This book explores the interconnections and differentiations between artisanal workshops and alchemical laboratories and between the arts and alchemy from Antiquity to the eighteenth century. In particular, it scrutinizes epistemic exchanges between producers of the arts and alchemists. In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the term "laboratorium" uniquely referred to workplaces in which chemical operations were performed: smelting, combustion, distillation, dissolution and precipitation. Artisanal workshops equipped with furnaces and fire in which chemical operations were performed were also known as laboratories. Transmutational alchemy (the transmutation of all base metals into more noble ones, especially gold) was only one aspect of alchemy in the early modern period. The practice of alchemy was also about the chemical production of things--medicines, porcelain, dyes and other products as well as precious metals and about the knowledge of how to produce them. This book uses examples such as the "Uffizi" to discuss how Renaissance courts established spaces where artisanal workshops and laboratories were brought together, thus facilitating the circulation of materials, people and knowledge between the worlds of craft (today s decorative arts) and alchemy. Artisans became involved in alchemical pursuits beyond a shared material culture and some crafts relied on chemical expertise offered by scholars trained as alchemists. Above all, texts and books, products and symbols of scholarly culture played an increasingly important role in artisanal workshops. In these workplaces a sort of hybrid figure was at work. With one foot in artisanal and the other in scholarly culture this hybrid practitioner is impossible to categorize in the mutually exclusive categories of scholar and craftsman. By the seventeenth century the expertise of some glassmakers, silver and goldsmiths and producers of porcelain was just as based in the worlds of alchemical and bookish learning as it was grounded in hands-on work in the laboratory. This book suggests that this shift in workshop culture facilitated the epistemic exchanges between alchemists and producers of the decorative arts."

Creep-resistant steels are widely used in the petroleum, chemical and power generation industries. Creep-resistant steels must be reliable over very long periods of time at high temperatures and in severe environments. Understanding and improving long-term creep strength is essential for safe operation of plant and equipment. This book provides an authoritative summary of key research in this important area.
The first part of the book describes the specifications and manufacture of creep-resistant steels. Part two covers the behaviour of creep-resistant steels and methods for strengthening them. The final group of chapters analyses applications in such areas as turbines and nuclear reactors.
With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Creep-resistant steels is a valuable reference for the power generation, petrochemical and other industries which use high strength steels at elevated temperatures.
Describes the specifications and manufacture of creep-resistant steelsStrengthening methods are discussed in detailDifferent applications are analysed including turbines and nuclear reactors

The book includes a synthesis of research findings on the structure and evolution of the Central Indian Ocean Basin and its ferromanganese deposits, in particular, on the exploration campaign since 1980s. A comprehensive mixture of recent studies along with classical theories starting from the 1960s is the hallmark of the book. Recent concepts and hypotheses, and also critical appreciation of the state-of-the-art knowledge on nodule formation and resource management are incorporated.
After limiting the geographical extension of the nodule field and describing its physiographic, geological, biological, physical and chemical characteristics in chapter 1, the various structural, tectonic and volcanic elements are described in chapters 2 and 3. The bottom sediment characteristics that floor the nodules and crusts are dealt with in chapter 4. The nodules and crusts are described in detail in chapter 5, and their process of formation in the light of variable source material, local and regional tectonic activities, and midplate secondary volcanisms are discussed. The mining, environment, metallurgy, legal and economic aspects of the nodule resources are discussed in chapter 6. This title fulfils the growing need to bring voluminous, but scattered information in the form of a book for easy dissemination to students and researchers.
* First dedicated book on the Indian Ocean manganese nodule resources
* Comprehensively discusses the dynamics of nodule formation in the Indian Ocean Nodule Field (IONF)
* Independently assesses the influence of tectonics and volcanism on the manganese nodule resource potential in local and regional scales

