffuse scattering in addition to the Bragg scattering holds the key to learning about defects in materials, the topic of many recent books. What has been missing is a detailed step-by-step guide on how to simulate disordered materials. The DISCUS cook book fills this need covering simple topics such as building a computer crystal to complex topics such as domain structures, stacking faults or using advanced refinement techniques to adjust parameters on a disordered model. The book contains a CD-ROM with all files needed to recreate every example given using the program DISCUS. The reader is free to follow the principles behind simulating disordered materials or to get down into the details and run or modify the given examples.

Nanoscale Materials in Chemistry describes research on the development of catalysts and adsorbents based on nanoscale materials. It includes new fundamental research and applications, beginning with a review of research on the development of nanoscale metal oxides that have environmental applications. Information on product development is described for selected products that have been developed and commercialized.
This book is for scientists and engineers who are engaged in research, development, and commercialization of nanoscale materials for environmental applications. Those interested in the pathway from idea to product will find this book valuable to them. Those interested in sustainable indoor environments will find new information on in room devices that may be able to reduce energy use in buildings. Toxicology and product safety are included as well.

This text book is for senior and graduate engineers. It should be used for senior and advanced design classes. It follows Suh's other book with OUP, Principles of Design (OUP, 1990). Suh has proposed axiomatic design as a means of creating the science base for the field of design.

The 37th International Symposium on the Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management (Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings Volume 1665) was held in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain), September 30-October 3, 2013. The symposium was officially opened by Dr Antoni Gurgui, commissioner of Consejo Seguridad Nuclear (Nuclear Safety Council) in Spain. About 80 attendees from 12 countries listened to 51 presentations and discussed 29 posters during the three and a half days of scientific sessions. The symposium covered the following topics: national and international programs; performance assessment/geological disposal; radionuclide solubility, speciation, sorption and migration; corrosion studies of zircaloy, container and carbon steel; high-level waste; and ceramic and advanced materials.

The world-wide sales of polysiloxanes or silicones at the beginning of this new millennium is approximately $10 billion per year. Commercial products range from those entirely composed of silicone to products where the silicone is a low level but key component. This symposium covered the recent academic and technological developments behind silicones and silicone-modified materials and the sessions were well attended of wide interest to both the academic and industrial communities. The papers from our two highly successful symposia in this important area were published in the books Silicones and Silicone-Modified Materials, (Eds. S. J. Clarson, J. J. Fitzgerald, M. J. Owen and S. D. Smith), ACS Symposium Series Vol. 729 / Oxford University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8412-3613-5 and Synthesis and Properties of Silicones and Silicone-Modified Materials, (Eds. S. J. Clarson, J. J. Fitzgerald, M. J. Owen, S. D. Smith and M. E. Van Dyke), ACS Symposium Series Vol 838 / Oxford University Press, 2003, ISBN 0-8412-3804-9

Polymeric materials have been and continue to be a focus of research in the development of materials for energy conversion, storage and delivery applications (fuel cells, batteries, photovoltaics, capacitors, etc.). Significant growth in this field started in the early 1990s and has continued to grow quite substantially since that time. Polymeric materials now have a prominent place in energy research.
For polymers, particularly polyelectrolytes, being used in fuel cell and battery applications, the importance of chain microstructure, chain dynamics, and nanoscale morphology on the overall performance characteristics of these materials cannot be overstated. As further advancements are made in polymer chemistry, control of nanostructure and characterization, there is a necessity for organized forums that foster cross-fertilization of knowledge and ideas between experts in polymer chemistry, chemical engineering, and polymer physics. This volume is the result of such a forum.
Most of the chapters in this book are based on a cross-section of the oral presentations in a symposium on Polymers for Energy Storage and Delivery held in March of 2011 as part of the 241st ACS National Meeting & Exposition (Anaheim, CA). The book contains 17 chapters presented in two parts. Part one focuses on polymers for battery applications and will cover theory and modeling, novel materials, and materials characterization. Professor Janna Maranas has provided an excellent review of the current state of understanding in polyelectrolytes as ion conductors in batteries. Part two will focus on polymers for fuel cells and will cover novel materials, transport, and materials characterization with a brief introduction into the history of polyelectrolytes for fuel cells and the classes of materials being pursued. Realizing the common role that nanostructure plays in both battery and fuel cell applications, Professor Moon Jeong Park and coworkers have also contributed a chapter demonstrating the role of nanostructured polyelectrolyte systems in energy storage and delivery. In addition, the editors are pleased to have a chapter-contributed by Professor Howard Wang and staff scientists of the NIST Center for Neutron Research-on the most state-of-art, in-situ neutron methods for studying lithium ion batteries.

