This second edition is fully updated to include new developments in the study of metamorphism as well as enhanced features to facilitate course teaching. It integrates a systematic account of the mineralogical changes accompanying metamorphism of the major rock types with discussion of the conditions and settings in which they formed. The use of textures to understand metamorphic history and links to rock deformation are also explored. Specific chapters are devoted to rates and timescales of metamorphism and to the tectonic settings in which metamorphic belts develop. These provide a strong connection to other parts of the geology curriculum. Key thermodynamic and chemical concepts are introduced through examples which demonstrate their application and relevance. Richly illustrated in colour and featuring end-of-chapter and online exercises, this textbook is a comprehensive introduction to metamorphic rocks and processes for undergraduate students of petrology, and provides a solid basis for advanced study and research.

All Earth Science students need to understand the origins, environments, and basic processes that produce igneous and metamorphic rocks. This concise introductory textbook provides students with the essential knowledge needed to understand how petrology relates to other topics in the geologic sciences, and has been written specifically for one-semester courses. Throughout, the emphasis is on interpreting the mineralogy and petrology of rock suites in terms of origin and environment, with the first half of the book concentrating on igneous rocks, and the second half on metamorphic rocks. This Second Edition has been thoroughly revised and brought completely up-to-date. It now includes a new chapter on the application of stable and radiogenic isotopes in petrology, introducing students to the concept of isotopic fractionation and describing the process of radioactive decay. The discussions of phase diagrams, connections between igneous and metamorphic rock suites, and convergent margin magmatism have also been expanded. There is a new glossary of terms, updated end-of-chapter exercises, and updated further readings.

Features 135 splendid color photographs, ranges from vast rock-landscapes recorded in Europe, America, Australia, and Iceland right down to finely detailed images of a few square millimeters. Close-ups of crystals, gems, and fossils are alternated with micro-images of the minute textures and patterns that emerge from thin, translucent sections of rocks and minerals. Literally, as well as figuratively Dirk Wiersma, the photographer, zooms in` on the subject matter, leading the reader deeper into various spaces of surprising new forms and perspectives, at times abstract, at other times (pseudo)realistic. Brief accompanying texts are written in a style that is accessible and appealing to a general audience, while also providing the necessary factual information.

Ocean Hotspots provides a comprehensive overview of recent and ongoing research on intraplate volcanism in the ocean basins with special emphasis on the Pacific Ocean. The geology of the seamounts and their associated seamount chains is described, along with detailed geophysical, geochemical and hydrothermal observations made by a multi-disciplinary group of marine geoscientists. These observations lead to a deeper understanding of how the ascending mantle melts, represented by hotspots, are able to penetrate the lithosphere, build seamounts, and enhance hydrothermal circulation. The "fixed" hotspot-generated seamount chains also provide key constraints on plate tectonic reconstructions on the Earth's crust.

Framboids may be the most astonishing and abundant natural features you've never heard of. These microscopic spherules of golden pyrite consist of thousands of even smaller microcrystals, often arranged in stunning geometric arrays. They are rarely more than twenty micrometers across, and often look like miniscule raspberries under the microscope. The formation of a framboid is the result of self-assembly of pyrite micro- and nano-crystals under the influence of surface forces. They can be found all around us in rocks of all ages and present-day sediments, soils, and natural waters. Our planet makes billions every second and has been doing so for most of recorded geologic time. As a result, there are more framboids on our planet than there are sand grains on Earth or stars in the observable universe. The microscopic size of framboids belies their importance to contemporary science. They help us better understand inorganic self-assembly and self-organization, and studying them illuminates Earth's evolutionary history. In this book, David Rickard explains what framboids are, how they are formed, and what we can learn from them. The book's thirteen chapters trace everything from their basic attributes and mineralogy to their biogeochemistry and paleoenvironmental significance. Rickard expands on the most updated research and recent developments in geology, chemistry, biology, materials science, biogeochemistry, mineralogy, and crystallography, making this a must-have guide for researchers.