This book comprises chapters on research work done around the globe in the area of artificial intelligence (AI) applications in sheet metal forming. The first chapter offers an introduction to various AI techniques and sheet metal forming, while subsequent chapters describe traditional procedures/methods used in various sheet metal forming processes, and focus on the automation of those processes by means of AI techniques, such as KBS, ANN, GA, CBR, etc. Feature recognition and the manufacturability assessment of sheet metal parts, process planning, strip-layout design, selecting the type and size of die components, die modeling, and predicting die life are some of the most important aspects of sheet metal work. Traditionally, these activities are highly experience-based, tedious and time consuming. In response, researchers in several countries have applied various AI techniques to automate these activities, which are covered in this book. This book will be useful for engineers working in sheet metal industries, and will serve to provide future direction to young researchers and students working in the area.

Reviews in Plasmonics is a comprehensive collection of current trends and emerging hot topics in the field of Plasmonics and closely related disciplines. It summarizes the years progress in Plasmonics and its applications, with authoritative analytical reviews specialized enough to be attractive to professional researchers, yet also appealing to the wider audience of scientists in related disciplines of Plasmonics.

This book introduces readers to titanium matrix composites (TMCs) with novel network microstructures. The bottleneck problem of extreme brittleness and low strengthening effect surrounding TMCs fabricated by means of powder metallurgy has recently been solved by designing network microstructures, which yield both high strength and superior ductility. As such, network structured TMCs will increasingly offer materials characterized by low weight, high strength, high temperature resistance and superior deformability. The book systematically addresses the design, fabrication, microstructure, properties, modification, and toughening mechanisms of these composites, which will help us find innovative solutions to a range of current and future engineering problems.

Magnesium, with a density of 1.74 g/cm, is the lightest structural metal, and magnesium and its alloys are increasingly the material of choice for weight-critical applications such as in land-based transport systems. Magnesium Technology substantially updates and complements existing reference sources on this key material. It assembles international contributions from seven countries covering the wide range of research programs into new alloys with the requisite property profiles, i.e., the current state of both research and technological application of magnesium. In particular, the international team of authors cover key topics, such as: casting and wrought alloys; fabrication methods; corrosion and protection; engineering requirements and strategies, examples from the automobile, aerospace, and consumer-goods industries, and recycling. This authoritative reference and overview addresses materials researchers as well as design engineers.

Modern metallic materials are used extensively in a wide variety of applications, some of which are quite obvious (vehicles, cables, buildings and packaging) and others perhaps less so as in the critical structures of planes, skyscrapers, micro-electronic devises, nuclear and other energy plants. Many of the alloys used for these applications have undergone major transformations over the last 20 years. These transformations have been implemented to improve the material performances at minimum cost to the user. In many cases, if not most, they have resulted from advances in Thermo-Mechanical Processing - the set of operations by which basic materials are transformed into high quality components.
Divided into three sections, the first section covers the microstructural science base of the subject, including the microstructure determined mechanical properties of metals. The second section deals with the current mechanical technology of plastic forming of metals. The concluding section illustrates the interaction of the first two disciplines in a series of case studies of successful current TMP processing and also looks ahead to possible new developments in the field.
This book aims to fill this gap between two scientific approaches and illustrate also their successful linkage by the use of suitable modern case studies.
* Covers both physical metallurgy and metals processing
* Links basic science to real everyday applications
* Written by four internationally-known experts in the field

This book helps designers and manufacturers to select and develop the most suitable and competitive steel structures, which are safe, fit for production and economic. An optimum design system is used to find the best characteristics of structural models, which guarantee the fulfilment of design and fabrication requirements and minimize the cost function. Realistic numerical models are used as main components of industrial steel structures. Chapter 1 containts some experiences with the optimum design of steel structures Chapter 2 treats some newer mathematical optimization methods. Chapter 3 gives formulae for fabrication times and costs. Chapters 4 deals with beams and columns. Summarizes the Eurocode rules for design. Chapter 5 deals with the design of tubular trusses. Chapter 6 gives the design of frame structures and fire-resistant design rules for a frame. In Chapters 7 some minimum cost design problems of stiffened and cellular plates and shells are worked out for cases of different stiffenings and loads. Chapter 8 gives a cost comparison of cylindrical and conical shells. The book contains a large collection of literatures and a subject list and a name index.

