Study of quark-gluon plasma(QGP) has gained a lot of attention since last three decades. It is expected to be one of the most important and non trivial phase of hadronic matter under extreme conditions. In this monograph the response functions of QGP and their applications are studied in detail. This monograph contains an elementary introduction of QGP, basics of kinetic theory, coherent states in construction of the distribution function in phase space. A framework to determine the response functions of QGP is fixed. The explicit forms of the response functions for quarks as well as gluons for the ideal and non-ideal plasma are obtained separately. It is found that the response functions have two components: (i) Abelian and (ii) non Abelian. If the non Abelian interaction is switched off the non Abelian component vanishes. The response due to the gluonic component shows a richer structure in which it also possesses color tensor excitations. The static heavy quark potential and screening in QGP are analysed. The melting temperatures of heavy quarkonia are obtained. The Abelian and non Abelian components of response functions show two separate kind of Landau damping."

A new proton recoil telescope (PRT) is presented: it is composed by an active multilayer of segmented plastic scintillators as neutron to proton converter, by two silicon strip detectors and by a final thick CsI(Tl) scintillator. Plastic scintillators and silicon detectors are used to track the recoil proton and to measure the scattering angle, while the silicon strips and the final CsI scintillator can measure the proton energy: from these data it is possible to get the neutron energy. The PRT can be used to measure neutron spectra in the range 2-160 MeV. The detector characteristics have been studied in detail with the help of Monte Carlo simulations. The overall energy resolution of the system ranges from about 20% at the lowest neutron energy to about 2% at 160 MeV. The global efficiency is about 3x10 DEGREES-5. Experimental tests have been performed by using the reaction 13C(d, n) at 40 MeV deuteron

Tissue equivalent proportional counters are frequently used to measure dose and dose equivalent in mixed radiation fields that include neutrons; however, detectors simulating sites 1um in diameter underestimate the quality factor, Q, for low energy neutrons because the recoil protons do not cross the detectors. Proportional counters simulating different site-sizes can be used to get a better neutron dose equivalent measurement since the range and stopping power of protons generated by neutrons in the tissue-equivalent walls depend on the energy of the primary neutrons. The differences in the spectra measured by different size detectors will provide additional information on the incident neutron energy.

To establish a nuclear data group for medical applications in Pakistan is the major aim of our group. The idea of establishing such a group was given by Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. (mult.) Syed M. Qaim (Professor of nuclear chemistry, institute fur Nuklearchemie, Forschungszentrum Julich, Germany and Hon. Professor of Physics at GCU Lahore). International collaboration has been established with the Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Debrecen (Hungary). EMPIRE training was arranged for nuclear model calculations at the headquarters of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Now, the aim of involving the local bodies in multidisciplinary applications of nuclear data is in the way. The nuclear reaction cross section data relevant to the production of radionuclides in cyclotrons and at accelerators need more attention. The radionuclides are in practice for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. The tumors are successfully detected by the emitted radiations and then the therapeutic techniques are adopted for their treatment. Nuclear science is for the peace of mankind.

Surveillance of drinking water is a necessary action intended to prevent the general public from contaminating water borne diseases. In this study, arsenic concentrations in 22 borehole water samples from various locations in the Wassa West district have been studied using Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis. The samples were irradiated using a 30 kW tank-in-pool Ghana Research Reactor-1 operating at a thermal neutron flux of 5 x 10 n s 1 cm-2. Elevated levels of arsenic were found in virtually all the 22 samples. Arsenic concentration in the samples ranged from 0.06 ppm to 9.43 ppm. (Mean-2.23, Standard Error of Mean-0.57) These values far exceed the World Health Organization's recommended value of 0.01 ppm for arsenic in drinking water. The occurrence of arsenic in the area is traced to the existence of sulphide minerals such as arsenopyrites (FeAsS2) present in the underlying Birimian Basement rocks in the area.

Eight samples were collected from three different locations: Bardbizin Mountain, Kanishilana and Rubarok area around the Sidakan district in the northeastern of Kurdistan region, Iraq. The studied samples measured by using gamma-ray spectrometry, planar HPGe detector with an active area of 100 mm2, with an energy resolution of 0.520 keV at the 122 keV Co-57 line and NaI(Tl) Scintillation detector 2x2 inch, with an energy resolution of 11.3 % at the 662 keV Cs-137 line. Activity concentrations of each of U-238 (Ra-226), Th-232 (Ac-228), Cs-137, and K-40, radionuclides were measured; Along the study area the average value of radium equivalent activities, absorbed dose rate, Indoor and outdoor annual effective dose, The average value of external and internal hazard indices were calculate

