MICROELECTRONIC INTERCONNECTIONS AND MICROASSEMBL Y WORKSHOP 18-21 May 1996, Prague, Czech Republic Conference Organizers: George Harman, NIST (USA) and Pavel Mach (Czech Republic) Summary of the Technical Program Thirty two presentations were given in eight technical sessions at the Workshop. A list of these sessions and their chairpersons is attached below. The Workshop was devoted to the technical aspects of advanced interconnections and microassembly, but also included papers on the education issues required to prepare students to work in these areas. In addition to new technical developments, several papers presented overviews predicting the future directions of these technologies. The basic issue is that electronic systems will continue to be miniaturized and at the same time performance must continue to improve. Various industry roadmaps were discussed as well as new smaller packaging and interconnection concepts. The newest chip packages are often based on the selection of an appropriate interconnection method. An example is the chip-scale package, which has horizontal (x-y) dimensions,;; 20% larger than the actual silicon chip itself. The chip is often flip-chip connected to a micro ball-grid-array, but direct chip attach was described also. Several papers described advances in the manufacture of such packages.

This vohune contains the papers presented at the Adriatico Research Conference on Structural and Phase Stability of Alloys held in Trieste, Italy, in May 1991, under the auspices of the International Centre for Theoretical Physics. The conference brought together participants with a variety of interests in theoretical and experimental aspects of alloys from Argentina, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechslovakia, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, People's Republic of Congo, Portugal, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, U. S. S. R., and Venezuela. The conference was purposely designed to succinctly cover experimental and the oretical aspects of magnetic and non-magnetic alloys, surfaces, thin films and nanos tructures. The Conference opened with an overview of a select class of advanced structural materials, with a potential in engineering applications, for which the con ventional "physics" approach, both theoretical and experimental, should have a sig nificant impact. A number of papers were dedicated to the use of phenomenological approaches for the description of thermodynamic bulk and surface properties. It was clear from these presentations that the phenomenological models and simulations in alloy theory have reached a high degree of sophistication. Although with somewhat limited predictive powers, the phenomenological models provide a valuable tool for the understanding of a variety of subtle phenomena such as short-range order, phase stability, kinetics and the thermodynamics of surfaces and antiphase boundaries, to name a few."

The microanalytical technique of atom probe tomography (APT) permits the spatial coordinates and elemental identities of the individual atoms within a small volume to be determined with near atomic resolution. Therefore, atom probe tomography provides a technique for acquiring atomic resolution three dimensional images of the solute distribution within the microstructures of materials. This monograph is designed to provide researchers and students the necessary information to plan and experimentally conduct an atom probe tomography experiment. The techniques required to visualize and to analyze the resulting three-dimensional data are also described. The monograph is organized into chapters each covering a specific aspect of the technique. The development of this powerful microanalytical technique from the origins offield ion microscopy in 1951, through the first three-dimensional atom probe prototype built in 1986 to today's commercial state-of-the-art three dimensional atom probe is documented in chapter 1. A general introduction to atom probe tomography is also presented in chapter 1. The various methods to fabricate suitable needle-shaped specimens are presented in chapter 2. The procedure to form field ion images of the needle-shaped specimen is described in chapter 3. In addition, the appearance of microstructural features and the information that may be estimated from field ion microscopy are summarized. A brief account of the theoretical basis for processes of field ionization and field evaporation is also included.

This book examines rare earth elements (REEs), materials, and metals that are critical to modern life. These serve as crucial ingredients in the latest technologies including electronics, electric motors, magnets, batteries, generators, energy storage systems (supercapacitors/pseudocapacitors), specialty alloys, and other emerging applications. REEs are used in various sectors including health care, transportation, power generation, petroleum refining, and consumer electronics. The Science of Rare Earth Elements: Concepts and Applications defines these elements, their histories, properties, and current and potential future applications across a wide range of industries across the world. It also discusses the environmental benefits, such as components in electric vehicles, wind turbines, solar applications, and energy storage systems. Conversely, the book also examines the liabilities of mining these REEs.

The problem of developing metal matrix (MCM) and metal-polymer (MPCM) composite materials is one of the most important in present day materials technology, for its solution is pivotal to the development of a number of leading technologies. The development of new fibrous and lamellar composite materials with improved physico-chemical, electrical, thermal and other properties is a springboard for qualitative scientific and technological advances not only in aerospace and shipbuilding technologies, but also in mechanical, power, electronic, electrical, radio engineering, transport, construction and other industries. The volume reviews the results of research programmes ac complished in recent years by Soviet scientists in the development of composite materials based on aluminium and magnesium matrices, polymatrix composites (composite materials) with metal and polymeric matrices reinforced with boron and carbon fibres, steel wire, fibre glass and other fillers. The volume also reviews present-day physico-chemical fundamen tals and basic principles for developing and optimizing metal matrix composites, and describes the most expedient and efficient methods of MCM and MPCM manufacturing. Special attention is devoted to the issue of manufacturing MCM structural members, and their machin ing and plastic working, as well as to coupling techniques."

