"Control of the Safety Factor Profile in a Tokamak" uses Lyapunov techniques to address a challenging problem for which even the simplest physically relevant models are represented by nonlinear, time-dependent, partial differential equations (PDEs). This is because of thespatiotemporal dynamics of transport phenomena (magnetic flux, heat, densities, etc.) in the anisotropic plasma medium.

Robustness considerations are ubiquitous in the analysis and control design since direct measurements on the magnetic flux are impossible (its estimation relies on virtual sensors) and large uncertainties remain in the coupling between the plasma particles and the radio-frequency waves (distributed inputs).

The Brief begins with a presentation of the reference dynamical model and continues by developing a Lyapunov function for the discretized system (in a polytopic linear-parameter-varying formulation). The limitations of this finite-dimensional approach motivate new developments in the infinite-dimensional framework. The text then tackles the construction of an input-to-state-stability Lyapunov function for the infinite-dimensional system that handles the medium anisotropy and provides a common basis for analytical robustness results. This function is used as a control-Lyapunov function and allows the amplitude and nonlinear shape constraints in the control action to be dealt with.

Finally, the Brief addresses important application- and implementation-specific concerns. In particular, the coupling of the PDE and the finite-dimensional subsystem representing the evolution of the boundary condition (magnetic coils) and the introduction of profile-reconstruction delays in the control loop (induced by solving a 2-D inverse problem for computing the magnetic flux) is analyzed. Simulation results are presented for various operation scenarios on Tore Supra (simulated with METIS) and on TCV (simulated with RAPTOR).

"Control of the Safety Factor Profile in a Tokamak" will be of interest to both academic and industrially-based researchers interested in nuclear energy and plasma-containment control systems, and graduate students in nuclear and control engineering."

The basic logic is very simple. Countries around the globe have a need for more electrical generating capacity because of increases in population and increases in energy use per capita. The needs are constrained by the requirement that the ba- load energy source be economical, secure, and not emit climate-changing gases. Nuclear power fits this description. Therefore, many countries that have not had a nuclear power program (or only had a small program) see a need to develop one in the future. However, the development of a national nuclear energy program is not so simple. The purpose of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Nuclear Power and Energy Security was to contribute to our understanding of how these programs might evolve. The workshop took place 26-29 May 2009 in Yerevan, Armenia. Approximately 50 participants discussed the infrastructure that is needed and some of the reactor options that might be considered. The papers in this book helped define the discussion that took place. The infrastructure that is needed includes a legal framework, a functioning regulator, a plan for waste disposal, a plan for emergency response, etc. These needs were explained and just as importantly, it was explained what international, bilateral, and regional cooperation is available. Although there were many co- tries represented, the Armenian experience was of particular interest because of where the meeting was located. The papers on reactor options covered both innovative and evolutionary designs.

This Safety Requirements publication takes into account and incorporates developments relating to site evaluation for nuclear installations since the publication of IAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS-R-3 in 2003. It applies IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SF-1, Fundamental Safety Principles. Requirements for site evaluation are intended to contribute to the adequate protection of site personnel and the public and protection of the environment from harmful effects of ionizing radiation arising from nuclear installations. It is recognized that there are steady advances in technology and scientific knowledge, in nuclear safety and in what is considered adequate protection. Safety requirements evolve with these advances and this publication reflects the present consensus among States.

The IAEA has developed a comprehensive methodology for evaluating nuclear security culture. When implemented by a State, this methodology will help to make nuclear security culture sustainable. It will also promote cooperation and the sharing of good practices related to nuclear security culture. This publication is the first guidance for assessing nuclear security culture and analysing its strengths and weaknesses within a facility or activity, or an organization. It reflects, within the context of assessment, the nuclear security culture model, principles and criteria set out in the Implementing Guide, IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 7. This guidance will be useful for organizations and operating facilities in conducting the self-assessment of nuclear security culture by providing practical methods and tools. It will also help regulatory bodies and other competent authorities to understand the self-assessment methodology used by operators, encourage operators to start the self-assessment process or, if appropriate, conduct independent assessments of nuclear security culture.

