Dieses Buch gibt einen UEberblick uber den Umgang mit radioaktiven Reststoffen. Es zeigt auf, welche Quellen fur radioaktive Abfalle es gibt, wie die Optionen Zwischenlagerung und Endlagerung gestalte sind, sowie, welche Problem sich aus dem Transport radioaktiver Stoffe ergeben. Schliesslich beschreibt es noch die Moeglichkeit der Transmutation - also die Elementumwandlung durch gezielte Kernreaktionen - und eine dazugehoerige Anwendung.

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1981.

Since the dawn of the Atomic Age, nuclear experts have labored to imagine the unimaginable and prevent it. They confronted a deceptively simple question: When is a reactor “safe enough� to adequately protect the public from catastrophe? Some experts sought a deceptively simple answer: an estimate that the odds of a major accident were, literally, a million to one. Far from simple, this search to quantify accident risk proved to be a tremendously complex and controversial endeavor, one that altered the very notion of safety in nuclear power and beyond.   Safe Enough? is the first history to trace these contentious efforts, following the Atomic Energy Commission and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission as their experts experimented with tools to quantify accident risk for use in regulation and to persuade the public of nuclear power’s safety. The intense conflict over the value of risk assessment offers a window on the history of the nuclear safety debate and the beliefs of its advocates and opponents. Across seven decades and the accidents at Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima, the quantification of risk has transformed both society’s understanding of the hazards posed by complex technologies and what it takes to make them safe enough.

The development and implementation of an appropriate infrastructure to support the successful introduction of nuclear power and its safe, secure, peaceful and sustainable application is an issue of central concern, especially for countries that are considering and planning their first nuclear power plant. In preparing the necessary nuclear infrastructure, there are several activities that need to be completed. These activities can be split into three progressive phases of development. This publication provides a description of the conditions expected to be achieved by the end of each phase to assist with the best use of resources. 'Milestones' refer to the conditions necessary to demonstrate that the phase has been successfully completed.

In using risk-informed approaches for ensuring safety of operating nuclear power plants (NPPs), risk importance measures obtained from probabilistic risk assessments (PRAs) of the plants are integral elements of consideration in many cases. Obtaining these measures in appropriate forms is helpful for decision makers and can facilitate the use of risk information.

This publication is a revision of IAEA-TECDOC-1212 which primarily focused on enhancing the utilization of existing research reactors. This updated version also provides guidance on how to develop and implement a strategic plan for a new research reactor project and will be of particular interest for organizations which are preparing a feasibility study to establish such a new facility. This publication will enable managers to determine more accurately the actual and potential capabilities of an existing reactor, or the intended purpose and type of a new facility. At the same time, management will be able to match these capabilities to stakeholders/users' needs and establish the strategy of meeting such needs. In addition, several annexes are presented, including some examples as clarification to the main text and ready-to-use templates as assistance to the team drafting a strategic plan.

This monograph summarizes the major developments on nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulics over the last fifty years, primarily for the water-cooled reactors, and provides a direction for the future thermal-hydraulic developments for water-cooled, including small modular reactors or SMR, and Generation IV reactors. This includes discussion on the steady-state reactor thermal hydraulics including subchannel analysis, evolution of emergency core cooling systems (ECCS) from active to fully passive systems to remove the decay heat, and development and consolidation of the best-estimate safety analysis methodology. With substantial increase in computing power, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) tools for single-phase and multi-phase flows are being used more these days to address some of the important reactor thermal-hydraulics phenomena which could not be analyzed earlier using the traditional one-dimensional or coarse three-dimensional analysis tools. Development of multi-physics methodology encompassing neutronics, thermal-hydraulics, thermal-mechanical and coolant chemistry has also started.

In situ leach or leaching (ISL) or in situ recovery (ISR) mining has become one of the standard uranium production methods. Its application to amenable uranium deposits (in certain sedimentary formations) has been growing in view of its competitive production costs and low surface impacts. This publication provides an historical overview and shows how ISL experience around the world can be used to direct the development of technical activities, taking into account environmental considerations, and emphasizing the economics of the process, including responsible mine closure. The publication provides information on how to design, operate and regulate current and future projects safely and efficiently, with a view to maximizing performance and minimizing negative environmental impact.

This Safety Guide provides guidance on the predisposal management of all types of radioactive waste (including spent nuclear fuel declared as waste and high level waste) generated at nuclear fuel cycle facilities. These waste management facilities may be located within larger facilities or may be separate, dedicated waste management facilities (including centralized waste management facilities). The Safety Guide covers all stages in the lifetime of these facilities, including their siting, design, construction, commissioning, operation, and shutdown and decommissioning. It covers all steps carried out in the management of radioactive waste following its generation up to (but not including) disposal, including its processing (pretreatment, treatment and conditioning). Radioactive waste generated both during normal operation and in accident conditions is considered.

