Leaching tests are conducted according to different standards, pro cedures or recommendations, generally under conditions different from those of the disposal media. Such tests are generally useful for com paring various containment matrices to ensure maximum isolation of radionuclides, and allow waste conditioning processes to be optimized. However, when defining release hypotheses to be taken into consideration for risk analysis, these methods can often lead to hypothesis which are either too optimistic or too pessimistic. The uncertainties basically involve the processes by which containers deteriorate during transport, handling and utlimate storage. Moreover, the interpretation of test results must be more clearly correlated with the known physico-chemical mechanisms involved. In attempting to find an answer to this question, tests have already the recovery been undertaken, including the use of lysimeter devices or of waste materials after several years of storage. The aim of the seminar was to exchange views among experts in characterization, waste management and safety analysis for the purpose of defining the principal actions that could be undertaken or of reorienting ongoing studies in order to limit the uncertainties involved."

The purpose of the Seminar was to provide an international interdisciplinary forum for in-depth discussions on the pros and cons of a denitration step by chemical means in the course of solidification of MAW (medium active waste) and HAW (highly active waste), prior to feeding the calciner or melter. In particular, differences In the volatility of some components and aerosol formation during the vitrification step are of interest. Chemical rather than thermal denitration may have particular merits which could simplify off-gas purification. A reduction in the salt burden of waste solutions, leading to a reduction In the volume of solid waste, may also be achieved. The scientific programme of the Seminar consisted of invited lectures only, given by experts actively engaged in this field of research. The emphasis was on extensive discussions among the partiCipants, with the aim of leading to an objective understanding of the state-of-the-art. The meeting also indentified issues and options for future research.

As Member States seek to extend the operating lifetime of nuclear power plants beyond that which was originally licensed, safety oversight of ageing management and long term operation (LTO) has become increasingly important. This Safety Report provides technical and practical information based on existing regulatory approaches and practices of Member States, and the application of the IAEA Safety Standards. This includes requirements and pre?conditions of the regulatory body for LTO, authorization processes applied to LTO, and regulatory practices and documentation to prepare for and implement LTO. The report is intended for nuclear safety authorities, operating organizations, licensees, manufacturers, designers and technical support organizations considering authorization for LTO of nuclear power plants.

35 9.2 TYpical PWR Station Layout 36 9.3 Regions of Highest Radiological Hazard 38 9.4 Decommissioning Scenarios 40 9.5 Existing Structural Features of a PWR which may aid Decommissioning 42 9.6 Structural Features that might be introduced into Future PWR Stations to aid Decommissioning 43 10. REFERENCES 44 11. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 45 12. TABLES AND FIGURES 45 APPENDIX A - SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION 98 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 This report describes the work carried out by Taylor Woodrow Construction Limited ( WC) in a study aimed at identifying features Which may be incorporated at the design stage of future nuclear power plants to facilitate their eventual decommissioning and, in so dOing, promote economic and radiological benefits at the decommissioning stage. 1.2 For the purposes of this study, decommissioning of a nuclear facility means those measures taken at the end of the facility's operating life to remove it from the site and restore the site to green field conditions, and, While so doing, ensure the continued protection of the public from any residual radioactivity or other potential hazards present in or emanating from the facility. The overall decommissioning process involves eventual dismantling and demolition and may also include, Where possible and appropriate, the intermediate steps of renewal and refurbishing.

The United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) established by the General Assembly in 1955 assesses the levels and effects of exposure to ionizing radiation on human health and the environment. This is the third of four volumes of scientific annexes provide the supporting scientific deliberations for the UNSCEAR 2020/2021 report to the General Assembly. Annex C "Biological mechanisms relevant for the inference of cancer risks from low dose and low-dose rate radiation" synthesizes the current knowledge on biological mechanisms of radiation actions at low doses and low-dose-rates, and assesses the implications for understanding the processes of cancer development after exposure to ionizing radiation, and for dose-response relationships of radiation-induced cancers.

Recent decades have seen a significant increase in the number of decommissioning projects undertaken globally. Decommissioning technologies have advanced, driven by innovations in digitization and robotics, and the Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) methodology is now being applied to the decommissioning phase of all types of nuclear facilities. This publication provides practical information and examples of good practices in training personnel for decommissioning activities, based on Member States' experience, including guidance on the application of SAT methodology. The increasing use of digital and web?based tools to enhance competence development for implementation of decommissioning programmes is also discussed.