This textbook is the first comprehensive and systematic account of the science, technology and policy issues associated with nuclear energy and nuclear weapons. Throughout their account of the evolution of nuclear policy, from its origin to the early Trump presidency, the authors interweave clear technical expositions of the science and technology that underpin and constrain it. The book begins by tracing the early work in atomic physics, the discovery of fission, and the developments that led to the Manhattan Project and the delivery of atomic bombs against Japan that ended World War II. It follows the initial failed attempts at nuclear disarmament, the onset of the Cold War nuclear arms competition, and the development of light water reactors to harness nuclear energy for electric power generation. The authors thoroughly unpack the problem of nuclear proliferation, examining the strategy and incentives for states that have and have not pursued nuclear weapons, and providing an overview of the nuclear arsenals of the current nuclear weapon states. They trace the technical, political and strategic evolution of deterrence, arms control and disarmament policies from the first attempts for an Outer Space Treaty in 1957 through the new START treaty of 2009. At critical junctures in the narrative, the authors explain the relevant nuclear science and technology including nuclear fission and criticality; nuclear materials and enrichment; nuclear detonation and nuclear weapons effects; nuclear weapons stockpile constraints, stewardship and surveillance; nuclear fusion and thermonuclear weapons; technologies for monitoring, verification and proliferation; and nuclear forensics. They conclude with an assessment of contemporary issues ranging from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action reached to halt Iran's nuclear weapons development program, to the threat of nuclear terrorism, the perceived nuclear weapons policies of Russia and China, and the US efforts to provide disincentives for its allies to acquire their own nuclear weapons by maintaining credible security guarantees.

This book provides a readable and thought-provoking analysis of the issues surrounding nuclear fuel reprocessing and fast-neutron reactors, including discussion of resources, economics, radiological risk and resistance to nuclear proliferation. It describes the history and science behind reprocessing, and gives an overview of the status of reprocessing programmes around the world. It concludes that such programs should be discontinued. While nuclear power is seen by many as the only realistic solution to the carbon emission problem, some national nuclear establishments have been pursuing development and deployment of sodium-cooled plutonium breeder reactors, and plutonium recycling. Its proponents argue that this system would offer significant advantages relative to current light water reactor technology in terms of greater uranium utilization efficiency, and that separating out the long-lived plutonium and other transuranics from spent fuel and fissioning them in fast reactors would greatly reduce the duration of the toxicity of radioactive waste. However, the history of efforts to deploy this system commercially in a number of countries over the last six decades has been one of economic and technical failure and, in some cases, was used to mask clandestine nuclear weapon development programs. Covering topics of significant public interest including nuclear safety, fuel storage, environmental impact and the spectre of nuclear terrorism, this book presents a comprehensive analysis of the issue for nuclear engineers, policy analysts, government officials and the general public. "Frank von Hippel, Jungmin Kang, and Masafumi Takubo, three internationally renowned nuclear experts, have done a valuable service to the global community in putting together this book, which both historically and comprehensively covers the "plutonium age" as we know it today. They articulate in a succinct and clear manner their views on the dangers of a plutonium economy and advocate a ban on the separation of plutonium for use in the civilian fuel cycle in view of the high proliferation and nuclear-security risks and lack of economic justification." (Mohamed ElBaradei, Director General, International Atomic Energy Agency (1997-2009), Nobel Peace Prize (2005)) "The 1960s dream of a 'plutonium economy' has not delivered abundant low-cost energy, but instead has left the world a radioactive legacy of nuclear weapons proliferation and the real potential for nuclear terrorism. Kang, Takubo, and von Hippel explain with power and clarity what can be done to reduce these dangers. The governments of the remaining countries whose nuclear research and development establishments are still pursuing the plutonium dream should pay attention." (Senator Edward Markey, a leader in the US nuclear-disarmament movement as a member of Congress since 1976) "The authors have done an invaluable service by putting together in one place the most coherent analysis of the risks associated with plutonium, and the most compelling argument for ending the practice of separating plutonium from spent fuel for any purpose. They have given us an easily accessible history of the evolution of thinking about the nuclear fuel cycle, the current realities of nuclear power around the world and, arguably most important, a clear alternative path to deal with the spent fuel arising from nuclear reactors for decades to centuries to come." (Robert Gallucci, Chief US negotiator with North Korea (1994); Dean, Georgetown University School of Foreign Service (1996-2009); President, MacArthur Foundation (2009-2014))

