Deficiencies in any of the defense mechanisms of the host can lead to severe microbial infections; these are of clinical relevance. Broad up-to-date knowledge in this field allows identification of many unspecific as well as highly specific defense reactions involved in the struggle against infectious diseases. On the other hand, protective structures on the microbial cell surfaces have been adapted and improve the counterpart's chances of survival. In particular, it has been considered that the great diversity of the bacterial envelopes not only determines the anatomical location of the tissue injury but also induces activation of distinct parts of the complex defense system. The specific defense mechanism, whose most prominent constituent is provided by the antibo

The SecretoryPathway The transport ofproteins and lipids from their site ofsynthesis at the endoplasmic reticu- lum (ER) to the cellsurface ismediated by the secretory pathway and isan essential process in eukaryotic organisms. A great variety ofmolecules are extruded from cellsby the action ofthe secretory pathway, including extracellular matrix components that provide the foundation for constructing tissuesand organs. Moreover, this pathway playsa major role in the biogenesisof the plasma membraneand itsexpansion before celldivision. Therefore, withoutsecretion there would be no cells,tissuesor organs, and so it issafeto saythat we oweourvery existence to the secretory pathway. To understand the process ofsecretion we must learn about the organelles that compose the secretory pathway; the ER and Golgi apparatus, and the transport vesicles these or- ganelles produce. The membrane ofthese organelles is primarily synthesized and assembled at the ER but with contributions from mitochondria (phosphatidylethanolamine) and the Golgi apparatus (sphingolipids). Newly synthesized proteins destined for secretion gain en- try into the secretory pathway by translocation across the ER membrane. This translocation apparatus also integrates proteins into the membrane and establishes their topology with respect to the lipid bilayer (seeChapter 7). Many secretory proteins are covalently modified with oligosaccharides to produce glycoproteins, a biosynthetic process initiated in the ER and continued in the Golgi apparatus. Once proteins are properly folded and modified in the ER, they are allowed to leave and are ushered into COPlI-coated carrier vesiclesforming at specific exit sites (see Chapters 1 and 8).

Mter the discoveryof the tobacco mosaic virus by D. I. Ivanov skU in 1892 14], the new science of virology was born and began to develop rapidly. The number of viruses now known is enormous and they can infect nearly all animal and plant organisms. Microorganisms themselves are no exception to this rule. Despite intensive study of Vlruses, their origin and nature are still a subject for speculation and hypothesis. The general concept of viruses embraces a wide group of biologically active structures occupying an intermediate position between living and nonliving matter. The dual character of viruses is determined by the fact that, while they do not possess an inde pendent system of metabolism, which is a characteristic feature of every living being, they nevertheless carry within themselves all the necessary information for autoreproduction. A striking feature of the virus is that it consists essentially of two components: a protein envelope and the nucleic acid con tained within it. In contrast to the elementary structural unit of the living or ganism, the cell, which contains two types of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA), the virus particle contains only one type of nucleic acid - either DNA or RNA. It is perhaps this which is responsible for the imperfection of the virus as a living organism."

The time seems ripe for a critical compendium of that segment of the biological universe we call viruses. Virology, as a science, having passed only recently through its descriptive phase of naming and num bering, has probably reached that stage at which relatively few new truly new-viruses will be discovered. Triggered by the intellectual probes and techniques of molecular biology, genetics, biochemical cytology, and high-resolution microscopy and spectroscopy, the field has experienced a genuine information explosion. Few serious attempts have been made to chronicle these events. This comprehensive series, which will comprise some 6000 pages in a total of about 22 volumes, represents a commitment by a large group of active investigators to analyze, digest, and expostulate on the great mass of data relating to viruses, much of which is now amorphous and disjointed, and scattered throughout a wide literature. In this way, we hope to place the entire field in perspective, and to develop an invaluable reference and sourcebook for researchers and students at all levels. This series is designed as a continuum that can be entered anywhere, but which also provides a logical progression of developing facts and integrated concepts."