Each year billions of dollars are being spent in the area of nuclear power generation to design, construct, manufacture, operate, and maintain various types of systems around the globe. Many times these systems fail due to safety, reliability, human factors, and human error related problems. The main objective of this book is to combine nuclear power plant safety, reliability, human factors, and human error into a single volume for those individuals that work closely during the nuclear power plant design phase, as well as other phases, thus eliminating the need to consult many different and diverse sources in obtaining the desired information.

A social history of New Mexico's ""Atomic City""Los Alamos, New Mexico, birthplace of the Atomic Age, is the community that revolutionized modern weaponry and science. An ""instant city,"" created in 1943, Los Alamos quickly grew to accommodate six thousand people - scientists and experts who came to work in the top-secret laboratories, others drawn by jobs in support industries, and the families. How these people, as a community, faced both the fevered rush to create an atomic bomb and the intensity of the subsequent cold-war era is the focus of Jon Hunner's fascinating narrative history. Much has been written about scientific developments at Los Alamos, but until this book little has been said about the community that fostered them. Using government records and the personal accounts of early residents, Inventing Los Alamos, traces the evolution of the town during its first fifteen years as home to a national laboratory and documents the town's creation, the lives of the families who lived there, and the impact of this small community on the Atomic Age.

Fundamental of Nuclear Engineering is derived from over 25 years of teaching undergraduate and graduate courses on nuclear engineering. The material has been extensively class tested and provides the most comprehensive textbook and reference on the fundamentals of nuclear engineering. It includes a broad range of important areas in the nuclear engineering field; nuclear and atomic theory; nuclear reactor physics, design, control/dynamics, safety and thermal-hydraulics; nuclear fuel engineering; and health physics/radiation protection. It also includes the latest information that is missing in traditional texts, such as space radiation. The aim of the book is to provide a source for upper level undergraduate and graduate students studying nuclear engineering.

The issue of nuclear power has become a polarizing one, especially in light of the increasing need for sustainable energy sources, and events like the 2011 nuclear disaster in Japan. The public has been largely wary and even fearful of a reliance on nuclear power, pointing to the reactor meltdown in Chernobyl or the Three-Mile Island accident as evidence that nuclear power is an unfeasible and dangerous source of energy. However, with these fears come misconceptions about the science behind nuclear power, and many arguments made against it lack the scientific grounding needed to contribute to the debate. At the same time, clean-energy sources like wind and solar have failed to prove that they can be used on a large enough scale to be relied upon. In Why We Need Nuclear Power: The Environmental Case, experienced radiation biologist Michael H. Fox replaces the misconceptions about nuclear power with real science, and argues that it may be the best source of energy both for large-scale use and slowing the effects of global warming. Fox relies on thirty-five years of experience studying the biological effects of radiation to explore the issues surrounding nuclear power, addressing which of the public's concerns on the issue are valid, and which are unsupported by science. He shows that nuclear power has crucial strategic importance in reducing the large amounts of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels. This is the first book to lay out clearly what we know about the biological effects of radiation, and what science we use to know it. Why We Need Nuclear Power is a critical resource for anyone looking to understand the facts of the nuclear power issue, and what role nuclear power could play in reducing the environmental impact of the world's energy consumption.

This Safety Guide provides recommendations and guidance on achieving and demonstrating compliance with IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-6 (Rev. 1), Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material (2018 Edition), which establishes the requirements to be applied to the national and international transport of radioactive material. Transport is deemed to comprise all operations and conditions associated with and involved in the movement of radioactive material, including the design, fabrication and maintenance of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, handling, carriage, storage in transit, shipment after storage and receipt at the final destination of packages. The Advisory Material is not a stand-alone text. It is to be used concurrently as a companion to the IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR-6 (Rev. 1) and each paragraph of this guide is numbered correspondingly to the paragraph of the Regulations to which it most directly relates.

Communication and stakeholder involvement are essential components for a successful disposal programme. Experience around the world suggests that the scientific and technological bases for the safe disposal of radioactive waste are available — disposal solutions exist or can be developed based on established knowledge. However, concerns and opposition among the public and other stakeholders could slow or even prevent the implementation of needed disposal solutions. This publication provides practical guidance on communication and stakeholder involvement for countries embarking on, relaunching or revising a disposal programme. It draws upon past experiences and emphasizes that practical implementation requires adjusting to the evolving context as given by the national, social and political circumstances. The primary intended users of this publication include those working in the field of radioactive waste management in government, regulatory bodies and industry, an especially in organizations responsible to implement solutions for radioactive waste disposal.