Metal matrix composites are making tangible inroads into the "real" world of engineering. They are used in engineering components such as brake rotors, aircraft parts, combustion engines, and heat sinks for electronic systems. Yet, outside a relatively limited circle of specialists, these materials are mostly unknown. Designers do not as a rule think of using these materials, in part because access to information is difficult as these materials have not really entered engineering handbooks. Metal Matrix Composites in Industry is thus useful to engineers who wish to gain introductory knowledge of these materials and who want to know where "to find" them. Additionally, it provides researchers and academics with a survey of current industrial activity in this area of technology.

Ordered intermetallics constitute a unique class of metallic materials which may be developed as new-generation materials for structural use at high temperatures in hostile environments. At present, there is a worldwide interest in intermetallics, and extensive efforts have been devoted to intermetallic research and development in the U.S., Japan, European countries, and other nations. As a result, significant advances have been made in all areas of intermetallic research. This NATO Advanced Workshop on ordered intermetallics (1) reviews the recent progress, and (2) assesses the future direction of intermetallic research in the areas of electronic structure and phase stability, deformation and fracture, and high-temperature properties. The book is divided into six parts: (1) Electronic Structure and Phase Stability; (2) Deformation and Dislocation Structures; (3) Ductility and Fracture; (4) Kinetic Processes and Creep Behavior; (5) Research Programs and Highlights; and (6) Assessment of Current Research and Recommendation for Future Work. The first four parts review the recent advances in the three focus areas. The fifth part provides highlights of the intermetallic research under major programs and in different institutes and countries. The last part provides a forum for the discussion of research areas for future studies.

This concise survey describes the requirements on materials operating in high-temperature environments and the processes that increase the temperature capability of metals, ceramics, and composites. The major part deals with the applicable materials and their specific properties, with one entire chapter devoted to coatings. Written for engineering and science students, researchers, and managers in industry.

The phase transformation from liquid to solid is a phenomenon central to a wide range of manufacturing and natural processes. The presence of phase transformation can drive convection in the melt through the liberation of latent heat, the rejection of solute, and the change of density upon freezing. The fluid mechanics itself can playa central role; the phase transformation can be strongly altered by convective transport in the liquid through the modification of the thermal and solutal environment of the solid-liquid interface; these local fields control the freezing characteristics at the interface. The convection can be generated naturally by buoyancy forces arising from gradients of temperature and concentration in the liquid, by density changes upon freezing, and by thermocapillary and solutocapillary forces on liquid-solid interfaces. The interactive coupling between solidification and convection forms the subject of this volume. Such coupled processes are significant on a large range of scales. Among the applications of interest are the manufacture of single crystals, the processing of surfaces using laser or molecular beams, and the processes of soldering and welding. One wants to understand and predict macrosegregation in castings, transport and fractionation in geological and geophysical systems, and heat accumulation in energy redistribution and storage systems. This volume contains papers presented at the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on "Interactive Dynamics of Convection and Solidification" held in Chamonix, France, March 8-13, 1992.

Data on the synthesis and physicochemical studies of salts of mono- or dibasic unsaturated carboxylic acids and macromolecular metal carboxylates are generalised and described systematically in this monograph. The structures and properties of the COO group in various compounds and characteristic features of the structures of carboxylate are analysed. The main routes and kinetics of polymerisation transformations of unsaturated metal carboxylates are considered. The attention is focused on the effect of the metal ion on the monomer reactivity and the polymer morphology and structure. The possibility of stereochemical control of radical polymerisation of unsaturated metal carboxylates is demonstrated. The electronic, magnetic, optical, absorption and thermal properties of metal (co)polymers and nanocomposites and their main applications are also considered.

The development of new experimental techniques to study phenomena, such as the anomalous skin effect, cyclotron resonance in magnetic fields normal to then metal surface, and high-frequency properties of metals, as well as the discovery of collective excitations arising from electron-electron correlations, have offered a new impetus for the analysis of the electronic properties of metals. This book discusses the local geometry of the Fermi surface and its effects on high-frequency phenomena in metals and metallic conductors. After an introductory chapter reviewing the electron-liquid theory of metals the discussion turns to techniques useful in analyzing properties of real Fermi surfaces, which are rarely spherical. In subsequent chapters these techniques are applied to concrete problems such as the anomalous skin effect, cyclotron resonance, attenuation of ultrasonic fields, dopplerons, the effects of zero-curvature portions of the Fermi surface, and the behavior of the Fermi surface in low-dimensional structures.

