The new edition of this popular textbook, once again, provides an indispensable guide for the next generation of mineralogists. Designed for use on one- or two-semester courses, this second edition has been thoughtfully reorganised, making it more accessible to students, whilst still being suitable for an advanced mineralogy course. Additions include expanded introductions to many chapters, a new introductory chapter on crystal chemistry, revised figures, and an extended plates section containing beautiful colour photographs. Text boxes include historical background and case studies to engage students, and end-of-chapter questions help them reinforce concepts. With new online resources to support learning and teaching, including laboratory exercises, PowerPoint slides, useful web links and mineral identification tables, this is a sound investment for students in the fields of geology, materials science and environmental science, and a valuable reference for researchers, collectors and anyone interested in minerals.

Step-by-step Q&As with detailed colour photographs for easy identification. The Firefly Guide to Minerals, Rocks & Gems is designed for easy and reliable identification of minerals, gems and rocks. Beginning with the stone's colour and any streak, and using a sequence of straightforward questions and answers - aided by 1,300 photographs and drawings - it's easy to narrow down the possibilities among 350 minerals, gems and rocks to the conclusive classification. The book organizes the rocks by colour: Blue, Red, Yellow, Brown, Green, Black, and White. Identification begins with noting the colour of the rock's streak (i.e., vein, line). Identification is then further narrowed down with respect to Colour, Crystal form, Hardness, Lustre, Density, Cleavage, Break and Tenacity. Each rock's main photograph shows the general or typical view, and identification tips about features are noted in the margins of the respective page. Similar stones are presented for comparison and tips are provided that can eliminate imposters. Drawings show the mineral's crystal shape. The chemical formula reveals the elements from which the mineral is composed. There is also information about where the stone is typically found and some of the ways that humans have utilized it. Packed with beautiful photographs of earth's many rocks, minerals and gems, The Firefly Guide to Minerals, Rocks & Gems is perfect for amateur mineralogists and collectors.

From the nano-world of rusty proteins and magnetic compasses in bacteria to the macroscopic structures of oyster shells, corals, ivory, bone and enamel, biology has evolved a new type of chemistry that brings together the synthesis and construction of hard and soft matter for the design of functionalized inorganic-organic materials. The process that gives rise to these small and large inorganic-based structures of life is called biomineralization. This book looks at the chemical principles and concepts of biomineralization and their application in the new field of biomimetic materials chemistry.

There is much scientific interest in ice, both because of its unique and intriguing properties and because of its importance in the natural environment. This book is written for professional scientists and engineers, and is the only currently available book of its kind. It describes the physical properties of ice, interprets them in terms of its molecular structure, and shows their relevance to the forms of ice found on Earth and in space.

This book of Springer Proceedings in Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy contains selected papers presented at the 7th Geoarchaeology Conference, which took place during October 19-23, 2020, at the South Urals Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Miass, Russia. The Proceedings combine studies in archeometry, geoarchaeology, and ancient North Eurasian technologies, including paleometallurgy, stone tools investigation, past exploitation of geological resources, bioarchaeology, residue analysis, pottery, and lithics studies. This book also specializes in various non-organic materials, rocks, minerals, ores, and metals, especially copper and metallurgical slags. Many types of research also use modern analytical methods of isotopic, chemical, and mineralogical analysis to address the composition and structure of ancient materials and the technological practices of past human populations of modern Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, and Mongolia. This book is intended for archaeologists, historians, museum workers, and geologists, as well as students, researchers from other disciplines, and the general public interested in the interdisciplinary research in the field of archaeology and archaeological materials, strategies and techniques of past quarrying, mining, metallurgy and lithic technologies at different chronological periods in Eurasian steppe and adjacent forest zone.

Many common terms in metamorphic petrology vary in their usage and meaning between countries. The International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks (SCMR) has aimed to resolve this, and to present systematic terminology and rock definitions that can be used worldwide. This 2007 book is the result of discussion and consultation lasting 20 years and involving hundreds of geoscientists worldwide. It presents a complete nomenclature of metamorphic rocks, with a comprehensive glossary of definitions, sources and etymology of over 1200 terms, and a list of mineral abbreviations. Twelve multi-authored sections explain how to derive the correct names for metamorphic rocks and processes, and discuss the rationale behind the more important terms. These sections deal with rocks from high- to low- and very-low-grade. This book will form a key reference and international standard for all geoscientists studying metamorphic rocks.