Nuclear power is not an option for the future but an absolute necessity. Global threats of climate change and lethal air pollution, killing millions each year, make it clear that nuclear and renewable energy must work together, as non-carbon sources of energy. Fortunately, a new era of growth in this energy source is underway in developing nations, though not yet in the West. Seeing the Light is the first book to clarify these realities and discuss their implications for coming decades. Readers will learn how, why, and where the new nuclear era is happening, what new technologies are involved, and what this means for preventing the proliferation of weapons. This book is the best work available for becoming fully informed about this key subject, for students, the general public, and anyone interested in the future of energy production, and, thus, the future of humanity on planet Earth.

The American experience with respect to electrical power production has undergone and is undergoing considerable evolution. Early, frequently strident debates tended to focus on the risks and benefits of only one pos sible power source (nuclear), and on one possible hazard (radiation from routine releases). Discussions and analyses now have tended to become more moderate, and deal with not only one but all feasible power sources, as well as the costs and benefits associated with fuel production, the operation of such sources, fuel transportation and waste disposal. Radiation from routine releases is no longer a major issue. A number of attempts have been made to assess the total benefits and risks of nuclear versus fossil fuel plants, in order to allow a rational basis for deciding on what type of source is best for a given situation. More data and more refined analyses are needed; how ever, most of those completed to date have concluded that the overall cost in terms of possible damage to health and the environment is least for nuclear power, next for oil and the greatest for coal-fired plants."

This publication provides a global overview of the status of spent fuel and radioactive waste management programmes, inventories, current practices, technologies and trends. It presents information on national arrangements for the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste, and on current waste and spent fuel inventories and their future estimates. Achievements, challenges and trends in the management of spent fuel and radioactive waste are also addressed. This second edition has been developed with a basis of national profiles submitted by Member States, complemented with openly available Joint Convention National Reports. The data reported are fully dependent on the input from the States and by the assumptions made to transform these data into the waste classes defined in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSG?1, Classification of Radioactive Waste.

Nuclear energy leaves behind an infinitely dangerous legacy of radioactive wastes in places that are remote and polluted landscapes of risk. Four of these places - Hanford (USA) where the plutonium for the first atomic bombs was made, Sellafield, where the UK's nuclear legacy is concentrated and controversial, La Hague the heart of the French nuclear industry, and Gorleben, the focal point of nuclear resistance in Germany - provide the narratives for this unique account of the legacy of nuclear power. The Legacy of Nuclear Power takes a historical and geographical perspective going back to the origins of these places and the ever changing relationship between local communities and the nuclear industry. The case studies are based on a variety of academic and policy sources and on conversations with a vast array of people over many years. Each story is mediated through an original theoretical framework focused on the concept of 'peripheral communities' developing through changing discourses of nuclear energy. This interdisciplinary book brings together social, political and ethical themes to produce a work that tells not just a story but also provides profound insights into how the nuclear legacy should be managed in the future. The book is designed to be enjoyed by academics, policy-makers and professionals interested in energy, environmental planning and politics and by a wider group of stakeholders and the public concerned about our nuclear legacy.

This book highlights a comprehensive and detailed introduction to the fundamental principles related to nuclear engineering. As one of the most popular choices of future energy, nuclear energy is of increasing demand globally. Due to the complexity of nuclear engineering, its research and development as well as safe operation of its facility requires a wide scope of knowledge, ranging from basic disciplines such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, and thermodynamics to applied subjects such as reactor theory and radiation protection. The book covers all necessary knowledge in an illustrative and readable style, with a sufficient amount of examples and exercises. It is an easy-to-read textbook for graduate students in nuclear engineering and a valuable handbook for nuclear facility operators, maintenance personnel and technical staff.

This publication provides guidance and recommendations on arrangements to be made at the preparedness stage, as part of overall emergency preparedness, for emergencies involving the transport of radioactive material. The guidance and recommendations in this Safety Guide are aimed at any State and its government, and at regulatory bodies and other response organizations, including consignors, carriers and consignees. It supports the implementation of the requirements established in IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 7 for such emergencies, irrespective of their cause, and the IAEA Transport Regulations, IAEA Safety Standards Series No. SSR?6 (Rev. 1).

