A conference on Metallurgical Effects at High Strain Rates was held at Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 5 through 8, 1973, under joint sponsorship of Sandia Laboratories and the Physical Metallurgy Committee of The Metallurgical Society of AIME. This book presents the written proceedings of the meeting. The purpose of the conference was to gather scientists from diverse disciplines and stimulate interdisciplinary discussions on key areas of materials response at high strain rates. In this spirit, it was similar to one of the first highly successful con ferences on this subject held in 1960, in Estes Park, Colorado, on The Response of Metals to High Velocity Deformation. The 1973 conference was able to demonstrate rather directly the increased understanding of high strain rate effects in metals that has evolved over a period of roughly 12 years. In keeping with the interdisciplinary nature of the meeting, the first day was devoted to a tutorial session of invited papers to provide attendees of diverse backgrounds with a common basis of understanding. Sessions were then held with themes centered around key areas of the high strain rate behavior of metals."

The International Symposium on Shape Memory Effects and Appli cations was held at the University of Toronto on May 19-20, 1975, in four sessions over two days, as part of the regular 1975 Spring Meeting of The Metallurgical Society of AlME, sponsored by the Physical Metallurgy Committee of The Metallurgical Society. This was the first symposium on the subject, the only previous meeting at all related being the 1968 NOL Symposium on TiNi and Associated Compounds. One of the major intentions of this Symposium was to provide a forum for cross-communication between workers in the diverse metallurgical areas pertinent to shape memory effects, areas such as martensitic transformation, crystallography and thermodynamics, mechanical behavior, stress-induced transformation, lattice sta bility, and alloy development. Authors were encouraged to place an emphasis on delineation of general controlling factors and mech anisms, and on comparison of shape memory effect alloy systems with systems not exhibiting SME."

The focus of this thesis is the computational modelling of transition metal bimetallic (nanoalloy) clusters. More specifically, the study of Pd-Pt, Ag-Pt, Au-Au and Pd-Au as a few tens of atoms in the gas phase. The author used a combination of global optimization techniques - coupled with a Gupta-type empirical many-body potential - and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to study the structures, bonding and chemical ordering, as well as investigate the chemisorptions of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on bimetallic clusters. This research is highly relevant to experimental catalytic studies and has resulted in more than seven publications in international journals.

Five years ago, the worldwide powder metallurgy fraternity gathered in New York City to attend the first international conference devoted entirely to powder metal lurgy to take place in the United States. It was a tentative venture, entered into by the sponsors with no idea as to whether it would fail or succeed. The only assurances we had were that the metal-powder producing and consuming industries were rapidly expanding and that powder metallurgy was truly becoming one of the international sciences. The 1960 Conference was successful not only in terms of attendance and interest, but also in terms of knowledge gained. The literature had been enriched by the contributions of its participants to foster and encourage this type of world wide exchange. Thus, another such conference was held in 1965-expanded in scope and supplemented by an exhibition of the latest advances in raw materials, processing equipment, and finished products of powder metallurgy. On behalf of the Conference sponsors-the Metal Powder Industries Federa tion, the American Powder Metallurgy Institute, and the Metallurgical Society of AIME-I thank all those who participated and who helped make the 1965 Interna tional Powder Metallurgy Conference a rewarding experience and memorable event in our industry's history. Support of the National Science Foundation, which made it possible for several speakers from abroad to participate in the program, is gratefully acknowledged.

This volume, the proceedings of a 1998 international workshop, provides experimental evidence of the effects of correlation on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials, as well as the theoretical/computational methodology that has been developed for their study.

In view of the dramatically increased interest in the study of grain boundaries during the past few years, the Physical Metal lurgy Committee of The Institute of Metals Division of The Metal lurgical Society, AIME, sponsored a four-session symposium on the NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES, at the TMS-AIME Fall Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, October 18-19, 1971. The main ob jectives of this symposium were to examine the more recent develop ments, theoretical and experimental, in our understanding of grain boundaries, and to stimulate further studies in these and related areas. This volume contains most of the papers presented at the Symposium. It is regrettable that space limitations allow the inclusion of only four of the unsolicited papers, in addition to thirteen invited papers. The papers are grouped into three sections according to their major content: STRUCTURE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES, ENERGETICS OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES, and GRAIN BOUNDARY MOTION AND RELATED PHENOMENA. Grain boundaries, or crystal interfaces, have been of both academic and practical interest for many years. An early seminar on "Metal Interfaces" was documented in 1952 by ASM. The Fourth Metallurgical Colloquium held in France, 1960, had a broad coverage on "Properties of Grain Boundaries". More recently the Australian Institute of Metals sponsored a conference on interfaces, with the proceedings being published by Butterworths in 1969.