Power uprate and life extension are ongoing concerns for nuclear power stations due to strengthened safety and regulatory requirements. While great successes have been achieved, huge costs have been reported and numerous technically challenging questions have been raised. With regard to piping, most issues concern whether relevant code requirements are reasonably met. This monograph addresses a few issues essential for achieving a consistent Design-By-Analysis in accordance with the ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code: nonlinear alternative rules, fatigue, thermal ratcheting, dynamic loads, strain-based criteria, nonlinear finite element procedures, supports under combined stresses, and others. Throughout the text, the authors endeavour to seek more reliable and consistent alternatives using advanced non-linear finite element analysis. Unlike other texts on piping, this monograph is focused on commercial software and current practices for power uprate and life extension of aging nuclear power facilities.

Growing up in suburban Detroit, David Hahn was fascinated by science, and his basement experiments--building homemade fireworks, brewing moonshine, and concocting his own self-tanning lotion--were more ambitious than those of other boys. While working on his Atomic Energy badge for the Boy Scouts, David's obsessive attention turned to nuclear energy. Throwing caution to the wind, he plunged into a new project: building a nuclear breeder reactor in his backyard garden shed.
In The Radioactive Boy Scout, veteran journalist Ken Silverstein recreates in brilliant detail the months of David's improbable nuclear quest. Posing as a physics professor, David solicited information on reactor design from the U.S. government and from industry experts. (Ironically, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was his number one source of information.) Scavenging antiques stores and junkyards for old-fashioned smoke detectors and gas lanterns--both of which contain small amounts of radioactive material--and following blueprints he found in an outdated physics textbook, David cobbled together a crude device that threw off toxic levels of radiation. His unsanctioned and wholly unsupervised project finally sparked an environmental catastrophe that put his town's forty thousand residents at risk and caused the EPA to shut down his lab and bury it at a radioactive dumpsite in Utah.
An outrageous account of ambition and, ultimately, hubris that sits comfortably on the shelf next to such offbeat science books as Driving Mr. Albert and stories of grand capers like Catch Me If You Can, The Radioactive Boy Scout is a real-life adventure with the narrative energy of a first-rate thriller.

"From the Hardcoveredition.

The nuclear industry is in a state of flux. Proclamations of a nuclear renaissance have given way to predictions of the industry's ultimate decline, and now, in the face of new carbon emissions regulation, renewed optimism for the future. Yet, nuclear plants are currently at-risk due to electricity market design issues and competition with low priced natural gas. This book attempts to provide clarity to the potential outlook for the nuclear industry by examining the factors that influence it. It includes an analysis of recent trends affecting nuclear power generation while focusing on the specific potential impact of the EPA's proposed Clean Power Program on nuclear power.

Book & CD-ROM. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) defines an abandoned uranium mine (mine) as a named mine or complex developed to extract uranium ore for atomic energy defense-related activities of the United States from 1947 to 1970, as verified by purchase of ore by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) or other means. This book addresses five issues which include the location of defense-related abandoned uranium mines on federal, state, tribal, and private lands; the extent of radiation hazards, other public health and safety threats, and environmental degradation caused, or may have been caused, by the mines; a priority ranking to reclaim and remediate the mines; the potential cost and feasibility of reclamation and remediation in accordance with applicable federal law; and the status of any mine reclamation and remediation efforts. This book is accompanied by a CD-ROM which includes three reports on defense-related uranium mines locations; the radiological risk to human health and the environment; and prioritization.

The March 2011 accident at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant led to a worldwide review of nuclear power programs. NRC licenses and oversees civilian nuclear reactors. The State Department coordinates policy matters with international organisations and treaties, including those dealing with nuclear safety. This book examines the actions nuclear regulatory bodies from selected countries have taken to strengthen nuclear safety; the extent to which these countries have established automated systems to collect and transmit accident data; and steps international organisations have taken to support nuclear regulatory bodies and promote nuclear safety worldwide since the accident.

The hidden history of African uranium and what it means-for a state, an object, an industry, a workplace-to be "nuclear." Uranium from Africa has long been a major source of fuel for nuclear power and atomic weapons, including the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. In 2003, after the infamous "yellow cake from Niger," Africa suddenly became notorious as a source of uranium, a component of nuclear weapons. But did that admit Niger, or any of Africa's other uranium-producing countries, to the select society of nuclear states? Does uranium itself count as a nuclear thing? In this book, Gabrielle Hecht lucidly probes the question of what it means for something-a state, an object, an industry, a workplace-to be "nuclear." Hecht shows that questions about being nuclear-a state that she calls "nuclearity"-lie at the heart of today's global nuclear order and the relationships between "developing nations" (often former colonies) and "nuclear powers" (often former colonizers). Hecht enters African nuclear worlds, focusing on miners and the occupational hazard of radiation exposure. Could a mine be a nuclear workplace if (as in some South African mines) its radiation levels went undetected and unmeasured? With this book, Hecht is the first to put Africa in the nuclear world, and the nuclear world in Africa. By doing so, she remakes our understanding of the nuclear age.