Decommissioning is the last step in the lifetime management of an authorized facility and it must be considered during the design, construction, commissioning and operation of such facilities. This publication provides guidance on how to comply with requirements for the safe decommissioning of nuclear power plants, research reactors, and other nuclear fuel cycle facilities. It addresses all the aspects of decommissioning that are required to ensure safety including: roles and responsibilities, strategy and planning for decommissioning, conduct of decommissioning actions and completion of decommissioning. It is intended for use by those working in policy and strategy development, planning, implementation and regulatory control of decommissioning.

The transport of radioactive material is an essential activity worldwide. Both safety and security during transport are matters of national and international importance. This publication is the latest edition of the IAEA Safety Requirements for the safe transport of radioactive material. It is supported by six IAEA Safety Guides which provide explanation and guidance for the SSR-6 requirements to facilitate harmonized implementation. The SSR-6 Regulations apply to the transport of radioactive material by all modes on land, water, or in the air, including transport that is incidental to the use of the radioactive material. Transport comprises all operations and conditions associated with, and involved in, the movement of radioactive material; these include the design, manufacture, maintenance and repair of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage including in-transit storage, unloading and receipt at the final destination of loads of radioactive material and packages. These requirements form an integral part of regulations worldwide, therefore SSR-6 and its associated guidance documents are a requisite source of guidance information for governments, regulators, and all individuals involved in the aforementioned activities of transport of radioactive material. These requirements are adopted into the UN Model Regulations which are subsequently adopted by the IMDG Code by the International Maritime Organisation for shipment by sea and by the International Civil Aviation Organization Technical Instructions for shipment by air. Both the IMDG Code and the ICAO Technical Instructions are globally implemented and mandatory. Land transport is the responsibility of the national government of each Member State, and the SSR-6 requirements are adopted for national transport safety regulations for shipments on land.

After Atomic Junction, along the Haatso-Atomic Road there lies the Ghana Atomic Energy Commission, home to Africa's first nuclear programme after independence. Travelling along this road, Abena Dove Osseo-Asare gathers together stories of conflict and compromise on an African nuclear frontier. She speaks with a generation of African scientists who became captivated with 'the atom' and studied in the Soviet Union to make nuclear physics their own. On Pluton Lane and Gamma Avenue, these scientists displaced quiet farming villages in their bid to establish a scientific metropolis, creating an epicentre for Ghana's nuclear physics community. By placing interviews with town leaders, physicists and local entrepreneurs alongside archival records, Osseo-Asare explores the impact of scientific pursuit on areas surrounding the reactor, focusing on how residents came to interpret activities on these 'Atomic Lands'. This combination of historical research, personal and ethnographic observations shows how Ghanaians now stand at a crossroad, where some push to install more reactors, whilst others merely seek pipe-borne water.

Control analysis and design of large nuclear reactors requires a suitable mathematical model representing the steady state and dynamic behavior of the reactor with reasonable accuracy. This task is, however, quite challenging because of several complex dynamic phenomena existing in a reactor. Quite often, the models developed would be of prohibitively large order, non-linear and of complex structure not readily amenable for control studies. Moreover, the existence of simultaneously occurring dynamic variations at different speeds makes the mathematical model susceptible to numerical ill-conditioning, inhibiting direct application of standard control techniques. This monograph introduces a technique for mathematical modeling of large nuclear reactors in the framework of multi-point kinetics, to obtain a comparatively smaller order model in standard state space form thus overcoming these difficulties. It further brings in innovative methods for controller design for systems exhibiting multi-time-scale property, with emphasis on three-time-scale systems.