A flash of light, a blast of heat and wind, and part of the city is vaporized into a mushroom cloud that contaminates the atmosphere. We have seen the movie version of a nuclear attack. The reality of a nuclear terrorist attack is more survivable. Based on this book, you will be able to select the best shelter option immediately and with the personal radiation detector, know how long to remain. If you become contaminated you will learn how to decontaminate and neutralize the radiation. We have included the government rescue guidelines so that you will know if you can anticipate any assistance. It is likely after reading this book, you will know as much about potential neutralization and decontamination remedies as most disaster personnel. The following chapters are included: Health Effects of Radiation Exposure Radiation Exposure, Nuclear Waste and Accidents, Nuclear Weapon Testing and Production, Nuclear Weapon Attack, Radiation Neutralizers, Fallout Exposure, Shelter, Decontamination of the Environment, Measuring Radiation, The Government Role, The Damage Zones, Survival Shelter Ventilation, Survival Shelter Supplies, EMP and Radiation - the Double Disaster, and Natural Radon.

The nuclear reactions 25Mg(, n)28Si, 26Mg(, n)29Si and 18O(, n)21Ne are investigated in the astrophysically interesting energy region from E = 1000 keV to E = 2450 keV. The experiments were performed at the Nuclear Structure Laboratory of the University of Notre Dame (USA) with the Van-de-Graaff accelerator KN. Solid state targets with evaporated magnesium or anodized oxygen were bombarded with -particles and the released neutrons detected. For the detection of the released neutrons, computational simulations were used to construct a neutron detector based on 3He counters. Because of the strong occurrence of background reactions, different methods of data analysis were employed. Finally, the impact of the reactions 25Mg(, n)28Si, 26Mg(, n)29Si and 18O(, n)21Ne on stellar nucleosynthesis is investigated by means of network calculations.

In the book we study the single term energy formula also called the power index, for the ground band energies of Xe-Gd nuclei. We study the variation of constant parameters a and b with J to check the constancy. We also compare the results of the power index with other two parameters formulae such as ab, pq, Ejiri and soft rotor formula (SRF) to chekck the accuracy of the power index. The comparative study is carried out for A = 120 - 200 mass region nuclei.The odd-even staggering (OES) and the gamma band energies of A = 120-200mass region are studied in Chapter 4. In this work the OES in the gamma band help todistinguish between its rigid triaxial rotor and gamma soft vibrator. The variation of S(J) with R42 signify a smooth shape e ect. The study of gamma band energiesis carried out with the help of SRF formula.

Calculations have been done to develop estimates of the fluence rate of unscattered x and gamma rays emerging from two model spheres of special nuclear material: one of uranium enriched to 93.5% by weight of U-235; one of plutonium enriched to 6.0% by weight of Pu-240.

An analysis is presented based on an integrated luminosity of 2.9 1/pb of 7 TeV center-of-mass energy proton-proton collision data in ATLAS at the Large Hadron Collider. The data have been collected between March and September of 2010. Clear signals from W+jets and Z+jets events have been obtained. The aim of the analysis is to observe top quark pair production in proton-proton collisions. The dominant background contributions in the signal region are W+jets and multijet production processes. The rates of these backgrounds in the signal region have been estimated by data-driven methods using signal-free, sideband regions as auxiliary measurements. Two analysis approaches have been used and yielded consistent results. The first approach allowed more multijet background in the data in order to estimate its rate reliably. The other approach introduced a discriminator selection to suppress the multijet background. The use of Monte Carlo simulation based normalizations were minimized as much as possible. The size of the observed excess in data is consistent with the expectation for top quark pair production at the LHC.

As a resolution of the well-known hierarchy problem, like supersymmetry the model of extra spatialdimension(s) proposed by N. Arkani-Hamed, S. Dimopoulos and G. Dvali(ADD) in 1998, and byL. Randall and R. Sundrum(RS) in 1999, have generatedconsiderable enthusiasm among the physics community. In this thesis, we have made a phenomenologicalstudy of both of these models. After a briefintroduction of the ADD model and the RS modelin chapter 1 and chapter 2 and a brief review of theexisting phenomenlogical studies in chapter 3, wehave derived the order $kappa DEGREES2$ Feynman rules inthe context of ADD model. In chapter 5, we haveinvestigated theeffect of gravity in the DIS (i.e. the process $e DEGREES+ +p rightarrow e DEGREES+ X$) and compare our result withthat at HERA to constrain the parameters of the RSmodel. In chapter 6 and chapter 7, we haveinvestigated several phenomenologicalconsequences of the radion (which appears naturallyin the RS model in order to stabilize thesize of the fifth spatial dimension). Chapter 8contains the summary and the con

This book comprises a thesis submitted to the Atomic Energy Council, Sudan Academy of Sciences (SAS) in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Medical Radiation Physics. The themes covered in the thesis include patient dosimetry and optimization in medical X-ray examinations, radiation protection aspects of equipment requirements, specification for digital and interventional radiology and a detailed description of elements of a developed quality control protocol for digital and interventional radiology. The Book contains chapters on basic radiation physics concepts, dosimetric quantities and units, radiation protection and radiation protection quantities, dosimetric quantities used in diagnostic radiology and key conceptual principles about medical imaging and digital radiology. The research materials and methods used in the study are described together with the results of experimental measurements performed.

