This book provides a working knowledge of the modeling and engineering applications of shape memory alloys (SMAs), beginning with a rigorous introduction to continuum mechanics and continuum thermodynamics as they relate to the development of SMA modeling.Modern SMAs can recover from large amounts of bending and deformation, and millions of repetitions within recoverable ranges. SMAs are used in the medical industry to create stents, in the dental industry to create dental and orthodontic archwires, and in the aerospace industry to create fluid fittings. The text presents a unified approach to the constitutive modeling of SMAs, including modeling of magnetic and high temperature SMAs.

The application of microbiological methods to the extraction of metals from minerals has definitely gained a prominent role and is supported by the several bioleaching and biooxidation processes operating in different sites over the world. In recent years, new techniques and new results about proteomic and bioinformatics offer a new perspective on the microbial processes.This book focuses on the basic aspects of the process with special emphasis on recent contributions regarding the chemical and microbial aspects of the bioleaching process and the use of microorganisms in the treatment of complex ores and concentrates. It has been written by recognized researchers in order to introduce the main subjects of microbial processing to undergraduate and postgraduate students, scientists working in this field as well as interested industrialists.

Structure of Metals GRYSTALLOGRAPHIG METHODS, PRINCIPLES, AND - DATA BY CHARLES H. BARRETT, PH. D. Associate Professor of Metallurgical Engineering and Member of Staff of the Metals Research Laboratory Carnegie Institute of Technology FIRST EDITION F 1 FT 1 1 I M PRESS ION MoGBAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NEW YORK AND LONDON 1943 STRUCTURE OF MKTALS COPYRIGHT. 1943, BY THE MrGRAW-HiLL BOOK COMPANY, INC. PRINTED IK THB UNITED STATES OF AMERICA All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. PREFACE This book is intended to serve both as a text and as a reference book. The portions intended for classroom use have been written for courses in crystallography, particularly the courses offered to students of metallurgy. It is primarily intended for graduate courses, but a number of chapters are at a level appropriate for advanced undergraduate courses in applied x-rays, crystallography, and physical metallurgy Chaps. I to IV, IX to XI, XIII. In an effort to make the book more readable, certain advanced topics on x-ray diffraction and various tables of data have been placed in appendixes, and laboratory manipulations that would not interest the general reader have been printed in smaller type. The first four chapters of this book explain the fundamentals of crystal lattices and projections, and the general principles of the diffrac tion of x-rays from Crystals. Chapters V to VII cover the technique of x-ray diffraction, presenting the operating details of the methods that are in common use. Several chapters are included on the applica tions of x-ray diffraction in the field of physical metallurgy, covering techniques fordetermining constitution diagrams, identifying unknown materials, determining crystal structures, determining the orientation of single crystals, detecting and analyzing preferred orientations, and measuring stresses. One chapter is devoted to electron diffraction, its metallurgical uses, and the precautions to be observed in interpreting electron diffrac tion data. The electron microscope receives only a brief mention because at the time the manuscript was written the metallographic technique for this instrument was still being rapidly developed and, except for particle-size determinations, the instrument had not yet achieved the status of a widely accepted tool in metallographic or crystallographic research. The last half of the book is devoted to the results of research and contains extensive reviews of fields that are of current interest. In assembling these summaries, an effort has been made to include an ade quate number of references to the literature, to cover thoroughly the subjects that have not been extensively reviewed in readily available publications, and to maintain a critical but unbiased attitude toward the data and conclusions that are reviewed. The subjects treated include the following principles governing the crystal structure of metals and vi PREPACK alloys supcrlattices and their effect on properties imperfections in crystals the structure of liquid metals the processes of slip, twinning, and fracture and modern theories of these processes, including the cur rent dislocation theory the effects of cold work and annealing on the structure of metals, including the effects on diffraction patterns of static and fatigue stressing, rolling, grinding, and polishing theresults of x-ray studies of internal stresses preferred orientations resulting from cold work, hot work, recrystallization, freezing, electrodeposition, evapora tion, and sputtering directionality in commercial products and in single crystals and its relation to crystal orientation. The author is indebted to many colleagues and graduate students who have assisted directly and indirectly in the preparation of this book. He particularly wishes to thank Dr. R. F...