Aside from water the materials which are used by mankind in highest quantities arecementitious materials and concrete. This book shows how the quality of the technical product depends on mineral phases and their reactions during the hydration and strengthening process. Additives and admixtures infl uence the course of hydration and the properties. Options of reducing the CO2-production in cementitious materials are presented and numerous examples of unhydrous and hydrous phases and their formation conditions are discussed. This editorial work consists of four parts including cement composition and hydration, Special cement and binder mineral phases, Cementitious and binder materials, and Measurement and properties. Every part contains different contributions and covers a broad range within the area. Contents Part I: Cement composition and hydration Diffraction and crystallography applied to anhydrous cements Diffraction and crystallography applied to hydrating cements Synthesis of highly reactive pure cement phases Thermodynamic modelling of cement hydration: Portland cements - blended cements - calcium sulfoaluminate cements Part II: Special cement and binder mineral phases Role of hydrotalcite-type layered double hydroxides in delayed pozzolanic reactions and their bearing on mortar dating Setting control of CAC by substituted acetic acids and crystal structures of their calcium salts Crystallography and crystal chemistry of AFm phases related to cement chemistry Part III: Cementitious and binder materials Chemistry, design and application of hybrid alkali activated binders Binding materials based on calcium sulphates Magnesia building material (Sorel cement) - from basics to application New CO2-reduced cementitious systems Composition and properties of ternary binders Part IV: Measurement and properties Characterization of microstructural properties of Portland cements by analytical scanning electron microscopy Correlating XRD data with technological properties No cement production without refractories

Das bewahrte Lehrbuch der Mineralogie Gregor Markls Buch ist eine verstandliche Einfuhrung in die Grundlagen der Mineralogie, Petrologie und Geochemie und richtet sich vor allem an Studierende geowissenschaftlicher Facher. Am Anfang steht eine reich bebilderte Beschreibung der wichtigsten Minerale und Gesteine. Dann stellt der Autor Konzepte und Analysemethoden der Mineralogie vor und erklart die Bildung und Veranderungen von metamorphen, magmatischen und sedimentaren Gesteinen. Das Kapitel zur Geochemie beleuchtet die Chemie des Kosmos, die Entstehung der Elemente, Meteorite sowie die Zusammensetzung der wichtigsten globalen Reservoire (Erdkern, -mantel, -kruste, Ozeane, Atmosphare). Eine wichtige Anwendung der Geochemie ist die Messung von Gehalten an Spurenelementen oder stabilen und radiogenen Isotopen in Gesteinen zur Rekonstruktion geologischer Prozesse. Das Lehrbuch besticht durch moderne Stoffauswahl und -darstellung, ubersichtlich strukturierte und verstandliche Texte, die gelungene Verbindung von Mineralogie, Petrologie und Geochemie sowie die grosse Zahl farbiger Fotos und instruktiver zweifarbiger Grafiken. Studierenden der Geowissenschaften wird dieses Buch vom Grundstudium bis zum Bachelorabschluss begleiten. Zugleich bietet es allen, die sich fur die Erde interessieren, spannende Einblicke in die Wissenschaft von den Mineralen und Gesteinen.

Crystals are sometimes called "Flowers of the Mineral Kingdom." In addition to their great beauty, crystals and other textured materials are enormously useful in electronics, optics, acoustics, and many other engineering applications. This richly illustrated text describes the underlying principles of crystal physics and chemistry, covering a wide range of topics, and illustrating numerous applications in many fields of engineering using the most important materials. It has been written at a level suitable for science and engineering students and cab be used for teaching a one- or two-semester course.
Tensors, matrices, symmetry, and structure-property relationships form the main subjects of the book. While tensors and matrices provide the mathematical framework for understanding anistropy, on which the physical and chemical properties of crystals and textured materials often depend, atomistic arguments are also needed to qualify the property coefficients in various directions. The atomistic arguments are partly based on symmetry and party on the basic physics and chemistry of materials.
After introducing the point groups appropriate for single crystals, textured materials, and ordered magnetic structures, the directional properties of many different materials are described: linear and nonlinear elasticity, piezoelectricity and electrostriction, magnetic phenomena, diffusion and other transport properties, and both primary and secondary ferroic behavior. With crystal optics (its roots in classical mineralogy) having become an important component of the information age, nonlinear optics is described along with the piezo-optics and electro-optics, and analagous linear andnonlinear acoustic wave phenomena. Enantiomorphism, optical activity, and chemical anisotropy are discussed in the final chapters of the book.