The physics of metal forming and metal removing is normally expressed using non-linear partial differential equations which can be solved using the finite element method (FEM). However, when the process parameters are uncertain and/or the physics of the process is not well understood, soft computing techniques can be used with FEM or alone to model the process.

Using FEM, fuzzy set theory and neural networks as modeling tools; Modeling of Metal Forming and Machining Processes provides a complete treatment of metal forming and machining, and includes:

a [ an explanation of FEM and its application to the modeling of manufacturing processes;

a [ a discussion of the numerical difficulties of FEM;

a [ chapters on the application of soft computing techniques in this modeling process.

The algorithms and solved examples included make Modeling of Metal Forming and Machining Processes of value to postgraduates, senior undergraduates, lecturers and researchers in these fields. R&D engineers and consultants for the manufacturing industry will also find it of use.

Solder joints are ubiquitous in electronic consumer products. The European Union has a directive to ban the use of Pb-based solders in these products on July 1st, 2006. There is an urgent need for an increase in the research and development of Pb-free solders in electronic manufacturing. For example, spontaneous Sn whisker growth and electromigration induced failure in solder joints are serious issues. These reliability issues are quite complicated due to the combined effect of electrical, mechanical, chemical, and thermal forces on solder joints. To improve solder joint reliability, the science of solder joint behavior under various driving forces must be understood. In this book, the advanced materials reliability issues related to copper-tin reaction and electromigration in solder joints are emphasized and methods to prevent these reliablity problems are discussed.

This book presents the physical concepts and tools to characterize and describe the formation of metastable solids from undercooled melts. Its aim is to facilitate understanding of the development of the science and technology of solidification of melts and to introduce new concepts within this exciting research field in order to fulfil the challenges of the future in the field of undercooled melts.

A comprehensive description of the science and applications of the undercooling phenomenon is given. It is composed of several main parts: experimental techniques for undercooling; characterization of the undercooled melt as the first step in rapid solidification; introducing the concepts of modern theories of rapid dendrite and eutectic growth and their comparison with experimental results, and a survey of metastable materials formed from the non-equilibrium state of an undercooled melt.
* Showing clear links to possible application of results obtained from basic research
* The subject matter is multidisciplinary and will be of interest to material scientists, physicists, physical chemists, mechanical and electrical engineers

This edited volume presents new data and insights from the most internationally respected PGE experts, representing a variety of disciplines ranging from chemistry, geochemistry, biology, environmental science to toxicology and environmental health. It builds upon three previous co-edited books published by Springer, Zereini and Alt (Eds.) (1999, 2000 and 2006), incorporating the most recent advances on the topic. The book covers the following topical areas related to PGE: sources and applications, analytical methods, environmental fate, bioavailability and chemical behaviour, use of bioindicators and human exposures and health risk potential. Highly interdisciplinary in orientation, this book is a comprehensive guide to academics, students and professionals working in a number of different scientific fields, who are interested in topics related to platinum metal emissions in the environment.

This book provides a working knowledge of the modeling and engineering applications of shape memory alloys (SMAs), beginning with a rigorous introduction to continuum mechanics and continuum thermodynamics as they relate to the development of SMA modeling.Modern SMAs can recover from large amounts of bending and deformation, and millions of repetitions within recoverable ranges. SMAs are used in the medical industry to create stents, in the dental industry to create dental and orthodontic archwires, and in the aerospace industry to create fluid fittings. The text presents a unified approach to the constitutive modeling of SMAs, including modeling of magnetic and high temperature SMAs.

The application of microbiological methods to the extraction of metals from minerals has definitely gained a prominent role and is supported by the several bioleaching and biooxidation processes operating in different sites over the world. In recent years, new techniques and new results about proteomic and bioinformatics offer a new perspective on the microbial processes.This book focuses on the basic aspects of the process with special emphasis on recent contributions regarding the chemical and microbial aspects of the bioleaching process and the use of microorganisms in the treatment of complex ores and concentrates. It has been written by recognized researchers in order to introduce the main subjects of microbial processing to undergraduate and postgraduate students, scientists working in this field as well as interested industrialists.