In this, the only book available to combine both theoretical and practical aspects of x-ray diffraction, the authors emphasize a "hands on" approach through experiments and examples based on actual laboratory data. Part I presents the basics of x-ray diffraction and explains its use in obtaining structural and chemical information. In Part II, eight experimental modules enable the students to gain an appreciation for what information can be obtained by x-ray diffraction and how to interpret it. Examples from all classes of materials -- metals, ceramics, semiconductors, and polymers -- are included. Diffraction patterns and Bragg angles are provided for students without diffractometers. 192 illustrations.

Fermi Surfaces of Low-Dimensional Organic Metals and Superconductors is an introduction to quasi-one- and quasi-two-dimensional organic metals and a review of the current knowledge on the electronic structure of these materials. The principal structural, electronic, and superconducting properties are described and illustrated with many examples. The book introduces the basic theoretical concepts necessary for the understanding of the experimental techniques and reviews in detail recent results in the investigation of the Fermi surface topology. The book is intended both as an introduction and as a reference book for active researchers.

Aluminum P/M parts can be production sintered in various types of furnaces and atmospheres. Selection of sintering furnace depends upon economic considerations and production rates desired. Batch furnaces have lowest investment costs and are adequate for low to medium production whereas continuous furnaces are more costly but provide higher production rates. strong, well-sintered P/M parts can be obtained in atmos pheres of nitrogen, dissociated ammonia and in vacuum. Atmos phere selection depends upon facilities available within individual plants plus property requirements. Highest strengths are produced in nitrogen followed by vacuum and dissociated ammonia. Repro ducible dimensions can be achieved with proper attention to com pact density, sintering temperature, dew point and atmosphere. REFERENCES 1. J. H. Dudas and W. A. Dean, "'llie Production of Precision Aluminum P/M Parts," International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 5, April, 1969. 2. P. F. Mathews, "Effects of Processing Variables on the Properties of Sintered Aluminum Compacts,!! International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 4, October, 1968. 3. J. H. Dudas and K. J. Brondyke, "Aluminum P/M Parts - Their Properties and Performance,!! Technical Paper No. 700141, Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., Two Pennsylvania Plaza, New York, New York, 10001. 4. K. R. Van Horn (Editor), Aluminum Vol. I, pp. 26-28, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, 1967.

Sintering of powder metal compacts is one of the basic oper ations in powder metallurgy. The useful properties of a machine part are obtained after considerable densification of the sintered material. Although the mechanical properties of the part depend on other structural factors besides porosity, porosity is the main factor. Usually, the practical problem in sintering is to obtain a part with the desired or permissible porosity. Thus, knowledge of the laws governing densification and its final result is neces sary to control this process in the production of powder metal parts. The laws governing densification are also important for a more exact physical theory of sintering, which is still in the initial stages of its development. Such processes as the change in the density of lattice defects and the flow of crystalline substances during sintering have not yet received a complete physical inter pretation. Analysis of the laws of sintering may provide addition al material for more complete phenomenological characteristics of these processes that will be useful for further development of theoretical concepts of the flow of imperfect crystals under small loads. Although a substantial amount of experimental material has been accumulated, generalizations are still difficult.

This book was first published in 1995. Interactions between microbes and metals have a huge economic importance. Metallic structures and apparatus can be corroded, leading to reduced efficiency of operation and even danger to users. However, micro-organisms have enormous potential for the removal of economically important metals from their ores. Specialists cover the different aspects of the subject in separate chapters, which include marine corrosion and the prospects and management of biomining bacteria. The chemical and electrochemical aspects and the prospects for controlling the positive and negative effects of these micro-organisms are covered in detail. Mining and oil industries engineers and researchers will find the contents of this book extremely pertinent. Researchers in biotechnology, metallurgy and microbiology will also find much of interest here.

Since the introduction of the first commercial inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instruments in 1983, the technique has gained rapid and wide acceptance in many analytical laboratories. There are now well over 400 instruments installed worldwide, which are being used in a range of disciplines for the analysis of geological, environmental, water, medical, biological, metallurgical, nuclear and industrial samples. Experience oflCP-MS in many laboratories is limited, and there is therefore a need for a handbook containing practical advice in addition to fundamental informa tion. Such a handbook would be useful not only to users new to the technique, but also to users with some experience who wish to expand their knowledge of the subject. Therefore we have written this book for users in a variety of fields with differing levels of experience and expertise. The first two chapters provide a brief history of ICP-MS and discussions of design concepts, ICP physical processes, and fundamental principles of instrument operation. Armed with this background knowledge, users will be better equipped to evaluate advantages and limitations of the technique. Detailed descriptions and information for instrumental components are provided in chapter 3. Subsequent chapters deal with the practical aspects of sample analysis by ICP-MS. Whether samples are to be analysed in liquid, solid .or gaseous form is always an important consideration, and there is a wide choice of sample introduction techniques."