Iodine induced stress corrosion cracking (I-SCC) in nuclear fuel rod sheathing is problematic for all nuclear reactors. The new Advanced CANDU Reactor (ACR) is discussed as a reactor design requiring related mitigation measures owing to a higher burn up and its unique refuelling scheme. A consequential release of iodine by the fuel pellets leads to stress corrosion induced failures and in extreme conditions can result in the release of radioactive contaminates into the atmosphere. This phenomenon is best exemplified by the disaster at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant in Japan, March 2011, where melted fuel rods burnt holes in the containment vessels causing the release of radioactive iodine over land and the Pacific Ocean. This book develops a mechanistic kinetic model of the chemistry and thermodynamics in the fuel-to-sheath gap. The study also proposes remedies for I-SCC and suggests possible experimentation. The research in this book has been referenced in journal articles and conference proceedings. This book will be particularly useful as a reference source for professionals in the nuclear industry and others studying thermodynamics and kinetics.

It is believed that the matter and radiation in the Universe were formed some fifteen billion years ago after a huge bang, called Big Bang. A fireball was created in this big bang. Now challenge is that how the fireball changed to the Universe we live in today. As laws of physics are improving day by day, we are becoming able to look further back in time, and to get knowledge about the evolution of this Universe. It is believed that matter and antimatter created in the big-bang were in equal amounts and also it is said that most of the antimatter was annihilated on matter during the formation of the Universe. This antimatter annihilation started when most of the matter we see in the Universe today was already in the form of hadrons made of quarks. But before this hadronized Universe, it had passed through a phase of quarks and gluons in free states. Physics of Quark Gluon Plasma QGP is the field in which physicists are trying to recreate this phase, and to study it in the laboratory.

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is the theory of strong interactions. Since the exact form of confinement of quarks from QCD is not known constituent quark modes were developed incorporating the basic features of the QCD. Mesons are the very fundamental particles in hadron physics. Hence, a deep understanding of the internal structure of the mesons is of crucial importance for explaining properties concerning more complex systems. In this work, non-relativistic and relativistic constituent quark models have been developed including instantons as a short range nonperturbative gluonic effect. The total energy or the mass of the meson is obtained by calculating the energy eigen values of the Hamiltonian in the harmonic-oscillator basis.

This book is intended for a beginner in Lattice Gauge Theory or even an outsider willing to get a quick glimpse of the subject. It provides a quick and simple outline of the nonperturbative formulation of Quantum Field Theory using a space-time lattice and Monte Carlo Simulation techniques. The introduction comprising the first twenty pages or so constitute the most useful part of this work where the basic formalism and its logical basis is briefly outlined with due emphasis on the extraction of continuum limit and connection to phenomenology. The rest of the book serves to provide illustrations, in rather simple and familiar settings, of how some of the aspects of the formalism are carried out in practice. The reader will also, hopefully, find the appendices useful. In particular, the section on estimators and uncertainties is of practical value and fundamental importance to the technique discussed here.

The present research offers thermodynamic geometric properties of black holes in string theory and M-theory. It systematically investigates the state-space and conformally related chemical geometries for extremal and non-extremal black holes, black strings, black rings and supertubes in four and higher spacetime dimensions. From the perspective of the intrinsic differential geometry, the questions of stability, regularity, existence of critical phenomena and phase transitions have been analyzed for charged anticharged black holes in a given basin of attractor. For the two parameter half BPS giants and superstars, an ensemble of arbitrary liquid droplets or irregular shaped fuzzballs shows that the chemical correlations involve ordinary summations, while the state-space correlations are depicted by standard polygamma functions. The state-space geometry provides definite stability character to black brane configurations under both the Planck length corrections and higher derivative stringy corrections. Perspective research includes D-branes, attractor mechanism, topological trees, Calabi-Yau compactifications, moduli space geometry and algebraic geometry.

STAR experiment investigates the formation of the Quark Gluon Plasma via the heavy ion collisions taking place at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider situated at Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY. The production of charm quark occurs in the early stages of the heavy ion collisions dominantly via gluon fusion. Due to the fact that the yield of charm is affected by the conditions of the early stages of the collision, the measurement of the charm production provides a useful tool for description of the initial stage that took place. One of the most important findings of the experiments at RHIC was the discovery of the anomalous quenching of jets when passing through the hot and dense matter build in nucleus-nucleus collisions. Heavy quarks measured through non-photonic electron yields in heavy-ion reactions at RHIC, exhibit a larger suppression than expected from the theoretical considerations.n order to comprehend this puzzle and understand better the flavor dependence of the jet quenching, the separation of charm and beauty contributions as well as the measurement of their quenching is necessary.