This book is based on the modern conceptual understanding of crystal fields. It clarifies several issues that have historically produced confusion in this area, particularly the effects of covalency and ligand polarization on the energy spectra of magnetic ions. This comprehensive volume provides readers with clear instructions and a set of computer programs for the phenomenological analysis of energy spectra of magnetic ions in solids. Readers are shown how to employ a hierarchy of parametrized models to extract as much information as possible from observed lanthanide and actinide spectra. All computer programs included in the volume are freely available on the Internet. It will be of particular interest to graduate students and researchers working in the development of opto-electronic systems and magnetic materials.

Condensed matter physics leads to a "first-principles" way of looking at crystals, enabling physicists and mineralogists to study the rich and sometimes unexpected behavior that minerals exhibit under the extreme conditions within the earth. This volume fully details the exciting interaction between geophysics and condensed matter physics. Leading international researchers from both geosciences and condensed matter physics detail this cutting edge, interdisciplinary field. The volume is an excellent summary for specialists and graduate students researching mineralogy and crystallography.

With an approach that stresses the fundamental solid state behaviour of minerals, and with emphasis on both theory and experiment, this text surveys the physics and chemistry of earth materials. It starts with a systematic tour of crystal chemistry of both simple and complex structures (with completely new structural drawings) and discusses how structural and thermodynamic information is obtained experimentally. The quantitative concepts of chemical bonding band theory, molecular orbit and ionic models are reviewed. The book goes on to discuss physical properties and to relate microscopic features to macroscopic thermodynamic behaviour. The book then discusses high pressure phase transitions, amorphous materials and solid state reactions, and concludes with a look at the interface between mineral physics and materials science. Highly illustrated throughout, this book is designed to fill the gap between undergraduate texts and specialized review volumes, for students in earth sciences and materials science.

Many materials used in industry are crystals. These crystals often show anomalies, such as sudden softening or embrittlement at certain temperatures. If controlled, such behavior can be extremely useful, for manufacturing and high-technology applications. This is one of the first books to describe the recently determined physical origins of such behavior, and provides an insight into the important thermodynamic principles and microstructural properties involved. It starts with the fundamental principles of structural phase transitions in materials. Ferroelasticity, twinning and related microstructures are then described. Landau-type theories of phase transitions are introduced, together with details of elastic and specific heat anomalies, the formation of spontaneous strain, and the generation of solitary waves at temperatures close to the transition point.

The subject of mineralogy has moved away from the systematic treatment of mineral groups toward the study of the behavior of minerals in response to geological processes. It is vital that we understand the physics and chemistry of minerals as this response generally involves structural and chemical changes within individual minerals as well as reactions between minerals. This is the first text to provide an introduction to modern mineralogy for undergraduate students. The main, and often complex, concepts required to understand minerals and the processes that take place within them are presented in an easy to follow manner without any complex mathematical treatment. The book deals with solid-state transformations in minerals, which take place in response to changes in temperature and pressure, as well as introducing the basic crystallography, physics and chemistry needed to understand these processes. No knowledge of physics, chemistry and mathematics beyond high-school level is assumed.

The techniques available for the chemical analysis of silicate without an appreciation of what happens in between. rocks have undergone a revolution over the last 30 years. However, to use an analytical technique most effectively, No longer is the analytical balance the only instrument used it is essential to understand its analytical characteristics, in for quantitative measurement, as it was in the days of classi particular the excitation mechanism and the response of the cal gravimetric procedures. A wide variety of instrumental signal detection system. In this book, these characteristics techniques is now commonly used for silicate rock analysis, have been described within a framework of practical ana including some that incorporate excitation sources and detec lytical aplications, especially for the routine multi-element tion systems that have been developed only in the last few analysis of silicate rocks. All analytical techniques available years. These instrumental developments now permit a wide for routine silicate rock analysis are discussed, including range of trace elements to be determined on a routine basis. some more specialized procedures. Sufficient detail is In parallel with these exciting advances, users have tended included to provide practitioners of geochemistry with a firm to become more remote from the data production process. base from which to assess current performance, and in some This is, in part, an inevitable result of the widespread intro cases, future developments."