Data on the synthesis and physicochemical studies of salts of mono- or dibasic unsaturated carboxylic acids and macromolecular metal carboxylates are generalised and described systematically in this monograph. The structures and properties of the COO group in various compounds and characteristic features of the structures of carboxylate are analysed. The main routes and kinetics of polymerisation transformations of unsaturated metal carboxylates are considered. The attention is focused on the effect of the metal ion on the monomer reactivity and the polymer morphology and structure. The possibility of stereochemical control of radical polymerisation of unsaturated metal carboxylates is demonstrated. The electronic, magnetic, optical, absorption and thermal properties of metal (co)polymers and nanocomposites and their main applications are also considered.

The second edition of this textbook includes refined text in each chapter, new sections on corrosion of steel-reinforced concrete and on cathodic protection of steel reinforced bars embedded in concrete, and some new solved examples. The book introduces mathematical and engineering approximation schemes for describing the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical systems, which are the essence of corrosion science, in addition to electrochemical corrosion, forms of corrosion and mechanisms of corrosion. This approach should capture the reader's attention on the complexity of corrosion. Thus, the principles of electrochemistry and electrochemical cells are subsequently characterized in simple electrolytes from a thermodynamics point of view.

Contents -
Introduction -
1. The Mechanism of Electrodeposition -
2. The Laws and Characteristics of Plating Baths -
3. The Control of a Plating Bath -
4. The Deposit -
5. The Preparatory Steps -
6. Cadmium Cyanide Baths -
7. Chromium Baths -
8. Acid Copper Baths -
9. Copper Cyanide Baths -
10. Iron Plating -
11. Lead Plating -
12. Nickel Plating -
13. Silver Plating -
14. Acid Tin Baths -
15. Alkaline Tin Baths -
16. Acid Zinc Baths -
17. Zinc Cyanide Baths -
18. Electroplated Alloys -
19. Copper Plating for Selective Carburization -
20. Diffusion Coatings -
21. Selection of a Plating Bath -
22. Continuous Plating -
23. Applications of Electroplating -
24. Plating-Bath Troubles -
25. Analytical Methods for Plating Baths -
Appendix -
Glossary -
Index -

This book covers recent research and trends in Manufacturing Engineering. The chapters emphasize different aspects of the transformation from materials to products. It provides the reader with fundamental materials treatments and the integration of processes. Concepts such as green and lean manufacturing are also covered in this book.

This book contains a collection of papers on the science, engineering, and technology of shape casting, with contributions from researchers worldwide. Among the topics that are addressed are the structure-property-performance relationships, modeling of casting processes, and the effect of casting defects on the mechanical properties of cast alloys.

Analyzes alternatives to land disposal of hazardous metal waste streams, focusing on methods to prevent waste generation. Source reduction, recycling and treatment strategies are covered.

This book presents selected research papers of the AIMTDR 2014 conference on application of laser technology for various manufacturing processes such as cutting, forming, welding, sintering, cladding and micro-machining. State-of-the-art of these technologies in terms of numerical modeling, experimental studies and industrial case studies are presented. This book will enrich the knowledge of budding technocrats, graduate students of mechanical and manufacturing engineering, and researchers working in this area.

This book deals with the properties and behavior of carbon at high temperatures. It presents new methods and new ways to obtain the liquid phase of carbon. Melting of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon are presented under stationary heat and pulse methods. Metal like properties of molten graphite at high initial density are indicated. A new possible transition of liquid carbon from metal to nonmetal behavior much above the melting point is mentioned. Methodical questions of pulse heating, in particular the role of pinch-pressure in receiving a liquid state of carbon, are discussed. The reader finds evidence about the necessity of applying high pressure (higher than 100 bar) to melt graphite (melting temperature 4800+/-100 K). The reader can verify the advantage of volume pulse electrical heating before surface laser heating to study the physical properties of carbon, including enthalpy, heat capacity, electrical resistivity and temperature. The advantages of fast heating of graphite by pulsed electric current during a few microseconds are shown. The data obtained for the heat capacity of liquid carbon under constant pressure and constant volume were used to estimate the behavior at temperatures much higher 5000 K.