The study of viruses necessarily involves dissecting the intimate details of cellular pathways. Viruses have often been employed as tools in studying cellular pathways, as was done by early retrovirologists such as Peyton Rous in attempting to understand the mechanism of cellular transformation and oncogenesis. On the other side of the coin, virologists seek to de?ne those cellular elements interacting intimatelywiththeir virus ofinterestinorder to better understand viral replication itself, and in some cases to develop antiviral strategies. It is in the intersection of virology and cell biology that many of us ?nd the most rewarding aspects of our research. When a new discovery yields insights into basic cellular mechanisms and presents new targets for int- vention to ?ght a serious pathogen, the impact can be high and the excitement intense. HIV has been no exception to the rule that viruses reveal many basic aspects of cellular biology. In recent years, in part because of the importance of HIV as a major cause of human suffering, numerous cellular processes have been elucidated through work on processes or proteins of this human retrovirus. The excitement in this ?eld is especially well illustrated by the discovery of new innate means of resisting viral replication, such as the work on APOBEC3G, TRIM5a, and BST-2/ tetherin presented in this volume.

attempted to cover metabolic matters already reviewed in Volumes I and II of The Biochemistry and Physiology of Protozoa (eds. Lwoff, and Lwoff and Hutner). To those interested in the broader aspects of photo- synthesis and photoreception, reference is made to Photosynthesis and Related Processes, Volume I, and parts I and 2 of Volume II, by E. Rabinowitch; the Brookhaven Symposium on The Photochemical Ap- paratus: Its Structure and Function (1959); the New York Academy of Sciences conference on Photoreception (1958), and to the many recent symposia, reviews, and current journal literature. This book is primarily concerned with the use of Euglena in study- ing photoreception; it is also hoped that biologists, biochemists, and biophysicists will find in Euglena a remarkably versatile research tool for attacking some of their problems. I would like to thank Drs. S. H. Hutner and L. Provasoli of the Haskins Laboratories for introducing me to Euglena as an exceptional experimental "animal," as well as for many stimulating discussions and continued enthusiasm. I am indebted to Drs. G. E. Palade and K. R.

Our gut is colonized by numerous bacteria throughout our life, and the gut epithelium is constantly exposed to foreign microbes and dietary antigens. Thus, the gut epithelium acts as a barrier against microbial invaders and is equipped with various innate defense systems. Resident commensal and foreign invading bacteria interact intimately with the gut epithelium and can impact host cellular and innate immune responses. From the perspective of many pathogenic bacteria, the gut epithelium serves as an infectious foothold and port of entry for disseminate into deeper tissues. In some instances when the intestinal defense activity and host immune system become compromised, even commensal and opportunistic pathogenic bacteria can cross the barrier and initiate local and systematic infectious diseases. Conversely, some highly pathogenic bacteria, such as those highlighted in this book, are able to colonize or invade the intestinal epithelium despite the gut barrier function is intact. Therefore, the relationship between the defensive activity of the intestinal epithelium against microbes and the pathogenesis of infective microbes becomes the basis for maintaining a healthy life. The authors offer an overview of the current topics related to major gastric and enteric pathogens, while highlighting their highly evolved host (human)-adapted infectious processes. Clearly, an in-depth study of bacterial infectious strategies, as well as the host cellular and immune responses, presented in each chapter of this book will provide further insight into the critical roles of the host innate and adaptive immune systems and their importance in determining the severity or completely preventing infectious diseases. Furthermore, under the continuous threat of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, the topic of gut-bacteria molecular interactions will provide various clues and ideas for the development of new therapeutic strategies.

It has been known for a long time that the majority of plant viruses contain RNA and in the past decade and a half it has been realized that many have genomes consisting of three molecules of single-stranded RNA with positive polarity. Among these are viruses belonging to four groups recognized by the International Committee for Virus Taxonomy: the Bromovirus and Cucumovirus groups whose genomes are encapsi dated in small icosahedral particles or the Ilarvirus and alfalfa mosaic virus groups with spheroidal or bacilliform particles. In addition to their tripartite genomes, these viruses share a number of other properties and it has been proposed that they should perhaps be grouped in a single virus family for which the name Tricornaviridae has been suggested, the tri indicating the tripartite nature of the genome, the co emphasizing the cooperation of the three genome parts required to initiate infection, and the rna indicating that the genome is composed of RNA. Viruses of this "family" are less uniform in their biological proper ties. A number of them are widespread, causing very destructive plant diseases. Viruses such as those of cucumber mosaic and alfalfa mosaic have very extensive host ranges and are responsible for serious crop losses in many parts of the world. Others such as prunus necrotic ringspot or prune dwarf viruses are more restricted in their host ranges but never theless infect important perennial hosts such as stone fruits and reduce productivity considerably."