The second edition of Introduction to Mineralogy follows the highly successful first edition, which become an overnight market leader. Introduction to Mineralogy consolidates much of the material now covered in traditional mineralogy and optical mineralogy courses and focuses on describing minerals within their geologic context. It presents the important traditional content of mineralogy including crystallography, chemical bonding, controls on mineral structure, mineral stability, and crystal growth to provide a foundation that enables students to understand the nature and occurrence of minerals. Physical, optical, and X-ray powder diffraction techniques of mineral study are described in detail, and common chemical analytical methods are outlined as well. Detailed descriptions of over 100 common minerals are provided, and the geologic context within which these minerals occur is emphasized. Appendices provide tables and diagrams to help students with mineral identification, using both physical and optical properties. Numerous line drawings, photographs, and photomicrographs help make complex concepts understandable. Introduction to Mineralogy is available with Daniel Schulze's An Atlas of Minerals in Thin Section for a nominal additional fee.

Das Buch weitet den Blick uber die kurzfristige Verfugbarkeit von kritischen Metallen auf die grundlegende Frage: Kritisch fur wen? Die Autoren nehmen alle Akteure in den Blick und behandeln geologische, chemische, technische, oekonomische und soziale Aspekte wie auch Fragen des Recyclings und verbinden diese. Auch auf Fragen nach dem guten Leben und des Bergbaus aus der Sicht von Landern des Sudens, Fragen der Ressourcenpolitik und -gerechtigkeit gehen sie ein. Ein weiteres Thema sind das UN-Tiefseebergbauregime und dessen Perspektiven, wie sich zukunftig unkonventionell Erz aus der Tiefsee gewinnen lasst. Kritische Metalle werden in den ubergreifenden Zusammenhang der anstehenden Grossen Transformation eingeordnet. Das Buch beleuchtet insbesondere die grundlegende Bedeutung der stofflichen Voraussetzungen der Energiewende und die energetischen Voraussetzungen der Stoffwende wie auch der Digitalisierung. Damit lasst sich zeigen, dass nicht nur seltene Erden kritisch sind, sondern ebenso Industriemetalle wie etwa Kupfer. Ressourcenpolitik zielt unter anderem auf Sicherung der Primarversorgung mit Technologiemetallen, auf Ressourceneffizienz, Recycling und Substitution kritischer Stoffe. Trotz erster Erfolge ist die Dynamik in Richtung einer zunehmenden Dissipation wertvoller kritischer Metalle ungebrochen. Noetig ist eine rasche Umsteuerung mit dem Ziel, kritische Metalle nicht langer im grossen Stil zu verbrauchen, sondern sie klug zu gebrauchen.

Am Beispiel von 25 bedeutenden Fossillagerstatten veranschaulicht das Buch eindrucksvoll die geologische, biologische und geographische Entwicklung des europaischen Kontinents. In funf Kapiteln werden alle geologischen Zeitalter vorgestellt. Der Band ist das Ergebnis einer internationalen Zusammenarbeit von mehr als 30 renommierten Palaontologen aus 13 verschiedenen europaischen Landern und wird gefoerdert von der Europaischen Palaontologischen Gesellschaft.

Wie wenige andere Wissenschaften hrut die Mineralogie im Laufe der letzten drei bis vi

Mount Etna in Sicily is one of a small number of active volcanoes in the Mediterranean area, where written history survives from more than two millennia: its eruptions are therefore among the best documented in the world. This account of the eruption of 1819 was written by the chemist and vulcanologist Carmelo Maravigna, a professor at the University of Catania, who was commissioned by his colleagues to make scientific observations of the phenomena and to publish them in a clear and methodical format. Maravigna's book opens with the diary of his own observations from 27 May to 5 August 1819; it then describes the physical consequences of the eruption, including the spread and depth of lava flows, and discusses various theories of volcanic activity. The sixth chapter analyses the mineral deposits in the lava, and the last describes the volcano returned to its dormant state.