Is nuclear power a thing of the past or a technology for the future? Has it become too expensive and dangerous, or is it still competitive and sufficiently safe? Should emerging countries invest in it? Can we trust calculations of the probability of a major nuclear accident? In the face of divergent claims and contradictory facts, this book provides an in-depth and balanced economic analysis of the main controversies surrounding nuclear power. Without taking sides, it helps readers gain a better understanding of the uncertainties surrounding the costs, hazards, regulation and politics of nuclear power. Written several years on from the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster of 2011, this is an important resource for students, researchers, energy professionals and concerned citizens wanting to engage with the continuing debate on the future of nuclear power and its place in international energy policy.

Written by two leading researchers from the world-renowned Japan Atomic Energy Agency, the Nuclear Hydrogen Production Handbook is an unrivalled overview of current and future prospects for the effective production of hydrogen via nuclear energy. Combining information from scholarly analyses, industrial data, references, and other resources, this handbook illustrates hydrogen's versatility and potential both as a sustainable energy carrier (e.g., fuel for vehicles and power generators) and as a feedstock material for industry (agriculture, oil, chemical, and steel, etc.). Packed with details about the science, engineering, and production involved in nuclear hydrogen generation, this handbook presents case studies that delve into: * Research results of hydrogen development programs sponsored by Japan, Argentina, China, Korea, the US and the EU, among others * Operational developments at major nuclear reactors * Cutting-edge hydrogen production systems and methods, including high-temperature electrolysis of steam and biomass gasification * Applications such as heat- and corrosion-resistant construction materials, chemical reactors, and heat exchangers, and thermochemical iodine-sulfur processes * Integrated process designs (including thermochemical and hybrid methods) * Nuclear hydrogen plant operation management and safety Far exceeding the limited introductory detail offered in other books on the topic, this book offers an all-encompassing international perspective on nuclear hydrogen production. Addressing a wide range of pertinent technologies, scientific trends, and technical details, this resource will be a useful tool for readers at all levels of understanding.