Semisolid metallurgy (SSM) is now some 37-years-old in terms of time from its conception and ?rst reduction to practice in the laboratory. In the intervening years, there has been a steadily growing body of research on the subject and the beginning of signi?cant industrial applications. The overall ?eld of SSM comprises today a large number of speci?c process routes, almost all of which fall in the category of either "Rheocasting" or Thi- casting." The former begins with liquid metal and involves agitation during partial solidi?cation followed by forming. The latter begins with solid metal of suitable structure and involves heating to the desired fraction solid and forming. Research over the past 37 years, and particularly over the last decade, has provided a detailed picture of process fundamentals and led to a wide range of speci?c SSM processes and process innovations. Industrial studies and actual p- duction experience are providing a growing picture of the process advantages and limitations. At this time, the conditions for eventual wide adoption of SSM appear favorable, both for nonferrous and ferrous alloys. It must, however, be recognized that major innovations, such as SSM become adopted only slowly by industries where capital costsarehigh,pro?tmarginsaremodest,andfailuretomeetcustomercommitments carries a high penalty.

The contents of this volume cover all the major activities associated with small-scale steelmaking in mini-steelworks (except Direct Reduction, on which two comprehensive volumes have recently appeared - see refs 11 & 12, Chapter 2). There is, of course, an immediate problem of agreeing on a suitable definition of mini-steelworks and the entrepreneurial nature of many businesses based on the mini-steelplant route compounds this problem. Nevertheless, as is shown by the lucid review in the opening chapter, it is quite possible to derive a working definition of a mini steelworks. The succeeding chapters deal with steelmaking in a linear fashion; a survey of raw materials supply being followed by independent analyses of arc furnace practice, casting and rolling. The volume is rounded off by a consideration of the important topics of energy costs and environmental factors. As anyone associated with iron and steelmaking well knows, the indus try is not the exclusive preserve of the metallurgist, although he plays a prominent role in its activities. For this reason, it is hoped that the level of treatment will commend the book to a wide readership. that includes non-metallurgical professionals in plant management and elsewhere, as well as industrial metallurgists. Lecturers in universities, polytechnics and colleges of further education should find this volume useful as a course reader for final year and postgraduate studies of steelmaking."

The first International Conference on Thermoelectric Properties of Metallic Conductors was held at Michigan State University on August 10-12, 1977. The conference was sponsored and supported by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research and the Ford Motor Company. Although the topic may appear, at first glance, rather narrow and of limited interest, it impacts significantly on numerous fields of research, in each instance providing a unique and fru- ful technique for securing important data that is frequently difficult to obtain by other means. Thus, though thermoelectricity is the thread that binds these pages together, the papers constitute a patchwork quilt that includes critical phenomena, superconductivity, many-body theory, quasi one-dimensional systems, liquid metals, to mention only a few. This volume contains the 12 invited and 31 contributed papers, arranged in the order in which they were presented, as well as much of the frequently spirited and always illuminating discussion that followed these papers. Regrettably, not all of the discussion is included. Difficulties with the recording system during the first session (Wednesday morning) did not become apparent before the end of that session, and, consequently, none of the discussion--some of it fairly heated--appears in the proceedings; other remarks were lost to posterity through occasional malfunctioning of the record ing facilities and/or failure of speakers to come near a microphone."

During recent years, people involved in developing new metals and materials for use in some of the rather extreme conditions of stress, temperature, and environment have relied heavily on the microstructural condition of their materials. In fact, many of the newer materials, such as dispersion-strengthened alloys, have been designed almost entirely by first determining the microstruc ture desired and then finding the right combination of composition, heat treatment, and mechanical working that will result in the de sired microstructure. Furthermore, the extremely high reliability required of materials used today, for example, in aerospace and nuclear energy systems, requires close control on the microstruc tural conditions of materials. This is clearly evident from even a cursory examination of recently written specifications for mate rials where rather precise microstructural parameters are stipu lated. Whereas specifications written several years ago may have included microstructural requirements for details such as ASTM grain size or graphite type, today's specifications are beginning to include such things as volume fraction of phases, mean free path of particles, and grain intercept distances. Rather arbitrary terms such as "medium pearlite" have been replaced by requirements such as "interlamella spacing not to exceed 0. 1 micron. " Finally, materials users have become increasingly aware that when a material does fail, the reason for its failure may be found by examining and "reading" its microstructure. The responsibility for a particular microstructure and a resulting failure is a matter of growing importance in current product liability consider ations."