This book starts with an extended introductory treatise on the fundamentals before moving on to a detailed description of the new methods of purification of transition metals and rare earth metals.

Microcluster Physics provides a lucid account of the fundamental physics of all types of microclusters, outlining the dynamics and static properties of this new phase of matter intermediate between a solid and a molecule. Since originally published in 1991, the field of microclusters has experienced surprising developments, which are reviewed in this new edition: The determination of atomic structure, spontaneous alloying, super-shell, fission, fragmentation, evaporation, magnetism, fullerenes, nanotubes, atomic structure of large silicon clusters, superfluidity of a He cluster, water clusters in liquid, electron correlation and optimizsation of the geometry, and scattering.

The merging of the concept of introduction of asymmetry of the wave vector space of the charge carriers in semiconductors with the modern techniques of fabric- ing nanostructured materials such as MBE, MOCVD, and FLL in one, two, and three dimensions (such as ultrathin ?lms, nipi structures, inversion and accumu- tion layers, quantum well superlattices, carbon nanotubes, quantum wires, quantum wire superlattices, quantumdots, magnetoinversionand accumulationlayers, qu- tum dot superlattices, etc. ) spawns not only useful quantum effect devices but also unearth new concepts in the realm of nanostructured materials science and related disciplines. It is worth remaking that these semiconductor nanostructures occupy a paramount position in the entire arena of low-dimensional science and technology by their own right and ?nd extensive applications in quantum registers, resonant tunneling diodes and transistors, quantum switches, quantum sensors, quantum logic gates, heterojunction ?eld-effect, quantum well and quantum wire trans- tors, high-speed digital networks, high-frequency microwave circuits, quantum cascade lasers, high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy, superlattice photo-oscillator, advanced integrated circuits, superlattice photocathodes, thermoelectric devices, superlattice coolers, thin ? lm transistors, intermediate-band solar cells, micro- tical systems, high-performanceinfrared imaging systems, bandpass ?lters, thermal sensors, optical modulators, optical switching systems, single electron/molecule electronics, nanotube based diodes, and other nanoelectronic devices.

"High Performance Grinding and Advanced Cutting Tools" discusses the fundamentals and advances in high performance grinding processes, and provides a complete overview of newly-developing areas in the field. Topics covered are grinding tool formulation and structure, grinding wheel design and conditioning and applications using high performance grinding wheels. Also included are heat treatment strategies for grinding tools, using grinding tools for high speed applications, laser-based and diamond dressing techniques, high-efficiency deep grinding, VIPER grinding, and new grinding wheels.

Thisbookiswrittenforthosescientistsandengineerswhowishtounderstand the synthesis, physical and chemical properties, and applications of inorganic and metallic nanotubular materials. The original version of this book, written inJapanese,coveredthoseoforganic,inorganic,andmetallicnanotubular- terials or almost all the other nanotubular materials than carbon nanotubes. This English version is concerned with only the chapters of inorganic and metallic nanotubular materials. In most industries worldwide, recent attention is unexceptionally focused on the research and development of highly functional new materials or te- nologies leading to energetically highly e?cient activities. Nanotubular - terials are one of the materials with such technological potentials because of their nano-sized unique structures available, for example, functionalization at their internal and external surfaces. In 1991, Dr. S. Iijima discovered a tu- lar material of carbon and named it carbon nanotubes. Since then, worldwide attention has been focused on the basic and functional properties of the novel materials and in more recent times the research phase has developed into an advanced stage based on strategic researches toward various applications. Carbon nanotubes have thus become synonymous with nanotubular materials and still more a symbol of nanotechnology because of their unique, valuable, and versatile properties.

A conference on Metallurgical Effects at High Strain Rates was held at Albuquerque, New Mexico, February 5 through 8, 1973, under joint sponsorship of Sandia Laboratories and the Physical Metallurgy Committee of The Metallurgical Society of AIME. This book presents the written proceedings of the meeting. The purpose of the conference was to gather scientists from diverse disciplines and stimulate interdisciplinary discussions on key areas of materials response at high strain rates. In this spirit, it was similar to one of the first highly successful con ferences on this subject held in 1960, in Estes Park, Colorado, on The Response of Metals to High Velocity Deformation. The 1973 conference was able to demonstrate rather directly the increased understanding of high strain rate effects in metals that has evolved over a period of roughly 12 years. In keeping with the interdisciplinary nature of the meeting, the first day was devoted to a tutorial session of invited papers to provide attendees of diverse backgrounds with a common basis of understanding. Sessions were then held with themes centered around key areas of the high strain rate behavior of metals."

