'In this tightly focused, lucidly written and thoroughly researched book, Ferenc Morton Szasz, a professor of history at the University of New Mexico, describes the events, personalities and scientific processes that led to the detonation of the first atomic bomb in an isolated stretch of New Mexican desert...' ---New York Times Book Review

Bei der Energiegewinnung aus Atomkernen entstehen radioaktive Abfalle. Deren radioaktive Strahlung ist fur belebte Materie ausserordentlich schadlich. Solche Strahlenschaden werden besprochen und mit der naturlichen Strahlenbelastung verglichen. Der Atommull muss sorgfaltig entsorgt werden, was bis heute kaum geschieht. Die Moeglichkeiten und Probleme einer sicheren Endlagerung werden diskutiert.

This self-contained introduction to compact star physics explains important concepts from areas such as general relativity, thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and nuclear physics. Containing many tested exercises, and written by an international expert in the research field, the book provides important insights on the basic concepts of compact stars, discusses white dwarfs, neutron stars, quark stars and exotic compact stars. Included are sections on astrophysical observations of compact stars, and present and future terrestrial experiments related to compact stars physics, as the study of exotic nuclei and relativistic heavy-ion collisions. Major developments in the field such as the discovery of massive neutron stars, and a discussion of the recent gravitational wave measurement of a neutron star merger are also presented. This book is ideal for graduate students and researchers working on the physics of compact stars, general relativity and nuclear physics.

Die beruhmte Vorlesung von Freeman Dyson - nun erstmals auf Deutsch. In den 1940er Jahren zeigte Freeman Dyson die Aquivalenz zwischen den beiden Formulierungen der QED - des Pfadintegralansatzes von Richard Feynman und der Variationsmethoden von Julian Schwinger - und bewies somit die Konsistenz der QED. Dieses Buch beinhaltet die wertvollen - nie zuvor auf Deutsch publizierten - Vorlesungen uber Quantenfeldtheorie, die Dyson an der Cornell Universitat 1951 gehalten hat.

Der Theoretiker Edwin Thompson Jaynes bemerkte dazu: "Fur eine Generation von Physikern waren diese Vorlesungen ein Gewinn: klarer und besser motiviert als Feynmans Vorlesungen, und schneller und kompakter als Schwingers." Zukunftige Leser werden diese Vorlesungen ebenfalls mit grossem Genuss lesen und von dem klaren Stil profitieren, der fur Dyson stets so charakteristisch gewesen ist.

Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 - Die Diracgleichung, 2 - Streuprobleme und die Born-Approximation, 3 - Die klassische und quantenmechanische Feldtheorie, 4 - Beispiele quantisierter Feldtheorien (Maxwellfeld, Diracelektronen), 5 - Streuprobleme freier Teilchen (Paar Annihilation, Moller-Streuung, Klein-Nishina-Formel), 6 - Allgemeine Theorie der Streuung (Feynman-Graphen, Infrarotkatastrophe), 7 - Streuung an einem statischen Potenzial und experimentelle Ergebnisse.

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Das Energiespektrum der Elektronen beim Betazerfall war lange Zeit umstritten. 1914 fand Chadwick Hinweise auf ein kontinuierliches Energiespektrum, doch seine Ergebnisse wurden nicht allgemein anerkannt. Chadwick und Ellis lernten einander in einem deutschen Internierungslager wahrend des 1. Weltkriegs kennen. Ellis gelang im Jahre 1927 der endgultige Beweis fur das kontinuierliche Spektrum. Damit war der Weg frei fur Paulis Neutrino-Hypothese und fur die Fermi-Theorie der schwachen Wechselwirkung. In Streuexperimenten mit Alphateilchen fanden Rutherford, Chadwick und andere ab 1920 Hinweise auf eine bis dahin unbekannte Kernkraft, die wir heute als starke Wechselwirkung bezeichnen. Die Entdeckung des Neutrons durch Chadwick im Jahre 1932 war ein entscheidender Beitrag zum Verstandnis beider Kernkrafte. Die Biografien der beiden Physiker werden beleuchtet.

The quantum interference of de Broglie matter waves is probably one of the most startling and fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. It continues to tax our imaginations and leads us to new experimental windows on nature. Quantum interference phenomena are vividly displayed in the wide assembly of neutron interferometry experiments, which have been carried out since the first demonstration of a perfect silicon crystal interferometer in 1974. Since the neutron experiences all four fundamental forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational), interferometry with neutrons provides a fertile testing ground for theory and precision measurements. Many Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics have become real due to neutron interferometry. Quantum mechanics is a part of physics where experiment and theory are inseparably intertwined. This general theme permeates the second edition of this book. It discusses more than 40 neutron interferometry experiments along with their theoretical motivations and explanations. The basic ideas and results of interference experiments related to coherence and decoherence of matter waves and certain post-selection variations, gravitationally induced quantum phase shifts, Berry`s geometrical phases, spinor symmetry and spin superposition, and Bell's inequalities are all discussed and explained in this book. Both the scalar and vector Aharonov-Bohm topological interference effects and the neutron version of the Sagnac effect are presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. Interferometry with perfect crystals, artificial lattices, and spin-echo systems are also topics of this book. It includes the theoretical underpinning as well as connections to other areas of experimental physics, such as quantum optics, nuclear physics, gravitation, and atom interferometry. The observed phase shifts due to the Earth's gravity and rotation indicate a close connection to relativity theory. Neutron interferometry can be considered as a central technique of quantum optics with massive particles. It has stimulated the development of interferometry with atoms, molecules and clusters. The book is written in a style that will be suitable at the senior undergraduate and beginning of graduate level. It will interest and excite many students and researchers in neutron, nuclear, quantum, gravitational, optical, and atomic physics. Lecturers teaching courses in modern physics and quantum mechanics will find a number of interesting and historic experiments they may want to include in their lectures.