In recent years, global metallurgical industries have experienced fast and prosperous growth. High-temperature metallurgical technology is the backbone to support the technical, environmental, and economical needs for the growth. This collection features contributions covering the advancements and developments of new high-temperature metallurgical technologies and their applications to the areas of processing of minerals; extraction of metals; preparation of metallic, refractory and ceramic materials; treatment and recycling of slag and wastes; and saving of energy and protection of environment.The volume will have a broad impact on the academics and professionals serving the metallurgical industries around the world.

This book comprehensively reviews the research on Ti microalloyed steel, focusing on development and production technology. It discusses steel composition design and performance, as well as technologies for controlling the microstructure and properties of Ti microalloyed steel during the production process. Ti can significantly improve the properties of steel, but its behavior is more complex and more difficult to control during the production process than that of Nb and V.Covering topics ranging from metallurgy theory to production technology and products, the book serves as a valuable reference resource for researchers, engineers, university teachers and students in the field of steel research.

Computational Welding Mechanics (CWM) provides readers with a complete introduction to the principles and applications of computational welding including coverage of the methods engineers and designers are using in computational welding mechanics to predict distortion and residual stress in welded structures, thereby creating safer, more reliable and lower cost structures.

Drawing upon years of practical experience and the study of computational welding mechanics the authors instruct the reader how to:

- understand and interpret computer simulation and virtual welding techniques including an in depth analysis of heat flow during welding, microstructure evolution and distortion analysis and fracture of welded structures,

- relate CWM to the processes of design, build, inspect, regulate, operate and maintain welded structures,

- apply computational welding mechanics to industries such as ship building, natural gas and automobile manufacturing.

Ideally suited for practicing engineers and engineering students, Computational Welding Mechanics is a must-have book for understanding welded structures and recent technological advances in welding, and it provides a unified summary of recent research results contributed by other researchers.

This book provides information on the generation and the effects of hazardous substances that are produced during welding and allied processes. These processes are thermal cutting, thermal spraying, soldering and brazing. The book offers guidance on the determination of hazardous substances and it simplifies assessment of the hazard due to hazardous substances. In addition, the book explains tests in order to understand the concentration and intensity of key hazardous substances. Last but not least, the book suggests several possibilities of avoiding the risk to worker's health as a result of exposing them to these substances.

This book (hardcover) is part of the TREDITION CLASSICS. It contains classical literature works from over two thousand years. Most of these titles have been out of print and off the bookstore shelves for decades. The book series is intended to preserve the cultural legacy and to promote the timeless works of classical literature. Readers of a TREDITION CLASSICS book support the mission to save many of the amazing works of world literature from oblivion. With this series, tredition intends to make thousands of international literature classics available in printed format again - worldwide.

This thesis explores thermal transport in selected rare-earth-based intermetallic compounds to answer questions of great current interest. It also sheds light on the interplay of Kondo physics and Fermi surface changes. By performing thermal conductivity and electrical resistivity measurements at temperatures as low as 25mK, the author demonstrates that the Wiedemann-Franz law, a cornerstone of metal physics, is violated at precisely the magnetic-field-induced quantum critical point of the heavy-fermion metal YbRh2Si2. This first-ever observation of a violation has dramatic consequences, as it implies a breakdown of the quasiparticle picture. Utilizing an innovative technique to measure low-temperature thermal transport isothermally as a function of the magnetic field, the thesis interprets specific, partly newly discovered, high-field transitions in CeRu2Si2 and YbRh2Si2 as Lifshitz transitions related to a change in the Fermi surface. Lastly, by applying this new technique to thermal conductivity measurements of the skutterudite superconductor LaPt4Ge12, the thesis proves that the system is a conventional superconductor with a single energy gap. Thus, it refutes the widespread speculations about unconventional Cooper pairing in this material.