Seit Hiroshima gilt die Atombombe als singulare Waffe. Ihre Auswirkungen in Raum und Zeit sind analogielos. Ein machtiges Tabu liegt auf ihrer Anwendung. Ihr Besitz war nur funf Staaten erlaubt. Gleichzeitig wurde sie von Anfang an politisch und strategisch instrumentalisiert. Das "Gleichgewicht des Schreckens" wurde zum Signum des Atomzeitalters. Nach 1989 scheint sich dieses Tabu allmahlich aufzuloesen. Die Zahl der Staaten, die uber Nuklearwaffen verfugen, wachst langsam, aber sie wachst. Eine Gruppe von zwoelf Wissenschaftlern - Physikern, Kerntechnikern, Politologen, Historikern und einem Voelkerrechtler - hat die verschiedenen Aspekte der Singularitatsthese diskutiert und legt jetzt die Ergebnisse ihrer Arbeit in zwoelf Aufsatzen vor. Jeder Autor betont andere Aspekte. Der Band enthalt also weder abschliessende noch gar einfache Loesungen. Er zeigt, dass die von Vielen geforderte Abschaffung der Kernwaffen und damit das Ende des Atomzeitalters erst moeglich wird, wenn man die politischen, militarischen, technischen und sozialen Hindernisse klar erkennt, die es zu uberwinden gilt. Seit Hiroshima gilt die Atombombe als singulare Waffe. Ihre Auswirkungen in Raum und Zeit sind analogielos. Ein machtiges Tabu liegt auf ihrer Anwendung. Ihr Besitz war nur funf Staaten erlaubt. Gleichzeitig wurde sie von Anfang an politisch und strategisch instrumentalisiert. Das "Gleichgewicht des Schreckens" wurde zum Signum des Atomzeitalters. Nach 1989 scheint sich dieses Tabu allmahlich aufzuloesen. Die Zahl der Staaten, die uber Nuklearwaffen verfugen, wachst langsam, aber sie wachst. Eine Gruppe von zwoelf Wissenschaftlern - Physikern, Kerntechnikern, Politologen, Historikern und einem Voelkerrechtler - hat die verschiedenen Aspekte der Singularitatsthese diskutiert und legt jetzt die Ergebnisse ihrer Arbeit in zwoelf Aufsatzen vor. Jeder Autor betont andere Aspekte. Der Band enthalt also weder abschliessende noch gar einfache Loesungen. Er zeigt, dass die von Vielen geforderte Abschaffung der Kernwaffen und damit das Ende des Atomzeitalters erst moeglich wird, wenn man die politischen, militarischen, technischen und sozialen Hindernisse klar erkennt, die es zu uberwinden gilt. UEber die Beitragsautoren: Dr. Leopold Barleon, Ing., Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe Prof. Dr. Hans-Joachim Bieber, Historiker, Universitat Kassel Dr. Eric Chauvistre, Politikwissenschaftler, FU Berlin/ Redakteur ZDF, Reuters, TAZ Dr. Constanze Eisenbart, Historikerin, Forschungsstatte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft Heidelberg Prof. Dr. Christopher Daase, Politikwissenschaftler, Hessische Stiftung Friedens- und Konfliktforschung, Frankfurt Wilhelm Gmelin, Ing. Luft- und Raumfahrttechniker, ehem. Direktor der EURATOM Prof. Dr. Erwin Hackel, Politikwissenschaftler, Universitat Konstanz Prof. Dr. Martin Kalinowski, Kernphysikerer, Direktor des Carl Friedrich von Weizsacker-Zentrums der Universitat Hamburg Prof. Dr. Egbert Kankeleit, Kernphysiker em., TU Darmstadt Prof. Dr. Thilo Marauhn, Jurist, Universitat Giessen Dr. Christoph Pistner, Physiker, OEko-Institut e. V. Bereich Nukleartechnik Dr. Ulrich Ratsch, Physiker, Forschungsstatte der Evangelischen Studiengemeinschaft Heidelberg

In fast allen Wissenschaftsgebieten nehmen heute elektronische MeB- methoden einen hervorragenden Platz ein. Besonders gilt dies fur die Kern- physik bzw. Kerntechnik, in der oft hOchste Anspruche an die MeBgerate gestellt werden. Urn aber fur eine gestellte meBtechnische Aufgabe die elek- tronischen Anforderungen richtig abzuschatzen bzw. die Moglichkeiten einer vorgegebenen Apparatur zu erkennen, muB der experimentelle Wissen- schaftler bereits uber eine beachtliche Kenntnis der Elektronik verfugen. Auch die Fahigkeit, bei einer MiBfunktion eines elektronischen Gerates den Fehler erkennen, lokalisieren und beheben zu konnen, ist in der Praxis einer effektiven Forschungsarbeit von groBter Wichtigkeit. SchlieBlich erfordert die Kombination verschiedener MeBeinheiten, die oft von verschiedenen Herstellern stammen, ein genaues Verstandnis der Anpassungsbedingungen; die Befahigung, wo notig, einfache Ubergangseinheiten selbst herstellen zu konnen, erspart viel Zeit und Geldmittel. Der zunehmende Einsatz integrierter Bauelemente in den letzten Jahren ermoglicht es einerseits, komplexe elektronische Anlagen in sehr kompakter Bauweise zu konstruieren, kommt aber andererseits auch der elektronischen Betatigung der Wissenschaftler entgegen, deren Ziel nicht die Entwicklung elektronischer Apparaturen ist, sondern fur die diese nur unentbehrliche Hilfsgerate darstellen. Denn bei Verwendung dieser integrierten Elemente erfolgt die Dimensionierung fast zur Ganze durch den Hersteller, der bereits funktionsfahige Baueinheiten zur Verfugung stellt. Es genugt dann, uber die allgemein giiltigen elektronischen Grundlagen Bescheid zu wissen, urn in Verbindung mit den technischen Daten der verwendeten Elemente zu einem Verstandnis der vorliegenden Schaltungen zu kommen.