The book provides an overview of the advantages in using lead enriched with stable lead isotope lead-208 instead of natural lead as a coolant of fast reactors (FRs) and accelerator driven systems (ADS). Lead-208 as a twice magic nucleus has low cross sections of neutron radiation capture and small moderation of neutrons in the range of neutron energies 10 eV 20 MeV, i.e. in FR and ADS core neutron spectra. These unique features of lead-208 lead to the economy of neutrons, hardening the neutron spectra and other profitable factors.

Recent events have renewed long-standing congressional interest in safe management of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) and other high level nuclear waste. These issues have been examined and debated for decades, sometimes renewed by world events like the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The incident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear reactor complex in Japan, combined with the termination of the Yucca Mountain geologic repository project, have contributed to the increased interest. This book focuses on the current situation with spent nuclear fuel storage in the United States. It addresses the SNF storage situation, primarily at current and former reactor facilities and former reactor sites for the potentially foreseeable future. Although no nation has yet established a permanent disposal repository for SNF and other forms of high-level radioactive waste, there is broad consensus that a geological repository is the preferred method for these wastes.

In this book, the authors gather topical research in the study of nuclear materials. Topics discussed include experimental studies in nuclear fuel alloys for research reactors; the removal of arsenic from ground and surface waters using lanthanides; microstructural characterisation of zirconium based alloys and current trends in the mathematical modelling and simulation of fission product transport from fuel to primary coolant of PWRs.

Experts agree, though it is already important, nuclear power will soon be critical to the maintenance of contemporary society. With the heightened importance of nuclear energy comes a heightened threat of terrorism. The possibility of nuclear energy infrastructure terrorism-that is, the use of weapons to cause damage to the nuclear energy industrial sector, which would have widespread, devastating effects-is very real. In Nuclear Infrastructure Protection and Homeland Security, authors Frank R. Spellman and Melissa L. Stoudt present all the information needed for nuclear infrastructure employers and employees to handle security threats they must be prepared to meet. The book focuses on three interrelated nuclear energy infrastructure segments: nuclear reactors, radioactive materials, and nuclear waste. It presents common-sense methodologies in a straightforward manner, so the text is accessible even to those with little experience with nuclear energy who are nonetheless concerned about the protection of our nuclear infrastructure. Important safety and security principles are outlined, along with security measures that can be implemented to ensure the safety of nuclear facilities.

This book explores the topic of nuclear power in the United States. Nearly three decades after the most recent order was placed for a new nuclear power plant in the U.S., several utilities are now expressing interest in building a total of up to 30 new reactors. The renewed interest in nuclear power has resulted primarily from higher prices for natural gas, improved operation of existing reactors, and uncertainty about future restrictions on coal emissions. This book compares the cost of two-fuel cycle alternatives for the current generation of thermal reactors -- one alternative being direct disposal, and the other reprocessing. This book also includes analyses of the potential effect of the tax credit for nuclear power provided by the Energy Policy of 2005 and possible competitive effects of various proposals to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Under baseline assumptions, the cost of electricity from new nuclear power plants is likely to be higher than power generated by new coal- and natural gas-fired plants. This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.

This book is concerned about the adequacy of electricity supply and the impact of greenhouse-gas emissions on the environment have prompted policymakers to reevaluate the role that nuclear power might play in the future in meeting the nation's demand for electricity. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct) offers incentives for expanding utilities' capacity to generate electricity using innovative fossil-fuel technologies and a new generation of nuclear reactors that are designed to decrease costs and enhance safety. In addition, policymakers are considering various proposals that would impose charges on entities that emit carbon dioxide, the most common greenhouse gas. Such policies could further encourage the use of nuclear power, which emits no such gases, by increasing the cost of generating electricity with competing fossil-fuel technologies.