Direct methods are, at present, applied to a large variety of cases: X-ray, neutron or electron data; single crystal and powder data; small molecules and macromolecules. While direct methods solved in practice the phase problem for small molecules, their application to macromolecules is recent and still undergoing strong development. The fundamentals of the methods are described: in particular it is shown how the methods can be optimized for powder, neutron or electron data, and how they can be integrated with isomorphous replacement, molecular replacement and anomalous dispersion techniques. Maximum Entropy methods are also described and discussed. Sets of test structures are used to verify, throughout the various chapters, the mathematical techniques there described and to provide practical examples of applications. This book will appeal to a wide variety of readers - offering both a comprehensive description of direct methods in crystallography and an invaluable reference tool. The first three chapters can be considered as an introduction to the field, with sufficient material to constitute a university course and for allowing the expert use of most direct methods programs. Subsequent chapters are aimed at graduate students and working crystallographers. Basic results are described and discussed in the main body of the text, while the appendices compliment these with in depth mathematical details. The quoted literature is extremely wide and the interested reader can find suggestions for future work and further reading throughout the book.

This book comprehensively illustrates the elemental processes of vesiculation and crystallization recorded in volcanic products on the basis of the equilibrium and non-equilibrium theories. The book describes the derivation of equations and the basic physics behind them in detail. This textbook is fundamental in preparing for future volcanic hazards. The target readers are graduate students and researchers, but Parts I and IV are written to be understandable by undergraduate students as well, to inspire them to enter this field.

Updated 6th edition with new sites & museums! Learn Where & How to Dig, Pan and Mine Your Own Gems & Minerals SOUTHWEST Arizona • California • Colorado • Hawaii • Kansas Nevada • New Mexico • Oklahoma • Texas • Utah Whether you're digging for the first time or are an experienced rockhound or "prospector," with a simple rock hammer and a little luck, you too can strike it rich ... or at the very least, have fun trying. This guide offers you easy-to-use information on the ins and outs of "fee dig" mining, complete with locations, costs, tips on technique, entertaining legends and important information on everything from safety kits to the location of the nearest restrooms. Included are resources for use in identifying your finds, exploring the lapidary arts, and further pursuing an exciting—and possibly profitable—hobby. Equipment and Clothing: What you need and where to find it (or how to make it yourself). Mining Techniques: Step-by-step instructions on panning for gold, sluicing for gems and other methods. Gem and Mineral Sites: Directions and maps, hours, fees and equipment needed. Also includes info on guide services, local camping facilities and more. Museums and Mine Tours: Where to visit commercial and historical mines, as well as museums with exhibits of gems and minerals (for help in learning what to look for). Special Events and Tourist Information: Listings of regional events involving gems and minerals, and sources of general travel and tourism information for every state. Other Features: Where to find your birthstone, your anniversary stone or your zodiac stone; Index by State; Index by Gem/Mineral; U.S. State Gems & Minerals Chart; and more! The Treasure Hunter's Gem & Mineral Guides to the U.S.A. in 4 regional volumes: Northeast ISBN: 978-0-9970145-0-1 Northwest ISBN: 978-0-9904152-8-2 Southeast ISBN: 978-0-9970145-1-8 Southwest ISBN: 978-0-9904152-9-9

This book focuses on green mine evaluation. It includes green mine evaluation methods, evaluation content, evaluation indicators, etc. The "Green Mine Evaluation Index" has been issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources of China. In order to promote mining enterprises, green mine consulting service agencies, third-party evaluation agencies and mining administration personnel to better understand and practice the provisions of green mine evaluation indicators, the authors wrote this "Interpretation of Green Mine Evaluation Index". The content of this book specifically includes introduction, prerequisites for green mine selection, score sheet of green mine construction, related knowledge, as well as introduction of specific green mine evaluation items, including mining area environment, resource development methods, comprehensive utilization of ore resources, energy saving and emission reduction, technological innovation and smart mines, corporate management and corporate image, etc. The relevant concepts, relevant laws and policies, implementation measures, inspection points, and materials that enterprises should provide, have been vividly expounded based on the actual situation and specific cases of green mine construction. This book is useful as a reference for managers, engineering and technical personnels, teachers and students from mining enterprises, government departments, consulting services and evaluation agencies, colleges and secondary professional schools.

A material that enchants us as ruby or sapphire and is applied in watches or lasers. A material that gives us a better life in the form of implants. A material that provides irreplaceable technical services with its hardness and heat resistance. A fascinating material. Its name is aluminium oxide. In this book you will find a lot of exciting and often astonishing information about this extraordinary material. First, the necessary facts about the substance aluminium oxide are given. Then the world of the gemstones ruby and sapphire is described. And finally, the world of alumina as well as technical ceramics is illuminated.