Originally perceived as a cheap and plentiful source of power, the commercial use of nuclear energy has been controversial for decades. Worries about the dangers that nuclear plants and their radioactive waste posed to nearby communities grew over time, and plant construction in the United States virtually died after the early 1980s. The 1986 disaster at Chernobyl only reinforced nuclear power's negative image. Yet in the decade prior to the Japanese nuclear crisis of 2011, sentiment about nuclear power underwent a marked change. The alarming acceleration of global warming due to the burning of fossil fuels and concern about dependence on foreign fuel has led policymakers, climate scientists, and energy experts to look once again at nuclear power as a source of energy.
In this accessible overview, Charles D. Ferguson provides an authoritative account of the key facts about nuclear energy. What is the origin of nuclear energy? What countries use commercial nuclear power, and how much electricity do they obtain from it? How can future nuclear power plants be made safer? What can countries do to protect their nuclear facilities from military attacks? How hazardous is radioactive waste? Is nuclear energy a renewable energy source? Featuring a discussion of the recent nuclear crisis in Japan and its ramifications, Ferguson addresses these questions and more in Nuclear Energy: What Everyone Needs to Know(r), a book that is essential for anyone looking to learn more about this important issue.
What Everyone Needs to Know(r) is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press

With the World desperate to find energy sources that do not emit carbon gasses, nuclear power is back on the agenda and in the news, following the increasing cost of fossil fuels and concerns about the security of their future supply. However, the term 'nuclear power' causes anxiety in many people and there is confusion concerning the nature and extent of the associated risks. Here, Maxwell Irvine presents a concise introduction to the development of nuclear physics leading up to the emergence of the nuclear power industry. He discusses the nature of nuclear energy and deals with various aspects of public concern, considering the risks of nuclear safety, the cost of its development, and waste disposal. Dispelling some of the widespread confusion about nuclear energy, Irvine considers the relevance of nuclear power, the potential of nuclear fusion, and encourages informed debate about its potential. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

One of the most fundamental problems in elementary particle physics is the study of the interaction of the pion meson with nucleons. It is believed that the pion meson plays a fundamental role in the description of nuclear forces and it is important, therefore, to understand the interaction of these particles. The primary method of gaining information on this interaction is through scattering experiments, and this book is concerned primarily with studies of pion-nucleon scattering at high energies. Originally published in 1969. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This complete introduction to plasma physics and controlled fusion by one of the pioneering scientists in this expanding field offers both a simple and intuitive discussion of the basic concepts of this subject and an insight into the challenging problems of current research. In a wholly lucid manner the work covers single-particle motions, fluid equations for plasmas, wave motions, diffusion and resistivity, Landau damping, plasma instabilities and nonlinear problems. For students, this outstanding text offers a painless introduction to this important field; for teachers, a large collection of problems; and for researchers, a concise review of the fundamentals as well as original treatments of a number of topics never before explained so clearly. This revised edition contains new material on kinetic effects, including Bernstein waves and the plasma dispersion function, and on nonlinear wave equations and solitons. For the third edition, updates was made throughout each existing chapter, and two new chapters were added; Ch 9 on "Special Plasmas" and Ch 10 on Plasma Applications (including Atmospheric Plasmas).

Nuclear Thermal-Hydraulic Systems provides a comprehensive approach to nuclear reactor thermal-hydraulics, reflecting the latest technologies, reactor designs, and safety considerations. The text makes extensive use of color images, internet links, computer graphics, and other innovative techniques to explore nuclear power plant design and operation. Key fluid mechanics, heat transfer, and nuclear engineering concepts are carefully explained, and supported with worked examples, tables, and graphics. Intended for use in one or two semester courses, the text is suitable for both undergraduate and graduate students. A complete Solutions Manual is available for professors adopting the text.