Of the many techniques that have been applied to the study of crystal defects, none has contributed more to our understanding of their nature and influence on the physical and chemical properties of crystalline materials than transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM is now used extensively by an increasing number of earth scientists for direct observation of defect microstructures in minerals and rocks. Transmission Electron Microscopy of Minerals and Rocks is an introduction to the principles of the technique written specifically for geologists and mineralogists. The first part of the book deals with the essential physics of the transmission electron microscope and presents the basic theoretical background required for the interpretation of images and electron diffraction patterns. A knowledge of elementary crystallography is assumed, and some familiarity with optics and electromagnetic theory is helpful but not essential. The final chapters are concerned with specific applications of TEM in mineralogy and deal with such topics as planar defects, intergrowths, radiation-induced defects, dislocations and deformation-induced microstructures.

The role of hydrothermal fluids during the crystallization of layered intrusions and the ore deposits they contain has long been debated. This book summarizes the evidence for fluid-crystal-liquid (hydromagmatic) interactions and their importance for the understanding of the formation of platinum-group deposits in layered intrusions. It discusses the composition of igneous fluids in mafic magmatic systems, the generation and movement of these fluids in layered intrusions, their impact in altering the mineralogy and composition of the originally precipitated assemblages, and their role in the transport of the platinum-group elements (PGE). Using examples from the Bushveld complex of South Africa and other intrusions, this book provides a comprehensive overview of the hydromagmatic model for the origin of various features of layered intrusions. It is a useful reference for academic researchers and professional geologists working on economic mineral exploration, layered igneous intrusions, and hydrothermal metallogenesis.

An Unabridged Printing With Text And All Figures Digitally Enlarged. Originally Titled: Manual Of Mineralogy Including Observations On Mines, Rocks, Reduction Of Ores, And The Application Of The Science To The Arts. With 260 Illustrations, Glossary And Index Of Terms. Chapters Include: General Characteristics Of Minerals - Crystallography Or The Structure Of Minerals - Physical Properties Of Minerals - Chemical Properties Of Minerals - Classification Of Minerals - Description Of Minerals - Earthy Minerals - Metals And Metallic Ores - Chemical Composition And Formulas Of Minerals - Rocks Or Minerals Aggregates - Catalogue Of American Localities Of Minerals - Weights Measures And Coins - Tables For The Determination Of Minerals - A Comprehensive, 16 Page Index

Here is a book that actually fills the gap between theory and application. Mining engineering students studying mine design and needing guidance in assembling a mine-design project will refer to this book over and over again. It is useful for industry professionals who require a mine-design reference book for daily use or, who wish to prepare for the professional engineers' examination.

Chapters include: Introduction, Mine Preplanning, Ventilation, Strata Control, Pumping and Drainage, Power Systems, Hoisting Systems, Rail and Belt Haulage Systems, Rubber-Tired Haulage Systems, and Surface Extraction.

Ocean Hotspots provides a comprehensive overview of recent and ongoing research on intraplate volcanism in the ocean basins with special emphasis on the Pacific Ocean. The geology of the seamounts and their associated seamount chains is described, along with detailed geophysical, geochemical and hydrothermal observations made by a multi-disciplinary group of marine geoscientists. These observations lead to a deeper understanding of how the ascending mantle melts, represented by hotspots, are able to penetrate the lithosphere, build seamounts, and enhance hydrothermal circulation. The "fixed" hotspot-generated seamount chains also provide key constraints on plate tectonic reconstructions on the Earth's crust.