Partial table of contents:

INTRODUCTORY CONCEPTS OF NUCLEAR REACTOR ANALYSIS.

An Introduction to Nuclear Power Generation.

The Nuclear Physics of Fission Chain Reactions.

Fission Chain Reactions and Nuclear Reactor—An Introduction.

The One-Speed Diffusion Model of A Nuclear Reactor.

Neutron Transport.

The One-Speed Diffusion-Theory Model.

Nuclear Reactor Kinetics.

THE MULTIGROUP DIFFUSION METHOD.

Multigroup Diffusion Theory.

Fast-Spectrum Calculations and Fast-Group Constants.

Thermal Spectrum Calculations and Thermal Group Constants.

Cell Calculations for Heterogeneous Core Lattices.

AN INTRODUCTION TO NUCLEAR REACTOR-CORE DESIGN.

General Aspects of Nuclear Reactor Core Design.

Thermo-Hydraulic Analysis of Nuclear Reactor Cores.

The Calculation of Core Power Distributions.

Reactivity Control.

Analysis of Core-Composition Changes.

Appendices.

When asked to name the world's first major nuclear accident, most people cite the Three Mile Island incident or the Chernobyl disaster. Revealed in this book is one of American history's best-kept secrets: the world's first nuclear reactor accident to claim fatalities happened on United States soil. Chronicled here for the first time is the strange tale of SL-1, a military test reactor located in Idaho's Lost River Desert that exploded on the night of January 3, 1961, killing the three-man maintenance crew on duty. Through details uncovered in official documents, firsthand accounts from rescue workers and nuclear industry insiders, and exclusive interviews with the victims' families and friends, this book probes intriguing questions about the devastating blast that have remained unanswered for more than 40 years. From reports of a faulty reactor design and mismanagement of the reactor's facilities to rumors of incompetent personnel and a failed love affair that prompted deliberate sabotage of the plant, these plausible explanations for the explosion raise questions about whether the truth was deliberately suppressed to protect the nuclear energy industry.

In the world market of power-producing nuclear reactors, there is growing interest in small and medium sized or modular reactors (SMRs). These can be assembled in-factory, transported by ship or train, installed on site and connected to the electricity grid in a short time, significantly reducing the financial burden of the investment. This publication, which is the outcome of a technical meeting, presents a detailed overview of the different concepts of fast SMRs and highlights the technological, economic and safety potential of these reactors and the associated innovative systems. Although it is mainly focused on innovative reactor solutions aimed to increase safety and simplicity of design, the parameters that contribute to the final cost of the plant are also considered.

The focus of this publication is on collecting current practices in Member States related to design extension conditions (DECs) with core melting. The information provided is based on the feedback from technical experts from Canada, France, Finland, India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Russian Federation, and the United States of America. There is, however, still no common understanding of DECs due to the complexity of phenomena and insufficient experimental data. This publication identifies current approaches of IAEA Member States with active nuclear power programmes and discusses the regulatory perspective and technical rationale. It attempts to find common practices and possible areas for harmonization of the main rules related to the analysis of DECs with core melting for new water cooled reactors, including their selection for the safety demonstration.

Explores the systems of magnetic confinement of high-temperature plasma with closed and open magnetic field lines which relate to alternative compact devices of controlled thermonuclear fusion. Energy balance schemes of thermonuclear plasmas and main reactor characteristics are presented as the authors compare conceptual projects based on classical tokamak and stellarator, spherical tokamak and compact torus. They explore the questions and problems of new promising nuclear and thermonuclear power plants that source thermonuclear neutrons on a mixture of deuterium and tritium, and a low-radioactive reactor on a mixture of deuterium and helium-3.

This publication provides detailed guidance on developing, implementing, and integrating computer security as a key component of nuclear security. This guidance applies to computer security aspects of nuclear security and its interfaces with nuclear safety and with other elements of a State's nuclear security regime, including the security of nuclear material and nuclear facilities, of radioactive material and associated facilities, and of nuclear and other radioactive material outside of regulatory control. The scope of this publication includes: computer?based systems, the compromise of which could adversely affect nuclear security or nuclear safety; the State's and relevant entities roles and responsibilities in relation to computer security in the nuclear security regime; the activities of the State in establishing and implementing a computer security strategy for nuclear security; the elements and measures for subordinate computer security programmes; and the activities to sustain the strategy.