The transport of radioactive material is an essential activity worldwide. Both safety and security during transport are matters of national and international importance. This publication is the latest edition of the IAEA Safety Requirements for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material. It is supported by six IAEA Safety Guides which provide explanation and guidance for the SSR-6 requirements to facilitate harmonized implementation. The SSR-6 Regulations apply to the transport of radioactive material by all modes on land, water, or in the air, including transport that is incidental to the use of the radioactive material. Transport comprises all operations and conditions associated with, and involved in, the movement of radioactive material; these include the design, manufacture, maintenance and repair of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage including in-transit storage, unloading and receipt at the final destination of loads of radioactive material and packages. These requirements form an integral part of regulations worldwide, therefore SSR-6 and its associated guidance documents are a requisite source of guidance information for governments, regulators, and all individuals involved in the aforementioned activities of transport of radioactive material.

Control of nuclear material comprises the administrative and technical measures applied to ensure that nuclear material is not misused or removed from its assigned location without approval and/or without proper accounting. This publication, which builds upon the Implementing Guide IAEA Nuclear Security Series No.25-G , focuses on the control of nuclear material during storage, use and movement using a facility's nuclear material accounting and control (NMAC) system. It describes practical measures for controlling nuclear material for nuclear security purposes during all activities at a facility, including movements, and how to use a graded approach in applying such measures. The technical guidance provided is targeted at States and their competent authorities on how to use individual elements of the NMAC system, but will be also useful for persons responsible for designing, operating and assessing nuclear security systems, physical protection of nuclear facilities, nuclear security management, operators and managers of NMAC systems; as well as for those preparing associated regulations; and persons responsible for computer security at nuclear facilities.

Fusion: The Search For Endless Energy is the story of the international race to build an atomic fusion reactor and of the fraternity of scientists whose mission to create safe, clean, inexhaustible energy from the elements of seawater, transcended political boundaries. These scientists included such greats as Andrei Sakharov and Edward Teller. The book abounds with fascinating anecdotes about fusion's rocky path: the spurious claim by Argentine dictator Juan Peron in 1951 that his nation had built a working fusion reactor; the rush by the United States to drop secrecy and publicize its fusion work as a propaganda offensive after the Russian success with Sputnik; the fortune the Penthouse magazine publisher Bob Guccione sank into an unconventional fusion device; the skepticism that met an assertion by two University of Utah chemists in 1989 that they had created "cold fusion" in a bottle. Aimed at a general audience, the book describes the scientific basis of controlled fusion--the fusing of atomic nuclei, under conditions hotter than the sun, to release energy. Using personal recollections of scientists involved, the book traces the history of this little known international race that began during the Cold War in secret laboratories in the U.S., Great Britain, and the Soviet Union, and evolved into an astonishingly open collaboration between East and West.

This book is aimed at scientists and engineers wanting to use radioisotopes and the emitted ionising radiations competently but without seeking expertise. It describes decay and stability criteria, necessary precautions to ensure radiation protection and the detection of alpha, beta and gamma rays including spectrometry. There are comments on calorimetry, liquid scintillation counting, how to use secondary standard instruments, high resolution detectors and how to calculate counting results estimating uncertainties and allowing for the statistics of radionuclide decays. The book's principal purpose is to encourage radionuclide applications which can be done safely, reliably and accurately. It describes industrial and scientific applications of alpha, beta, and gamma rays, neutrons and high energy radiations. This book will be of particular interest to scientists and technologists, teachers and students, helping them to work with radioisotopes safely, efficiently and reliably.

This publication is a revision and combination of two Safety Guides, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. NS-G-1.1 and No. NS-G-1.3. The revision takes into account developments in instrumentation and control (I&C) systems since the publication of the earlier Safety Guides. The main changes relate to the continuing development of computer applications and the evolution of the methods necessary for their safe, secure and practical use. In addition, account is taken of developments in human factors engineering and the need for computer security. This Safety Guide also references and takes into account other IAEA safety standards and IAEA Nuclear Security Series publications that provide guidance relating to I&C design.