Entre le nucl aire et la France, on peut parler d'une v ritable histoire d'amour. Ayant fait le pari de d velopper cette source d' nergie, les d cideurs fran aisse sont lanc es dans une pop e fantastique, une des aventures scientifiques et industrielles les plus excitantes. L'objet de cet ouvrage est de pr senter les enjeux de ce pari, de mieux cerner les difficult s qui ont accompagn son d roulement, afin d'appr hender la complexit d'une telle construction. Apr s un panorama des acquis successifs de la physique atomique et nucl aire depuis un peu plus d'un si cle, l'ouvrage d crit la gen se de l' nergie nucl aire, puis ses d veloppements industriels, pour finir sur un aper u de perspectives encore largement ouvertes. La conclusion dresse un bilan des atouts et des risques de cette nergie. On y trouvera les t moignages d'un autre acteur de ces recherches, Pierre Benoist, et de l'un de ceux qui les poursuivra, Sylvain David. La pr face d'H l ne Langevin, fille de Fr d ric et Ir ne Joliot-Curie, rappelle utilement que l' nergie nucl aire a t et restera le lieu d'une synergie vivante entre la recherche et l'industrie. Con u pour les tudiants en G nie atomique, cette histoire de l' pop e nucl aire int ressera aussi toutes les personnes impliqu es dans le d veloppement de l' nergie nucl aire ou simplement curieuses de mieux conna tre l'histoire nerg tique fran aise. L' pop e de l' nergie nucl aire n'est pas l' uvre d'un historien mais d'un acteur de cette fantastique aventure scientifique et industrielle; elle sera consid r e comme une introduction la lecture des nombreux ouvrages consacr s ce sujet.

Diminishing oil supplies, global warming due to use of fossil fuels, persistent strife in the Middle East, and increasing demands for energy have led to the search for additional energy sources. Many feel that a significant expansion of nuclear power will be necessary to meet projected needs. However, although nuclear power has been produced commercially for over thirty years, no country has yet found a permanent solution for the disposal of high-level nuclear waste. This book examines the complex political, legal, and scientific issues relating to the disposal of that waste.
The political controversies discussed here include the power of governors to veto placement of high-level nuclear waste repositories in their states, the use of incentives for spent-fuel acceptance, the use of Indian reservations as host sites, control of a Nuclear Waste Fund, and whether a state without a nuclear reactor should be required to accept spent fuel.
The scientific controversies discussed include monitored surface storage versus permanent geological disposal, burial above or below the water table, the probability of serious seismic and volcanic events, and long-term hazard assessment. This book is unique in its comprehensive discussion of the issues related to nuclear waste storage.

The revised second edition of this established text offers readers a significantly expanded introduction to the effects of radiation on metals and alloys. It describes the various processes that occur when energetic particles strike a solid, inducing changes to the physical and mechanical properties of the material. Specifically it covers particle interaction with the metals and alloys used in nuclear reactor cores and hence subject to intense radiation fields. It describes the basics of particle-atom interaction for a range of particle types, the amount and spatial extent of the resulting radiation damage, the physical effects of irradiation and the changes in mechanical behavior of irradiated metals and alloys. Updated throughout, some major enhancements for the new edition include improved treatment of low- and intermediate-energy elastic collisions and stopping power, expanded sections on molecular dynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo methodologies describing collision cascade evolution, new treatment of the multi-frequency model of diffusion, numerous examples of RIS in austenitic and ferritic-martensitic alloys, expanded treatment of in-cascade defect clustering, cluster evolution, and cluster mobility, new discussion of void behavior near grain boundaries, a new section on ion beam assisted deposition, and reorganization of hardening, creep and fracture of irradiated materials (Chaps 12-14) to provide a smoother and more integrated transition between the topics. The book also contains two new chapters. Chapter 15 focuses on the fundamentals of corrosion and stress corrosion cracking, covering forms of corrosion, corrosion thermodynamics, corrosion kinetics, polarization theory, passivity, crevice corrosion, and stress corrosion cracking. Chapter 16 extends this treatment and considers the effects of irradiation on corrosion and environmentally assisted corrosion, including the effects of irradiation on water chemistry and the mechanisms of irradiation-induced stress corrosion cracking. The book maintains the previous style, concepts are developed systematically and quantitatively, supported by worked examples, references for further reading and end-of-chapter problem sets. Aimed primarily at students of materials sciences and nuclear engineering, the book will also provide a valuable resource for academic and industrial research professionals. Reviews of the first edition: "...nomenclature, problems and separate bibliography at the end of each chapter allow to the reader to reach a straightforward understanding of the subject, part by part. ... this book is very pleasant to read, well documented and can be seen as a very good introduction to the effects of irradiation on matter, or as a good references compilation for experimented readers." - Pauly Nicolas, Physicalia Magazine, Vol. 30 (1), 2008 "The text provides enough fundamental material to explain the science and theory behind radiation effects in solids, but is also written at a high enough level to be useful for professional scientists. Its organization suits a graduate level materials or nuclear science course... the text was written by a noted expert and active researcher in the field of radiation effects in metals, the selection and organization of the material is excellent... may well become a necessary reference for graduate students and researchers in radiation materials science." - L.M. Dougherty, 07/11/2008, JOM, the Member Journal of The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society.