Flight dynamics create important research problems in the process of helicopter design. They involve advanced design ideas and engineering technology theories. This book concerns flight theory and research methods for helicopter flight science and technology. The contents include the fundamentals of rotor aerodynamics, helicopter trim, helicopter stability and control, and helicopter performance analyses. The book also lokks at the kinematics, dynamics, control, and aerodynamics of the helicopter during maneuvering flight. With an emphasis on the physical concepts, the characteristics of rotor flapping, theoretical analyses and numerical simulation methods for helicopter flight mechanics are detail described in detail. The book is primarily intended for senior undergraduates and postgraduates who major in aerospace engineering. It is also a good reference book for helicopter engineers interested design and operational engineering. It lays a foundation for the study of helicopter aeromechanics.

Parameters of fabric texture and their design gives, in a concise and systematic format, a fundamental understanding of fabric structural parameters, their effect on fabric properties and methods of their calculation and design. The book gives an insight into the most popular weaves applied in contemporary weaving practice, the methods of their formation and the kind of fabrics for which they are applied. The book describes conception and methods for fabric design developed by distinguished English, German, Italian, Bulgarian and Russian scientists in accordance with different initial parameters of fabrics. This book has been written for textile designers, technologists, managers, students and researchers.

Explores scientific and regulatory issues within the framework of a program for the management of toxic substances. Covers all major elements of toxic handling and treatment/disposal. Includes listings of government agency contacts, hotline, reporting, and regulated toxics. Intended for environmenta

'MerryGold and The PeriodiCity Mysteries', the second in the 'MerryGold' series, takes place in the mythical kingdom of PeriodiCity and centers on one of the kingdom's loyal 'elementary' subjects, an inquisitive girl named MerryGold. Her curiosity in all things elemental makes her particularly suited to investigate all peculiar chemical phenomena in the kingdom. The present story begins with a gala ball thrown by King Helium and Queen Neon for all Elementarians, a suspicious phantasm of light and a quest for a special jewel to celebrate Queen Neon's birthday. MerryGold is driven to undertake a journey to understand the origins of the mysterious light; the King needs an adventurer to seek the Queen's jewel. So embarks MerryGold, at behest of the King, to the remote islands of Periodicity where a multitude of new adventures await her. One by one, she visits the Halogen Islands, enjoying many new friends and learning much about the tasks they carry out for the service of the King. When all seems lost concerning the unraveling of her own mystery, she finally discovers a vital clue that enables her to solve it. But alas, other curious phenomena are added to her list of things she must soon discover! Seeing past the superficial cloud of electrons and into the core of her atomic acquaintances, she is able ultimately to acquire not only the special jewel for the Queen, but also to unravel the mystery of the light phantasm that she encountered during the festive party of the King and Queen. The book is meant to teach the basics of chemical and physical observation, and that basic atoms and molecules interact in characteristic ways. While teaching chemical principles, the book draws in the reader into a fun adventure where atoms and molecules have personal qualities not so different from the scientists who might study them. This personification of atoms and molecules makes the topics more approachable to young readers and alerts older readers to the slight poetic license taken with regard to some details of the laws of nature. With each reading, the reader should pick up new ideas and concepts, developing an appreciation for general scientific thought processes. These basic principles, expressed by the atomic characters, foster a sense that the workings of material world are understandable to anyone interested in taking the journey. This particular adventure, in particular, has a special emphasis on the Halogen elements.

Polymer Rheology is a fundamental discipline underlying modern polymer processing. The term rheology could be generally defined as the science of deformation and flow for non-traditional materials that display a nonlinear combination of viscous, elastic and plastic effects, such as polymers, food stuffs, lubricating greases etc. The rheology of polymeric liquids is the most complicated part of general rheology. As any scientific discipline it consists of coupled theoretical and experimental parts. The most difficult part for the first studies of polymer rheology is the theory. This textbook attempts to overcome this difficulty and provide the readers with a balanced knowledge of modern types of continuum theories, experiments and some applications.