Properties of alloys are determined to a considerable extent by the form. the dispersity. the composition, and the quantitative relationships of the structural components. This monograph is an attempt to present the mechanism of the formation of the structure of alloys from the viewpoint of the most modern theory of phase transformations. The metastable state is treated at length be cause there are few data in the literature up to the present time. The book concerns the conditions determining the creation of the different phases in alloys. The forma tion of crystals of different compositions and dispersities is described. The cause of different degrees of metasta bility of alloys, the mechanism of the transformation of metastable systems into the stable state, and other problems are analyzed. The most widely used alloys were investigated. The authors tend to avoid demonstrations based on cumbersome calculations and whenever possible replace them with conceptual models. Some of the problems described here resulted from discussions during the seminar of the Metal Science Faculty of the Dnepropetrovsk Metallurgical Institute, directed by K. P. Bunin. The basic experiments were made by the author in the laboratory of the Department of Metal Physics of Dnepropetrovsk State University in collaboration with E. V. Finagin, A. N. Shul'diner, E. Z. Graifer, E. . Psarev. . I. Pesetskii, V. 1. L'nyanyi and I. S. Miroshnichenko."

Elements of Rapid Solidification: Fundamentals and Applications is the product of many years of concentrated work in the field of rapid solidification and processing. This quasi-monograph is unique in two ways. It brings together the talent of many international scientists in an effort to focus attention on all aspects of a new scientific field and it concentrates on fundamentals and practical applications. Simply stated, this book has been written by the senior students in the field of rapid solidification technology for the new generation of solid-state physicists, materials scientists, materials engineers, metallurgists and ceramicists.

One of the most effective methods of increasing the wear resistance, hardness, surface strength and high-temperature oxidation resistance of metals and alloys is the diffusion satu ration of the surfaces by metals and nonmetals. For communicating and discussing the results of the numerous researches carried out in this field in the Department of PJ: tysicotechnical Problems of Materials Science, Academy of Sciences of the UkrSSR, a permanent Scientific Seminar was set up in 1961, which enjoys an ever-increasing popularity among specialists in this field. The present collection contains papers read at the Third Session of this Seminar, held on September 25-28, 1963. The compilers of the collection and the authors of the papers hope that its publication in the U. S. A. will enable American specialists to become acquainted with the main lines along which corresponding work is being conducted in the USSR. This should contribute to an ex change of scientific experience in this interesting field which is of such great practical impor tance. G. V. Samsonov PREFACE This collection is comprised of papers relating to the diffusion saturation of metals and to coatings of refractory compounds. The papers discuss current problems in the theory and practice of the production of diffusion coatings on metallic materials. A means of classifying the methods of diffusion saturation is proposed, and a new method is described for calculating the diffusion parameters in a heterogeneous medium."

FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF STRUCTURAL ALLOY DESIGN is the proceedings of the tenth Battelle Colloquium in the Materials Sciences, held in Seattle, Washington, and Harrison Hot Springs, B.C., September 15-19, 1975. The theme of the conference was the emerging science of alloy design. Although the relationships of properties of alloys to their composition and structure have long been a dominant theme in physical metallurgy, it is only recently that metallurgists have turned their attention from the analytical, post hoc study of the structure-property relationship to the synthesis approach of alloy design. As usual in the Battelle colloquia, the first day started with a group of introductory lectures presented by leaders in the field, each emphasizing his personal approach to the problem. This provided a historical perspective for the colloquium. These papers, together with the banquet address of Professor J. R. Low, Jr., who was honored at the colloquium, comprise the introductory section of these proceedings. Alloy design is generally specific to a given application. Thus, the needs in alloy design in a number of important applications, gas turbines, electrical-power-generation equipment, airframes, pressure vessels, and nuclear applications were presented in a group of papers. An agenda discus sion on "Needs in Alloy Design" followed. These papers give the external constraints on alloy design applications, and criteria for mechanical, physical, and chemical properties for which the alloys must be designed."