This collection features contributions covering the advances and developments of new high-temperature metallurgical technologies and their applications to the areas of: processing of minerals; extraction of metals; preparation of metallic, refractory, and ceramic materials; treatment and recycling of slag and wastes; conservation of energy; and environmental protection. The volume will have a broad impact on the academics and professionals serving the metallurgical industries around the world by providing them with comprehensive coverage of a wide variety of topics.

This book describes systematically the theory and technology of the precision forming of large, complex and thin-walled superalloy castings for aircraft engines, covering all the important basic aspects of the manufacturing process, including process design, wax pattern, ceramic molds, casting and solidification, heat treatment, repair casting and dimension precision control. The correlation of casting defects, structural characteristics and performance of castings is revealed through a range of tests. It also discusses the latest technologies and advances in this field - such as imaging the solidification process by means of synchrotron radiography, 3D computerized tomography and reconstruction of microporosity defects, analysis and diagnosis of error sources for dimension over-tolerance and adjusted pressure casting technology - which are of particular interest. Providing essential insights, the book offers a valuable guide to the design and manufacture of superalloy casting parts for aircraft engines.

The triennial International Alloy Conferences (lACs) aim at the identification and promotion of the common elements developed in the study, either experimental, phenomenological, or theoretical and computational, of materials properties across materials types, from metals to minerals. To accomplish this goal, the lACs bring together scientists from a wide spectrum of materials science including experiment, theory, modeling, and computation, incorporating a broad range of materials properties. The first lAC, lAC-I, took place in Athens, Greece, June 16-21, 1996. The present volume of proceedings contains the papers presented at IAC-2, that took place in Davos, Switzerland, August 8-13, 1999. The topics in this book fall into several themes, which suggest a number of different classification schemes. We have chosen a scheme that classifies the papers in the volume into the categories Microstructural Properties; Ordering, Kinetics and Diffusion; Magnetic Properties and Elastic Properties. We have juxtaposed apparently disparate of revealing the dynamic character approaches to similar physical processes, in the hope of the processes under consideration. We hope this will invigorate new kinds of discussion and reveal challenges and new avenues to the description and prediction of properties of materials in the solid state and the conditions that produce them.

This book represents the first ever scientific monograph including an in-depth analysis of all major field-assisted sintering techniques. Until now, the electromagnetic field-assisted technologies of materials processing were lacking a systematic and generalized description in one fundamental publication; this work promotes the development of generalized concepts and of comparative analyses in this emerging area of materials fabrication. This book describes modern technologies for the powder processing-based fabrication of advanced materials. New approaches for the development of well-tailored and stable structures are thoroughly discussed. Since the potential of traditional thermo-mechanical methods of material treatment is limited due to inadequate control during processing, the book addresses ways to more accurately control the resultant material's structure and properties by an assisting application of electro-magnetic fields. The book describes resistance sintering, high-voltage consolidation, sintering by low-voltage electric pulses (including spark plasma sintering), flash sintering, microwave sintering, induction heating sintering, magnetic pulse compaction and other field-assisted sintering techniques. Includes an in-depth analysis of all major field-assisted sintering techniques; Explains new techniques and approaches for material treatment; Provides detailed descriptions of spark plasma sintering, microwave sintering, high-voltage consolidation, magnetic pulse compaction, and various other approaches when field-assisted treatment is applied.

This thesis presents a novel single-molecule spectroscopy method that, for the first time, allows the dipole orientations and fluorescence lifetimes of individual molecules to be measured simultaneously. These two parameters are needed to determine the position of individual molecules with nanometer accuracy near a metallic structure. Proof-of-principle experiments demonstrating the value of this new single-molecule localization concept are also presented. Lastly, the book highlights potential applications of the method in biophysics, molecular physics, soft matter and structural biology.