The International Symposium on Shape Memory Effects and Appli cations was held at the University of Toronto on May 19-20, 1975, in four sessions over two days, as part of the regular 1975 Spring Meeting of The Metallurgical Society of AlME, sponsored by the Physical Metallurgy Committee of The Metallurgical Society. This was the first symposium on the subject, the only previous meeting at all related being the 1968 NOL Symposium on TiNi and Associated Compounds. One of the major intentions of this Symposium was to provide a forum for cross-communication between workers in the diverse metallurgical areas pertinent to shape memory effects, areas such as martensitic transformation, crystallography and thermodynamics, mechanical behavior, stress-induced transformation, lattice sta bility, and alloy development. Authors were encouraged to place an emphasis on delineation of general controlling factors and mech anisms, and on comparison of shape memory effect alloy systems with systems not exhibiting SME."

The focus of this thesis is the computational modelling of transition metal bimetallic (nanoalloy) clusters. More specifically, the study of Pd-Pt, Ag-Pt, Au-Au and Pd-Au as a few tens of atoms in the gas phase. The author used a combination of global optimization techniques - coupled with a Gupta-type empirical many-body potential - and Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to study the structures, bonding and chemical ordering, as well as investigate the chemisorptions of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on bimetallic clusters. This research is highly relevant to experimental catalytic studies and has resulted in more than seven publications in international journals.

Five years ago, the worldwide powder metallurgy fraternity gathered in New York City to attend the first international conference devoted entirely to powder metal lurgy to take place in the United States. It was a tentative venture, entered into by the sponsors with no idea as to whether it would fail or succeed. The only assurances we had were that the metal-powder producing and consuming industries were rapidly expanding and that powder metallurgy was truly becoming one of the international sciences. The 1960 Conference was successful not only in terms of attendance and interest, but also in terms of knowledge gained. The literature had been enriched by the contributions of its participants to foster and encourage this type of world wide exchange. Thus, another such conference was held in 1965-expanded in scope and supplemented by an exhibition of the latest advances in raw materials, processing equipment, and finished products of powder metallurgy. On behalf of the Conference sponsors-the Metal Powder Industries Federa tion, the American Powder Metallurgy Institute, and the Metallurgical Society of AIME-I thank all those who participated and who helped make the 1965 Interna tional Powder Metallurgy Conference a rewarding experience and memorable event in our industry's history. Support of the National Science Foundation, which made it possible for several speakers from abroad to participate in the program, is gratefully acknowledged.

This volume, the proceedings of a 1998 international workshop, provides experimental evidence of the effects of correlation on the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of materials, as well as the theoretical/computational methodology that has been developed for their study.

High-technology and environmental applications of the rare-earth elements (REE) have grown dramatically in diversity and importance over the past four decades. This book provides a scientific understanding of rare earth properties and uses, present and future. It also points the way to efficient recycle of the rare earths in end-of-use products and efficient use of rare earths in new products. Scientists and students will appreciate the book's approach to the availability, structure and properties of rare earths and how they have led to myriad critical uses, present and future. Experts should buy this book to get an integrated picture of production and use (present and future) of rare earths and the science behind this picture. This book will prove valuable to.non-scientists as well in order to get an integrated picture of production and use of rare earths in the 21st Century, and the science behind this picture.

In view of the dramatically increased interest in the study of grain boundaries during the past few years, the Physical Metal lurgy Committee of The Institute of Metals Division of The Metal lurgical Society, AIME, sponsored a four-session symposium on the NATURE AND BEHAVIOR OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES, at the TMS-AIME Fall Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, October 18-19, 1971. The main ob jectives of this symposium were to examine the more recent develop ments, theoretical and experimental, in our understanding of grain boundaries, and to stimulate further studies in these and related areas. This volume contains most of the papers presented at the Symposium. It is regrettable that space limitations allow the inclusion of only four of the unsolicited papers, in addition to thirteen invited papers. The papers are grouped into three sections according to their major content: STRUCTURE OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES, ENERGETICS OF GRAIN BOUNDARIES, and GRAIN BOUNDARY MOTION AND RELATED PHENOMENA. Grain boundaries, or crystal interfaces, have been of both academic and practical interest for many years. An early seminar on "Metal Interfaces" was documented in 1952 by ASM. The Fourth Metallurgical Colloquium held in France, 1960, had a broad coverage on "Properties of Grain Boundaries". More recently the Australian Institute of Metals sponsored a conference on interfaces, with the proceedings being published by Butterworths in 1969.