Structure of Metals GRYSTALLOGRAPHIG METHODS, PRINCIPLES, AND - DATA BY CHARLES H. BARRETT, PH. D. Associate Professor of Metallurgical Engineering and Member of Staff of the Metals Research Laboratory Carnegie Institute of Technology FIRST EDITION F 1 FT 1 1 I M PRESS ION MoGBAW-HILL BOOK COMPANY, INC. NEW YORK AND LONDON 1943 STRUCTURE OF MKTALS COPYRIGHT. 1943, BY THE MrGRAW-HiLL BOOK COMPANY, INC. PRINTED IK THB UNITED STATES OF AMERICA All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the publishers. PREFACE This book is intended to serve both as a text and as a reference book. The portions intended for classroom use have been written for courses in crystallography, particularly the courses offered to students of metallurgy. It is primarily intended for graduate courses, but a number of chapters are at a level appropriate for advanced undergraduate courses in applied x-rays, crystallography, and physical metallurgy Chaps. I to IV, IX to XI, XIII. In an effort to make the book more readable, certain advanced topics on x-ray diffraction and various tables of data have been placed in appendixes, and laboratory manipulations that would not interest the general reader have been printed in smaller type. The first four chapters of this book explain the fundamentals of crystal lattices and projections, and the general principles of the diffrac tion of x-rays from Crystals. Chapters V to VII cover the technique of x-ray diffraction, presenting the operating details of the methods that are in common use. Several chapters are included on the applica tions of x-ray diffraction in the field of physical metallurgy, covering techniques fordetermining constitution diagrams, identifying unknown materials, determining crystal structures, determining the orientation of single crystals, detecting and analyzing preferred orientations, and measuring stresses. One chapter is devoted to electron diffraction, its metallurgical uses, and the precautions to be observed in interpreting electron diffrac tion data. The electron microscope receives only a brief mention because at the time the manuscript was written the metallographic technique for this instrument was still being rapidly developed and, except for particle-size determinations, the instrument had not yet achieved the status of a widely accepted tool in metallographic or crystallographic research. The last half of the book is devoted to the results of research and contains extensive reviews of fields that are of current interest. In assembling these summaries, an effort has been made to include an ade quate number of references to the literature, to cover thoroughly the subjects that have not been extensively reviewed in readily available publications, and to maintain a critical but unbiased attitude toward the data and conclusions that are reviewed. The subjects treated include the following principles governing the crystal structure of metals and vi PREPACK alloys supcrlattices and their effect on properties imperfections in crystals the structure of liquid metals the processes of slip, twinning, and fracture and modern theories of these processes, including the cur rent dislocation theory the effects of cold work and annealing on the structure of metals, including the effects on diffraction patterns of static and fatigue stressing, rolling, grinding, and polishing theresults of x-ray studies of internal stresses preferred orientations resulting from cold work, hot work, recrystallization, freezing, electrodeposition, evapora tion, and sputtering directionality in commercial products and in single crystals and its relation to crystal orientation. The author is indebted to many colleagues and graduate students who have assisted directly and indirectly in the preparation of this book. He particularly wishes to thank Dr. R. F...