Features 135 splendid color photographs, ranges from vast rock-landscapes recorded in Europe, America, Australia, and Iceland right down to finely detailed images of a few square millimeters. Close-ups of crystals, gems, and fossils are alternated with micro-images of the minute textures and patterns that emerge from thin, translucent sections of rocks and minerals. Literally, as well as figuratively Dirk Wiersma, the photographer, zooms in` on the subject matter, leading the reader deeper into various spaces of surprising new forms and perspectives, at times abstract, at other times (pseudo)realistic. Brief accompanying texts are written in a style that is accessible and appealing to a general audience, while also providing the necessary factual information.

Framboids may be the most astonishing and abundant natural features you've never heard of. These microscopic spherules of golden pyrite consist of thousands of even smaller microcrystals, often arranged in stunning geometric arrays. They are rarely more than twenty micrometers across, and often look like miniscule raspberries under the microscope. The formation of a framboid is the result of self-assembly of pyrite micro- and nano-crystals under the influence of surface forces. They can be found all around us in rocks of all ages and present-day sediments, soils, and natural waters. Our planet makes billions every second and has been doing so for most of recorded geologic time. As a result, there are more framboids on our planet than there are sand grains on Earth or stars in the observable universe. The microscopic size of framboids belies their importance to contemporary science. They help us better understand inorganic self-assembly and self-organization, and studying them illuminates Earth's evolutionary history. In this book, David Rickard explains what framboids are, how they are formed, and what we can learn from them. The book's thirteen chapters trace everything from their basic attributes and mineralogy to their biogeochemistry and paleoenvironmental significance. Rickard expands on the most updated research and recent developments in geology, chemistry, biology, materials science, biogeochemistry, mineralogy, and crystallography, making this a must-have guide for researchers.

Das Standardwerk fur die Geowissenschaften sowie fur alle Liebhaber von Gesteinen und an Geologie Interessierte. In diesem Buch vermittelt Roland Vinx die Grundlagen der Gesteinskunde praxisorientiert und leicht verstandlich. Dabei kommt es ihm besonders auf die Bestimmung mit makroskopischen Methoden an, d. h. unter Gelandebedingungen, ohne Mikroskop und ohne chemische Analysen. Gesteinsbestimmung erfordert eine sichere Diagnose der enthaltenen Minerale. Deswegen werden zunachst die wichtigsten gesteinsbildenden Minerale vorgestellt, danach folgen Beschreibungen der verschiedenen Gesteinsarten in einheitlich strukturierter Form und auf aktuellem Stand der Klassifikationen. Manchmal ist eine sichere Bestimmung im Gelande prinzipiell nicht moeglich. Fur solche Falle wird erlautert, wie man eine Probe fur die Analyse im Labor nehmen kann, ohne dabei das moeglicherweise sensible Vorkommen zu beeintrachtigen. Mit diesem Buch werden die Merkmale der Gesteine ohne petrographische Vorkenntnisse verstandlich. Sorgfaltig ausgewahlte, farbige Fotos der beschriebenen Minerale und Gesteine sowie von vielen gesteinstypischen Gelandeformen erleichtern das Bestimmen. Das nach nunmehr neun Jahren bereits in der 4. Auflage vorliegende Werk nimmt eine eigene Stellung neben theoretischen Lehrbuchern einerseits und Gesteins- und Mineralienfuhrern andererseits ein.

Principles of Metamorphic Petrology provides a modern introduction to the latest ideas, techniques and approaches in the study of metamorphic rocks. The book begins with basic concepts, but advances further than most other metamorphic petrology texts. Examples of this include the latest chemographic approaches, the correct use of pseudosections and the application of x-ray compositional mapping to metamorphic problems. It also covers recent advances in thermobarometry and the application of modern geochronological techniques to the absolute timing of tectonometamorphic events. Determination of parent rocks is covered in detail and there is a modern exposition of partial melting reactions, melt extraction and deformation of migmatites. The book includes a large number of references to lead students into independent investigation. A valuable text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses in metamorphic petrology, that serves as the most current reference for researchers and exploration geologists.