William Trager has been an avid student of parasites for over 50 years at the Rockefeller University. Around the turn of this century, parasitology enjoyed a certain vogue, inspired by colonial responsibilities of the technically ad vanced countries, and by the exciting etiological and therapeutic discoveries of Ross, Manson, Ehrlich, and others. For some decades, the Western hemi sphere's interest in animal parasites has been eclipsed by concern for bacteria and viruses as agents of transmissible disease. Only very recently, initiatives like the Tropical Disease Research programs of WHO-World Bank-UNDP, and the Great Neglected Disease networks of the Rockefeller and MacArthur Foundations have begun to compensate for the neglect of these problems by United States federal health research agencies. Throughout that period, how ever, the Rockefeller Institute (later University) has given high priority to the challenges of parasitism, corresponding during a formidable period with Dr. Trager's own career. The present work then, is a distillation of the insight collected by our principal doyen of parasite biology, informed but by no means confined to his own research. It is addressed to the reader of broad biological interest and training, not to the specialist. The disarmingly unpretentious style makes the work readily accessible to college undergraduates or even to gifted high school students; but do not be deceived thereby, as it has an enormous range of factual information and theoretical insight, familiar to few, but potentially important to most biologists."

There has been a tremendous increase in interest in the neuropathogenicity of viruses during the past decade as we have come to recognize that the human immunodeficiency virus, which causes the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), can infect glial cells and cause neurological disease. Yet this increase has not been limited to AIDS but has extended to viruses that infect either or both the central and peripheral nervous systems. The changes examined here include both neurological and psychological diseases or syndromes. Moreover, the chapters in this volume review the interaction of the host immune system with the viruses examined and how such interactions may increase or decrease the neuropatho genicity of the viruses. Questions regarding viral neuropathogenesis include: (I) What is the mode of transmission of virus to the nervous system? (2) What types of cells are infected, and do they contain receptors for the virus? (3) What is the extent of damage that results from viral infection? (4) What are the immunologic mecha nisms by which damage is mediated or limited? Many of these questions remain unanswered, but this volume delves into efforts to provide some answers.

The advancement of science is ever more contingent upon the interaction of experts vast amount of scientific information being gathered every day that exceeds the ability of any one scientist to acquire. As an illustration of the frantic pace of scientific disc- more acute in the case of scientific fields at the interface of different and seemingly distant areas of study. Amidst these, the field of cell encapsulation brings together an array of diverse disciplines such as molecular biology and biopolymers, gene therapy and inorganic membranes, stem cell biology and physicochemistry, immunology and nanotechnology. Clearly, such range of topics is too broad for any individual scientist the state-of-the-art in the field of cell encapsulation. At the core of this technology, there is an interaction of physicochemical and biological elements forming three distinct layers of complexity. First, the chemistry of the biopolymer dictates the degree of protein adsorption, vascularization, tox- ity and biocompatibility of the microcapsules. Advances in biopolymer science are providing solutions to overcome existing challenges and to improve microcapsules as delivery vehicles. Second, the choice of cells, and more precisely the plethora of in determining the immune response elicited by the host to implanted microcapsules.

The Bunyaviridae represent an extremely diverse family of viruses, whichuntilrecentlywererelativelypoorlyunderstood. These viruses have become increasingly important in both human and veterinary medicine, and, most recently, bunyaviruses have been recognized as plant pathogens as well. This book attemptsto treat all aspectsof their biology, including their natural history, genetics, virion structure, unusual pathway of intracellular assembly, gene structure and the mechanisms of its expression, antigenicity, and pathogenesis, inasinglevolume. Assuch, itfillsavoid inthe virologyliterature.Thisvolumeisalsotimely, asthemolecular descriptionofthisfamilyisnowalmostcomplete. Thereader can expect to find the present state of the art on how bunyavirusesaremaintainedinnature, andhowtheyreplicate and sometimescausedisease. Iwould like tothank myco-contributorsfor the time and efforttheyhaveinvestedtomaketheirchaptersascompleteas possible, and notleastofall, for byand largerespectingthe deadline. Iam alsogratefulto DickCompansforsuggesting this volume and helping to design its contents, and for the manydiscussionsduring hisstayin Geneva. DANIEL KOLAKOFSKY ListofContents C. R. PRINGLE: TheBunyaviridaeandTheirGenetics An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.J. BEATYand C. H. CALISHER: Bunyaviridae- Natural History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 M.J. HEWLETTand W. CHIU: Virion Structure . . 79 R. M. ELLIOTT, C. S. SCHMALJOHN.and M. S. COLLETT: BunyaviridaeGenomeStructureandGeneExpression 91 D. KOLAKOFSKYand D. HACKER: BunyavirusRNA Synthesis: GenomeTranscriptionand Replication. 143 Y. MATSUOKA, S. Y. CHEN, and R. W. COMPANS: BunyavirusProteinTransportandAssembly. 161 L. KINGSFORD: AntigenicVariance. . . . . . . . 181 F.GONZALEZ-SCARANO, M. J. ENDRES.and N. NATHANSON: Pathogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 217 ListofContributors BEATY, B. J.... 27 HACKER. D.... 143 CALISHER, C. H.. 27 HEWLETT, M. J. 79 CHEN, S.Y . 161 KINGSFORD, L.. 181 CHIU, w. . 79 KOLAKOFSKY D.. 143 COLLETT, M.S. . 91 MATSUOKA, Y.. 161 COMPANS, R. W.. 161 NATHANSON, N.. 217 ELLIOTT, R. M.. . 91 PRINGLE, C. R.. . 1 ENDRES. M. J. . . 217 SCHMALJOHN. C.S.. 91 GONZALEZ-S