Unearth a treasure trove of knowledge and discover the spectacular array of rocks and minerals on Earth! Learn how to identify more than 500 rocks and minerals of the world through stunning photographs, detailed characteristics and quick, accessible text. Inside the pages of this comprehensive guide, you'll discover: - A clear visual key distinguishing different rocks and minerals to make identification easy and accurate - Each entry includes at-a-glance technical details, for quick reference - Stunning photographs show close-ups of key details and unique attributes - Highlights the key features of minerals: chemical group and composition, hardness, specific gravity, crystal cleavage, and fracture - Highlights the key features of rocks: group, origin, pressure and temperature, grain size and shape, classification, and fossils From igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks to sparkling minerals, DK Handbooks: Rocks & Minerals leaves no stone unturned. Over 600 high-quality photographs highlight over 500 rock or mineral's distinguishing features. Explore concise details about each rock or mineral's texture, origin, formation, and chemical composition to help you with accurate identification. Updated Edition Discover a mine of information at your disposal! Designed for beginners and experienced collectors alike, this mineralogy book explains what rocks and minerals are, how they are classified, and what equipment is needed for specimen collection. It's the ultimate gift for rock collectors - both beginners and enthusiasts, or anyone studying geology and earth sciences. An updated edition for 2021 to include the latest scientific knowledge and specimen classification. Complete the Series Before you go, there are many more DK Handbooks to explore! Discover the cleanest-cut photographic field guide to over 130 gemstones from around the world in DK Handbooks: Gemstones. Learn all about dinosaurs and prehistoric animals and the world they inhabited millions of years ago in DK Handbooks: Dinosaurs.

Processes involved in the development of igneous and metamorphic rocks involve some combination of crystal growth, solution, movement and deformation, which is expressed as changes in texture (microstructure). Advances in the quantification of aspects of crystalline rock textures, such as crystal size, shape, orientation and position, have opened fresh avenues of research that extend and complement the more dominant chemical and isotopic studies. This book discusses the aspects of petrological theory necessary to understand the development of crystalline rock texture. It develops the methodological basis of quantitative textural measurements and shows how much can be achieved with limited resources. Typical applications to petrological problems are discussed for each type of measurement. This book will be of great interest to all researchers and graduate students in petrology.

Physics Meets Mineralogy: Condensed Matter Physics in the Geosciences describes the interaction between geophysics and condensed matter physics. Condensed matter physics leads to a 'first-principles' way of looking at crystals, enabling physicists and mineralogists to study the rich and sometimes unexpected behaviour that minerals exhibit under the extreme conditions, such as high pressure and high temperature, found deep within the earth. Leading international researchers from both geosciences and condensed matter physics discuss this interdisciplinary field. An excellent summary for specialists and graduate students researching mineralogy and crystallography.

This book explores sustainable mining knowledge, assessing researchers on the impacts of waste and new approaches to negotiating these impacts. Mining has always been a profitable venture; however, it comes with several boons and banes. The significant advantages of mining include employment generation, the establishment of townships and trade centers, and socio-economic growth. However, the mining activity is a significant cause of environmental degradation, including soils, atmosphere, water, solid wastes, changed topography, and health hazards. This book emphasizes value-added products from mining wastes and innovations for balancing environment, ecology, and economy. This book is designed for miners, policymakers, professionals, researchers, scientists, industrialists, and environmental agencies.

Principles of Metamorphic Petrology provides a modern introduction to the latest ideas, techniques and approaches in the study of metamorphic rocks. The book begins with basic concepts, but advances further than most other metamorphic petrology texts. Examples of this include the latest chemographic approaches, the correct use of pseudosections and the application of x-ray compositional mapping to metamorphic problems. It also covers recent advances in thermobarometry and the application of modern geochronological techniques to the absolute timing of tectonometamorphic events. Determination of parent rocks is covered in detail and there is a modern exposition of partial melting reactions, melt extraction and deformation of migmatites. The book includes a large number of references to lead students into independent investigation. A valuable text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in metamorphic petrology, that serves as the most current reference for researchers and exploration geologists.

This proceedings book represents a collection of conference papers examining the fundamental problems of deep magmatism.Enriched mantle reservoirs can be the source of the most massive apatite and rare metal deposits. Additionally, this book also presents some of the characteristics of kimberlites' composition from the deep Yubileinaya pipe and the mineralogical features of the Nakyn kimberlite field (Yakutia) and the crystallochemical features of rare and complex silicates from charoite rocks of the deep Murunskii massif in South Africa and the comendites of Mongolia.