Granites are emblematic rocks developed from a magma that crystallized in the Earth's crust. They ultimately outcrop at the surface of every continent. This book offers a modern presentation of granitic rocks. It considers granites in their geological spatial and temporal frame, and in relation to plate tectonics and Earth history. The book - translated, edited, and updated from the original French edition Petrologie des Granites published by Vuibert in 2011 - gives a modern presentation of granitic rocks, or granites, from magma genesis to their emplacement into the crust and their crystallization. Mineralogical, petrological, physical, and economical aspects are explored and developed in a succession. The text is supported throughout by a large number of illustrations, descriptions of modern techniques, and additional boxes holding further discussions for those wishing to deepen their knowledge of the subject.

A volcanic eruption occurs when a magma-filled fracture propagates from its source to the surface. Analysing and understanding the conditions that allow this to happen constitute a major part of the scientific field of volcanotectonics. This new volume introduces this cutting-edge and interdisciplinary topic in volcanological research, which incorporates principles and methods from structural geology, tectonics, volcano-deformation studies, physical volcanology, seismology, and physics. It explains and illustrates the physical processes that operate inside volcanoes and which control the frequencies, locations, durations, and sizes of volcanic eruptions. Featuring a clear theoretical framework and helpful summary descriptions of various volcanic structures and products, as well as many worked examples and exercises, this book is an ideal resource for students, researchers and practitioners seeking an understanding of the processes that give rise to volcanic deformation, earthquakes, and eruptions.

Komatiites erupted billions of years ago as pulsating streams of white-hot lava. Their unusual chemical compositions and exceptionally high formation temperatures produced highly fluid lava that crystallized as spectacular layered flows. Investigation of the extreme conditions in which komatiites formed provides important evidence about the thermal and chemical evolution of the planet, and the nature of the Precambrian mantle. This monograph, written by three experts with long experience in the field, presents a complete account of the characteristics of komatiites including their volcanic structures, textures, mineralogy and chemical compositions. Models for their formation and eruption are evaluated (including the anhydrous vs. hydrous magmas controversy). A chapter is also devoted to the valuable nickel and copper ore deposits found in komatiites. Komatiite is a key reference for researchers and advanced students interested in petrology, Archaean geology, economic geology, and broader questions about the evolution of the Earth's crust and mantle.

Crystals are sometimes called 'Flowers of the Mineral Kingdom'. In addition to their great beauty, crystals and other textured materials are enormously useful in electronics, optics, acoustics and many other engineering applications. This richly illustrated text describes the underlying
principles of crystal physics and chemistry, covering a wide range of topics and illustrating numerous applications in many fields of engineering using the most important materials today. Tensors, matrices, symmetry and structure-property relationships form the main subjects of the book. While
tensors and matrices provide the mathematical framework for understanding anisotropy, on which the physical and chemical properties of crystals and textured materials often depend, atomistic arguments are also needed to quantify the property coefficients in various directions. The atomistic
arguments are partly based on symmetry and partly on the basic physics and chemistry of materials. After introducing the point groups appropriate for single crystals, textured materials and ordered magnetic structures, the directional properties of many different materials are described: linear and
nonlinear elasticity, piezoelectricity and electrostriction, magnetic phenomena, diffusion and other transport properties, and both primary and secondary ferroic behavior. With crystal optics (its roots in classical mineralogy) having become an important component of the information age, nonlinear
optics is described along with the piexo-optics, magneto-optics, and analogous linear and nonlinear acoustic wave phenomena. Enantiomorphism, optical activity, and chemical anisotropy are discussed in the final chapters of thebook.