The book provides a comprehensive account of ticks and tick-borne diseases occurring in tropical and subtropical areas. It begins with a complete up-to-date overview of the systematics of the Ixodida (Ixodidae, Argasidae and Nutalliellidae) and is followed by a review of the problem of ticks and tick-borne diseases of domestic animals world wide. This leads on to multi-disciplinary approaches to planning tick and tick-borne disease control and to contributions on calculating the economic impact of a tick species such as Amblyomma americanum on beef production systems. Heartwater fever (cowdriosis) and dermatophilosis are endemic in Africa and pose a threat to the North American mainland. The epidemiology of these two diseases is discussed in detail as is the role of frozen vaccines to control bovine babesiosis and anaplasmosis. The book also includes chapters on tick transmitted zoonoses such as Lyme borreliosis, tick typhus and ehrlichiosis. It concludes with a review of the acaricidal treatment of tick infestation.

All but one* of the following articles represent comprehensive reports on a workshop held between 7 and 9 May 1981 at the Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wfuzburg, Federal Republic of Germany. The title of the workshop was "The Involvement of Endogenous Retroviruses inN ormalFunction and Pathological Growth of Lymphocytes." Rather than collecting and printing manuscripts of the individual communications, the organizers asked selected parti cipants to write, after the workshop, concise articles each compris ing several contributions and discussions on major topics. In so doing, we hope to present to a larger audience a synopsis of the various information and views exchanged at the meeting. Such a procedure seemed the more appropriate as the workshop was intended to bring together specialists from two rather diverse fields: RNA-tumor virology and immunobiology. While this created some initial problems of terminology, it was quite effective in making representatives of one field more aware of the significance and the contributions ofthe other. It also great ly contributed to realization of the complexity of the problems involved in virus-induced leukemogenesis."

Tropical diseases such as leishmaniasis, malaria. trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis and amebiasis continue to plague the world, resulting in considerable morbidity and mortality, especially in the third world countries. These diseases are caused by a group of protozoa which have, over the years, undergone evolutionary adaptation to live often intracellularly in a parasitic way of life. So well-adapted have they become that they recognize the right hosts or cells to parasitize, yet at the same time they escape recognition and destruction by the host immune system. The mechanisms of such recognition and the escape of recognition are governed largely by host-parasite surface membrane interactions at the cellular and molecular level. Unique molecules produced by unusual pathways of these parasites have also been discovered and found to play important roles in their survival in the host. Understanding these mechanisms and pathways is essential not only to formulate a rational strategy for chemo- and immuno-prophylaxis and -therapy but also to unravel the mystery of biological evolution in symbiosis and parasitism. In the advent of our knowledge on the molecular biology and biochemistry of parasite membrane and other molecules, it is opportune to examine and discuss their possible roles in host-parasite recognition and interaction in a comparative approach. To highlight the recent advances of this area in various host-parasite systems, a NATO advanced Research Workshop was held from September 27 to October 1, 1986 at Hotel Villa del Mare, Acquafredda di Maratea, Italy.