/.letallography is much more than taking striking pictures at high magnifications or polishing and etching specimens in such a way that no scratches can be seen. Basically, metallography is the physical metallurgist's most useful and most used tool for studying metals. Although it is perhaps his oldest tool, it certainly is not likely to become obsolete. Rather, the continued demands that have been placed upon materials have required more detailed charac terizations of their microstructures and this, in turn, has re quired the metallographer to develop new techniques to make these characterizations. Not too many years ago, the metallographer had only optical microscopes with which to examine his specimens. Now he has elec tron microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, and a whole host of instruments which were unknown to him only a relatively few years ago. This has forced him to learn not only how to use these new instruments and how to interpret the information that they provide but it also has made him develop new techniques for preparing the samples for examination."

The idea of this conference grew out of the rapidly increas ing volume of experimental facts. and theoretical concepts related to the problem of crystal-field effects in metals and alloys. The crystal field plays an important role in the understanding of the energetic level structure of ions in condensed matter. In partic ular, the magnetic properties of rare earth metals and alloys are strongly influenced by the crystal field. In the phenomenological theory the crystal field successfully describes the static and dynamic magnetic properties of these systems. On the other hand the microscopic origin of the crystal field in metals is not yet fully understood. However, recent years have seen some of the areas of crystal-field effects mature to the point that they should be summarized and brought to the active notice of a larger audience. In addition, a number of exciting developments have occured which deserve attention. This book contains 13 invited and 45 contributed papers pres ented at the 2nd international conference on crystal-field effects in metals and alloys held at ZUrich, Switzerland, September 1-4, 1976. Emphasis was placed on the following specific categories of interest: spin waves and excitons, soft modes and critical effects, magnetic properties, physical properties influenced by crystal field effects, actinides and valency. Because the conference was relatively small, about 120 participants, and because the topic was relatively narrow, recent work in the field could be treated thor oughly and the present state of knowledge assessed comprehensively."

All significant studies agree that aqueous corrosion continues to cost nations dearly in almost every area of technological endeavour. Over the past ten years, microcomputers have facilitated an explosion in the power of modelling as a technique in science and engineering. In corrosion they have enabled better understanding of polarization curves, they have transformed the scope of electrochemical impedance measurements and they have placed a large range of electrochemistry at the fingertips of the corrosion scientist. This book focuses on the models, rather than the computing, which have been made possible during the past decade. Aimed at all those with an interest in corrosion and its control, the book draws together the range of new modelling strands, suggests new avenues of approach and generates further momentum for improvements to corrosion management, whether by increased understanding of atomistic processes or by control of large plant.

It is well known that the density of molecular hydrogen can be increased by compression and/or cooling, the ultimate limit in density being that of liquid hydrogen. It is less well known that hydrogen densities of twice that of liquid hydrogen can be obtained by intercalating hydrogen gas into metals. The explanation of this unusual paradox is that the absorption of molecular hydrogen, which in TiFe and LaNis is reversible and occurs at ambient temperature and pressure, involves the formation of hydrogen atoms at the surface of a metal. The adsorbed hydrogen atom then donates its electron to the metal conduction band and migrates into the metal as the much smaller proton. These protons are easily accomodated in interstitial sites in the metal lattice, and the resulting metal hydrides can be thought of as compounds formed by the reaction of hydrogen with metals, alloys, and intermetallic compounds. The practical applications of metal hydrides span a wide range of technologies, a range which may be subdivided on the basis of the hydride property on which the application is based. The capacity of the metal hydrides for hydrogen absorption is the basis for batteries as well as for hydrogen storage, gettering, and purification. The temperature-pressure characteristics of metal hydrides are the basis for hydrogen compressors, sensors, and actuators. The latent heat of the hydride formation is the basis for heat storage, heat pumps, and refrigerators.

The first International Conference on Ageing Studies and Lifetime Extension of Materials was held on th July 12-14 , 1999 at St. Catherine's College, Oxford, United Kingdom. Over 230 delegates attended during the three days and heard nearly ninety papers, together with over thirty poster presentations. Sixteen of these papers were keynotes from invited speakers eminent in their field of research. The proceedings were organised into six separate sessions: observation and understanding of real-time and accelerated ageing; experimental techniques; modelling and theoretical studies; lifetime prediction and validation; lifetime extension; and material design for ageing. In doing this, it was hoped to cover most issues of scientific concern inthefield ofmaterials ageing. One important aspect was that the conference did not concentrateon any particular group or type ofmaterial; rather the aim was to attract contributions from workers engaged in ageing studies with as wide a range of materials as possible. In this way, it was hoped that delegates could interactwith and learnfrom those whom they perhapswould not normally come across and that metallurgists could learn from polymer scientists, ceramicists could talk to modellers, and so on, in this important field. A read through the diverse papers contained within these proceedings will confirm that this aim was happily satisfied. Why hold such a meeting? In the modem world, engineered systems are expected to last longer.