Das Buch weitet den Blick uber die kurzfristige Verfugbarkeit von kritischen Metallen auf die grundlegende Frage: Kritisch fur wen? Die Autoren nehmen alle Akteure in den Blick und behandeln geologische, chemische, technische, oekonomische und soziale Aspekte wie auch Fragen des Recyclings und verbinden diese. Auch auf Fragen nach dem guten Leben und des Bergbaus aus der Sicht von Landern des Sudens, Fragen der Ressourcenpolitik und -gerechtigkeit gehen sie ein. Ein weiteres Thema sind das UN-Tiefseebergbauregime und dessen Perspektiven, wie sich zukunftig unkonventionell Erz aus der Tiefsee gewinnen lasst. Kritische Metalle werden in den ubergreifenden Zusammenhang der anstehenden Grossen Transformation eingeordnet. Das Buch beleuchtet insbesondere die grundlegende Bedeutung der stofflichen Voraussetzungen der Energiewende und die energetischen Voraussetzungen der Stoffwende wie auch der Digitalisierung. Damit lasst sich zeigen, dass nicht nur seltene Erden kritisch sind, sondern ebenso Industriemetalle wie etwa Kupfer. Ressourcenpolitik zielt unter anderem auf Sicherung der Primarversorgung mit Technologiemetallen, auf Ressourceneffizienz, Recycling und Substitution kritischer Stoffe. Trotz erster Erfolge ist die Dynamik in Richtung einer zunehmenden Dissipation wertvoller kritischer Metalle ungebrochen. Noetig ist eine rasche Umsteuerung mit dem Ziel, kritische Metalle nicht langer im grossen Stil zu verbrauchen, sondern sie klug zu gebrauchen.

Am Beispiel von 25 bedeutenden Fossillagerstatten veranschaulicht das Buch eindrucksvoll die geologische, biologische und geographische Entwicklung des europaischen Kontinents. In funf Kapiteln werden alle geologischen Zeitalter vorgestellt. Der Band ist das Ergebnis einer internationalen Zusammenarbeit von mehr als 30 renommierten Palaontologen aus 13 verschiedenen europaischen Landern und wird gefoerdert von der Europaischen Palaontologischen Gesellschaft.

in die Mineralogie (Kristallographie und Petrologie) von Carl W. Correns Unter Mitwirkung von losef Zemann (Teil I) und Sigmund Koritnig (Mineraltabellen) Nachdruck der zweiten Auflage Mit 391 Textabbildungen una einer Tafel Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1981 Dr. Dr. h. c. Carl W. Correns, Prof. em., Universitat Gottingen Dr. Josef Zemann, Prof., Universitat Wien Dr. Sigmund Koritnig, Prof., Universitat Gottingen ISBN 978-3-662-06861-8 ISBN 978-3-662-06860-1 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-06860-1 Das \Verk ist urhcb8rrcchtlich geschiitzt. Die dadllfch begriindctcn Reehte, insbesondere die der Ubersctzung, des Nachdrnckcs, uer Entnahme von Abbildullgen, der }"""'unksendullg, del' \Yiederga he auf pllotomcchanisehem oder ahnlichem \Vege und der Speieherung in Datcllverarbeitungsanlagcllulciben, auch boi nur auszllgsweiser Ven-vertung, yorhehalten. Die Vergiitungsanspruchc des 54, Abs. 2 UrhG werden durch dip "VCfwcrtllugsgescllschaft \Yort", liinchen. wahrgenommen. Copyright 1949 by Springer- Verlag Berlin Heidelberg (c) by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1968. Urspriinglich erschienen bei Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York 1968. Softcover reprint of the hardcover 2nd edition 1968 Die \Viedcrgabe von Gebrauchsnamen, Hundclsnamen, "'-arenbezcichnungen usw. in diesem, -rerk bercehtigt auch ohne besondere Kennzeichnllng nieht. zu der Annahme, daB sokhe XaIlH n illl Sinne der \Varenzeichen und larkenschutz-GesetzgebllIlg alsfrei zu betrachten waren und daher von jeLlermann benutzt werden dtirften.