of McGill University of Montreal, Canada, who talks about artifi cial cells prepared from semipermeable microcapsules. Also illustrative of this method is a contribution on microencapsulated pesticides by C. B. Desavigny and E. E. Ivy of Pennwalt Corporation. Another method of polymerization in situ is micro encapsulation by vapor deposition, the subject of W. M. Jayne of Union Carbide Corporation. The more mechanical methods of microencapsulation are represented by two techniques, one involving a fluidized bed the other involving mainly a centrifugal method. The fluidized bed method is covered in a paper by H. Hall and T. M. Hinkes of the Wisconsin Alumini Research Foundation. The centrifugal and other related methods are treated by Mr. J. E. Goodwin and Mr. Sommerville of the Southwest Research Institute of San Antoni~ Texas. Dr. G. Baxter of Moore Business Forms, studied capsules made by mechanical methods as well as by chemical methods. Mr. Russell G. Arnold of the Bureau of Veteranary Medicine of the Food and Drug Administration draws our attention to the procedures to be used for securing approval of a new animal drug application for the marketing of microencapsulated products. And last but not least, we have a contribution by Mr. G. O. Fanger on "Micro encapsulation a Brief History and Introduction, whose title speaks for itself.

This volume on enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) and bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is the second in our series "Developments in Veterinary Virology". Each book in this series is devoted to a major virus disease of agricultural significance. The chapters in each volume are planned to supply information on a range of subjects from pathogenesis of the causative virus to vaccination, eradication, and rules regarding disease control. The present volume on enzootic bovine leukosis and bovine leukemia virus updates the reader on the disease and its causative agent and includes the nucleotide sequence of the BLV genome as well as data on its integration into the DNA of the tumor cell. Insights into diagnosis, veterinary legislation, and the economic aspects of EBL are also provided. Intense research conducted on EBL and BLV during the course of a decade is presented in a most concise and in-depth manner, so as to provide the reader with a comprehensive overview of this economically important disease of cattle. I wish to thank the editors, A. Burny and M. Mammerickx, as well as all the authors, for making this excellent book available at a stage when the knowledge on bovine leukemia virus will also contribute to our understanding of the virus causing human AIDS.

The basis for the effective treatment and cure of a patient is the rapid diagnosis of the disease and its causative agent, which is based on the analysis of the clinical symptoms coupled with laboratory tests. Although rapid advance ments have been made in the laboratory diagnosis of virus diseases, the neces sary isolation of the causative virus from the clinical specimens is a relatively long procedure. Viruses which integrate into the cellular DNA (such as human immunodeficiency virus, HIV -1, or hepatitis B virus) are difficult to identify by molecular techniques, while viruses which exist in the clinical material in low concentrations are even more formidable to identify. Recently, the application of the polymerase chain reaction (peR) technique developed by K. D. Mullis and detailed in the study by Saiki et al. (1985) led to a revolution in virus diagnosis. The peR technique was rapidly applied to the diagnosis of viruses in clinical material. Volume 1 of Frontiers of Virology provides new information on the advan tages of the use of the peR for the diagnosis of many human disease-causing viruses, as well as on some problems with its use."

Antiviral chemotherapy has come of age, and, after an initial slow pro gress, the development of new antiviral agents has proceeded at a more rapid pace and the perspectives for their clinical use have increased considerably. Now, 25 years after the first antiviral assay (idoxuridine) was introduced in the clinic, it is fitting to commemorate the beginning of the antivirals' era. In its introductory chapter B.E. Juel-Jensen touches on what may be con sidered as five of the most fundamental requirements of an antiviral drug: efficacy, relative non-toxicity, easy solubility, ready availability and rea sonable cost. Surely, the antiviral drugs that have so far been used in the clinic could still be improved upon as one or more of these five essential demands are concerned. How is all began is narrated by W.H. Prusoff. The first antiviral drugs to be used in humans were methisazone and idoxuridine, the former, which is now of archival interest, in the prevention of smallpox, the latter, which was approved for clinical use in the United States in 1962, for the topical treatment of herpetic keratitis. In terms of potency, also because of solubility reasons, idoxuridine has been superseded by trifluridine in the topical treatment of herpes simplex epithelial keratitis. H.E. Kaufman did not find trifluridine or acyclovir ef fective in the treatment of deep stromal keratitis or iritis and he reckons that other antiviral drugs (i.e. bromovinyldeoxyuridine) would not be effec tive either."

Those who have had the privilege to visit the Sistine Chapel may remember the fres co painting of Jesus curing the leper (Marcus 1, 40-45). It seems that leprosy was not only known 2000 years ago but was also recognized as an important problem. Unfortunately, little has changed since then. Although leprosy is mainly known as an "import" disease in Europe and North America, in the greater part of the world it remains the problem it has always been, one of a stigmatizing disease comparable to the modern day pestilence, namely AIDS. Who could forget Durer's etch of a leper walking with a clapper to an nounce his presence, or the heartbreaking stories of patients, especially those with lepromatous leprosy, ousted by their own families to become social outcasts forced to beg for their food. This attitude is slowly changing and with this change the name of Mahatma Ghandi will always be connected and remembered."