Contents -
Introduction -
1. The Mechanism of Electrodeposition -
2. The Laws and Characteristics of Plating Baths -
3. The Control of a Plating Bath -
4. The Deposit -
5. The Preparatory Steps -
6. Cadmium Cyanide Baths -
7. Chromium Baths -
8. Acid Copper Baths -
9. Copper Cyanide Baths -
10. Iron Plating -
11. Lead Plating -
12. Nickel Plating -
13. Silver Plating -
14. Acid Tin Baths -
15. Alkaline Tin Baths -
16. Acid Zinc Baths -
17. Zinc Cyanide Baths -
18. Electroplated Alloys -
19. Copper Plating for Selective Carburization -
20. Diffusion Coatings -
21. Selection of a Plating Bath -
22. Continuous Plating -
23. Applications of Electroplating -
24. Plating-Bath Troubles -
25. Analytical Methods for Plating Baths -
Appendix -
Glossary -
Index -

Laser shock peening (LSP) is a relatively new surface treatment for metallic materials. LSP is a process to induce compressive residual stresses using shock waves generated by laser pulses. LSP can greatly improve the resistance of a material to crack initiation and propagation brought on by cyclic loading and fatigue. This pioneering book was the first of its kind to consolidate scattered knowledge into one comprehensive volume. It describes the mechanisms of LSP and its substantial role in improving fatigue performance in terms of modification of microstructure, surface morphology, hardness and strength. In particular it describes numerical simulation techniques and procedures which can be adopted by engineers and research scientists to design, evaluate and optimise LSP processes in practical applications.
Provides for the first time, a comprehensive coverage of this important areaWritten by two world renowned experts

As product specifications become more demanding, manufacturers require steel with ever more specific functional properties. As a result, there has been a wealth of research on how those properties emerge during steelmaking. Fundamentals of metallurgy summarises this research and its implications for manufacturers.
The first part of the book reviews the effects of processing on the properties of metals with a range of chapters on such phenomena as phase transformations, types of kinetic reaction, transport and interfacial phenomena. Authors discuss how these processes and the resulting properties of metals can be modelled and predicted. Part two discusses the implications of this research for improving steelmaking and steel properties.
With its distinguished editor and international team of contributors, Fundamentals of metallurgy is an invaluable reference for steelmakers and manufacturers requiring high-performance steels in such areas as automotive and aerospace engineering. It will also be useful for those dealing with non-ferrous metals and alloys, material designers for functional materials, environmentalists and above all, high technology industries designing processes towards materials with tailored properties.
Summarises key research and its implications for manufacturersEssential reading for steelmakers and manufacturersWritten by leading experts from both industry and academia

Data on the synthesis and physicochemical studies of salts of mono- or dibasic unsaturated carboxylic acids and macromolecular metal carboxylates are generalised and described systematically in this monograph. The structures and properties of the COO group in various compounds and characteristic features of the structures of carboxylate are analysed. The main routes and kinetics of polymerisation transformations of unsaturated metal carboxylates are considered. The attention is focused on the effect of the metal ion on the monomer reactivity and the polymer morphology and structure. The possibility of stereochemical control of radical polymerisation of unsaturated metal carboxylates is demonstrated. The electronic, magnetic, optical, absorption and thermal properties of metal (co)polymers and nanocomposites and their main applications are also considered.

This book covers recent research and trends in Manufacturing Engineering. The chapters emphasize different aspects of the transformation from materials to products. It provides the reader with fundamental materials treatments and the integration of processes. Concepts such as green and lean manufacturing are also covered in this book.

The second edition of this textbook includes refined text in each chapter, new sections on corrosion of steel-reinforced concrete and on cathodic protection of steel reinforced bars embedded in concrete, and some new solved examples. The book introduces mathematical and engineering approximation schemes for describing the thermodynamics and kinetics of electrochemical systems, which are the essence of corrosion science, in addition to electrochemical corrosion, forms of corrosion and mechanisms of corrosion. This approach should capture the reader's attention on the complexity of corrosion. Thus, the principles of electrochemistry and electrochemical cells are subsequently characterized in simple electrolytes from a thermodynamics point of view.

This book presents selected research papers of the AIMTDR 2014 conference on application of laser technology for various manufacturing processes such as cutting, forming, welding, sintering, cladding and micro-machining. State-of-the-art of these technologies in terms of numerical modeling, experimental studies and industrial case studies are presented. This book will enrich the knowledge of budding technocrats, graduate students of mechanical and manufacturing engineering, and researchers working in this area.