This volume provides a comprehensive academic review of both positive and negative effects of minerals on human health and quality of life. The book adopts the concept of mineral latu sensu (mineral l.s.), which encompasses a broad spectrum of natural, inorganic, solid, and crystalline, of natural and inorganic chemical elements (metals and metalloids), of modified natural minerals, of biominerals, and of syntetic minerals, all products that branch across the disciplines of earth, soil, environmental, materials, nutrition, and health sciences. Using this broad framework, the authors are able to provide a multidisciplinary assessment on many types of minerals which can be essential, beneficial and hazardous to human health, covering applications in medical geology, medical hydrology or balneotherapy, pharmacology, chemistry, nutrition, and biophysics. The book performs historical analyses of the uses of minerals for therapeutic and cosmetic purposes to better understand current trends and developments in mineral research and human health. The book will be of interest to students, public health officials, environmental agencies and researchers from various disciplines, as well as scientific societies and organizations focusing on medical geology, health resort medicine (crenotherapy, hydrotherapy and climatotherapy), and on pharmaceutical, cosmetic and biomedical applications.

This classic textbook is an introduction to the systematics and the use of stable isotopes in geosciences. It is subdivided into three parts: i) theoretical and experimental principles, ii) fractionation processes of light and heavy elements, iii) the natural variations of geologically important reservoirs. Since the publication of the previous edition improvements in multi-collector ICP mass-spectrometry have increased the ability to measure isotope ratios with very high precision for many elements of the periodic table. The amount of published data has increased tremendously in the last years; thus, conclusions based on a limited database are now better constrained. In this new edition, therefore, 47 elements with resolvable natural variations in isotope composition are discussed. This increase of elements, together with advances in the calculation of equilibrium isotope fractionation using ab initio methods, has led to an unbelievable rise of publications, making substantial major revisions and extensions of the last edition necessary. Many new references have been added, which enable quick access to recent literature.

How do crystals nucleate and grow? Why and how do crystals form such a wide variety of morphologies, from polyhedral to dendritic and spherulitic forms? These are questions that have been posed since the seventeenth century, and are still of vital importance today both for modern technology, and to understand the Earth's interior and the formation of minerals by living organisms. In this book, Ichiro Sunagawa sets out clearly the atomic processes behind crystal growth, and describes case studies of complex systems from diamond, calcite and pyrite, to crystals formed through biomineralization, such as the aragonite of shells, and apatite of teeth. Essential reading for advanced graduates and researchers in mineralogy and materials science.

This book presents natural minerals used as inorganic materials, and inorganic materials exchanging cations or anions in natural minerals for other ions not found in nature. In addition, composites such as natural mineral materials that interact with organic molecules or polymers are introduced according to how they are used. Readers can refer to this volume as a guidebook to search for specific inorganic materials, and, if they wish, can consult any part of it at random. The book will be especially helpful and of interest to both scientists and engineers.

This book highlights the principles and technologies of flotation machine mainly used in mineral processing in detail. Froth flotation is one of the most important mineral processing techniques. Over 90% of the nonferrous minerals and 50% of the ferrous minerals in the world are treated using flotation: a complicated technique including procedures from chemistry, physics and multi-scale fluid mechanics. The book introduces readers to air-forced and air-induced flotation cells and discusses the various mechanical structures and working principles involved. A number of examples from industrial engineering practice are also discussed throughout the book, helping readers to better understand the technology and relevant equipment. The book is intended for researchers, professionals and graduate students in the fields of mining and mineral processing engineering.

This book focuses on the geological characteristics and genesis of several base metal deposits in the northern margin of the North China Plate, namely the Bainaimiao Cu-Au-Mo, the Huogeqi Cu-Pb-Zn, the Dongshengmiao Zn-Pb-Cu and the Jiashengpan Zn-Pb deposits. These deposits have geological and geochemical affinities with orogenic-type deposits, such as shear zone-controlled mineralization and carbon-rich low-salinitiy ore-forming fluids, and are characterized by multistage ore-forming histories. Remobilization of the pre-enriched (stratabound or porphyry-type) base metals took place as responses to orogenesis and metamorphism, leading to metal redistribution and the formation of orogenic-type orebodies. The formation of orogenic-type base metal deposits is enigmatic, and the case studies presented in this book provide insights into understanding the genesis of this type of deposits. In particular, pre-enrichment of base metals seems to be important, in terms of preconditioning for later shear zone-controlled mineralization, since base metals are believed to have limited solubilities in the low-salinity ore-fluids.

In this volume, operators, engineers, and researchers present information about all aspects of current processing technologies for nickel and cobalt, as well as emerging technologies for both metals. Contributions from industry and academia encompass metallurgical aspects of metals commonly associated with nickel and cobalt, such as copper and platinum group metals (PGMs). Specific focus areas of the collection include, but are not limited to mineral processing, metallurgy of nickel and cobalt ores, battery materials, recycling, recovery of associated byproducts and PGMs, and sulfide and laterite processing.