(Director: Pierre J. COURTOY) Two years after its first gathering in Oeiras, Portugal, the European Endocytosis Group convened for a second workshop at the Pasteur Institute, Paris, on October 1-5, 1990. The meeting is reported in detail in this volume; a preliminary coverage, based on the overviews of each session, has appeared in the New Biologist (1991, 3:243-252). The three main objectives, to broaden the audience, to present a more comprehensive view of the multiple aspects of endocytosis, from basic biology to health, disease and therapy, as well as to clarify controversial issues, have been largely fulfilled. The Second European Workshop on Endocytosis was attended by more than tOO participants, originating from 18 countries. 59 lectures and 35 posters were presented. In addition, vivi~ roundtables allowed to thoroughly discuss the dynamics and the regulation of the endocytic apparatus, as well as the role of endocytosis in antigen presentation. Endocytosis is a general and distinctive property of all eukaryotic cells, including protists, plants and fungi.

Human gene therapy holds great promise for the cure of many genetic diseases. In order to achieve such a cure there are two requirements. First, the affected gene must be cloned, its se quence determined and its regulation adequately characterized. Second, a suitable vector for the delivery of a good copy of the affected gene must be available. For a vector to be of use several attributes are highly desirable: these include ability to carry the intact gene (although this may be either the genomic or the cDNA form) in a stable form, ability to introduce the gene into the desired cell type, ability to express the introduced gene in an appropriately regulated manner for an extended period of time, and a lack of toxicity for the recipient. Also of concern is the frequency of cell transformation and, in some cases, the ability to introduce the gene into nondividing stem cells. Sev eral animal viruses have been tested as potential vectors, but none has proven to have all the desired properties described above. For example, retroviruses are difficult to propagate in sufficient titers, do not integrate into nondividing cells, and are of concern because of their oncogenic properties in some hosts and because they integrate at many sites in the genome and, thus, are potentially insertional mutagens. Additionally, genes introduced by retroviral vectors are frequently expressed for relatively short periods of time. A second virus used as a vector in model systems has been adenovirus (Ad)."

Presented here are recent achievements in molecular biology of non-pathogenic yeast and filamenous fungi as well as of human pathogens. Thebook is diveded into 4 sections: - Molecular Biology of Yeast; - Molecular Biology of Filamenous Fungi; - New Tools and Prospectives for Medical Mycology; - Fungal Morphogenesis. It focuses on aspects of medical mycology, namely isolation of specific genes and strategies for developing new targets for antifungal therapy.

This book is a collection of critical reviews about a diverse group of virus families with two features in common: the stable repository of genetic information in each virus is RNA, and each virus modifies and appropriates a particular patch of the eukaryotic cell membrane system to complete its structure. The reviews take the reader from the level of virus genome structure and expression through the quaternary interactions between virus-specified elements and cellular components that cooperate to produce virus particles. There are spectacular illustrations in this volume, but it is much more than a picture gallery. Reading widely in this book can be an effective antidote to overspecialization: in these pages, you are likely to learn much about viruses and about cells that you didn't know before; you'll discover illuminating parallels between diverse virus families; you'll come away with a sharpened awareness of important things that are still to be learned. Memphis, Tenn. , Summer 1984 David W. Kingsbury Preface This book was written at the suggestion of Dr. David W. Kingsbury made at a work shop on viruses organized by the Multiple Sclerosis Society in Aspen, Colorado, U. S. A. , three years ago. Originally, we had thought to focus on the morphological aspects of viral assembly. Later, during our discussions on the process of budding of enveloped RNA viruses, it became evident that we should include biochemical data in our review and correlate them with the structural aspects of virus maturation.

A sample of the most exciting developments in the cloning, manipulation, expression and application of genetically-engineered monoclonal antibodies. This rapidly-evolving field has witnessed the PCR combinatorial cloning of vast immunological diversity, in vitro mutagenesis of MAbs, MAbs created by transgenic animals, novel expression systems in plants, animals and lower systems, as well as a rich variety of genetically modified MAbs as potential therapeutic agents. Leading scientists from academia and industry present their own findings as well as short reviews of these research areas.