Since the development of natural philosophy in Ancient Greece, scientists have been concerned with determining the nature of matter's smallest constituents and the interactions among them. This textbook examines the question of the microscopic composition of matter through an accessible introduction to what is now called 'The Physics of Elementary Particles'. In the last few decades, elementary particle physics has undergone a period of transition, culminating in the formulation of a new theoretical scheme, known as 'The Standard Model', which has profoundly changed our understanding of nature's fundamental forces. Rooted in the experimental tradition, this new vision is based on geometry and sees the composition of matter in terms of its accordance with certain geometrical principles. This textbook presents and explains this modern viewpoint to a readership of well-motivated undergraduate students, by guiding the reader from the basics to the more advanced concepts of Gauge Symmetry, Quantum Field Theory and the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking through concrete physical examples. This engaging introduction to the theoretical advances and experimental discoveries of the last decades makes this fascinating subject accessible to undergraduate students and aims at motivating them to study it further.

Das essential beschreibt die Planung und Konzeption sowie den Bau und Einsatz eines kleinen Beschleunigers, der in erster Linie Schul- und Lehrzwecken dient. Neben einer Funktionsbeschreibung wird insbesondere auf diejenigen Teilsysteme eingegangen, die fur den Betrieb eines Zyklotrons notwendig sind. Das essential vermittelt also dem Leser in nachvollziehbaren Schritten einen vertieften Einblick in die Funktion und das Zusammenwirken aller Komponenten eines Zyklotrons. COLUMBUS ist aber nicht nur ein Zyklotron FUER, sondern auch eines VON Schulern und Studenten, die in jeder Phase in die Entwicklung und den Bau miteinbezogen wurden. Im essential wird dies durch den teilweise verwendeten Dialogstil an den entsprechenden Stellen zum Ausdruck gebracht.

In einer quellenbasierten Studie gibt die Wissenschaftshistorikerin und Physikerin An Rettig einen lebendigen Einblick in das Streben von Heisenberg und Pauli nach einer einheitlichen Quantenfeldtheorie - von den Anfangen am Rande der Solvay-Konferenz 1927 bis zur Veroeffentlichung eines gemeinsamen Ansatzes und Paulis Tod 1958. Die Studie umfasst die Grundlagen, die Entwicklung und die physiktheoretischen Inhalte von Heisenbergs und Paulis Ansatz von 1958 und untersucht die Grunde fur dessen starke Ablehnung. Die Autorin berucksichtigt neben den physikalischen auch die zwischenmenschlichen Aspekte sowie den tiefen Wandel in der Physiker-Gemeinde uber die Vorstellung, was eine erfolgreiche Physik ausmacht und wie diese entstehen kann.

Das vorliegende Buch beschaftigt sich mit statistischer Datenanalyse fur Studierende der Physik: Fehlerrechnung, Gauss-Verteilung, Zahlstatistik mit Binomial- und Poisson-Verteilung. Es wird einerseits Grundwissen behandelt, welches zum Verstandnis statistischer Aussagen notwendig ist, andererseits aber fur die praktische Arbeit bei der Datenanalyse Rezepte und Methoden bereitgestellt. Leser finden schnell zu erfassende Antworten auf Probleme der statistischen Datenanalyse des Experimentalphysikers und eine knappe, mathematische Formulierung. Die Methoden werden durch zahlreiche Beispiele aus der Praxis illustriert. Neben zahlreichen UEbungsaufgaben gibt es auch Programmieraufgaben, die mit einem leistungsfahigen Programm zur statistischen Datenanalyse geloest werden koennen und sich an der taglichen Arbeit von Physikerinnen und Physiker orientieren. Dieses Buch entstand aus einer Statistikvorlesung fur Studierende der Physik, die der Autor viele Jahre an verschiedenen Universitaten gehalten hat. Es richtet sich an Studierende der Physik - egal ob im Grundstudium, bei dem sie ab dem ersten Physikpraktikum mit statistischer Datenanalyse konfrontiert werden, oder im fortgeschrittenem Studium im Rahmen von Studien-, Abschluss- oder Forschungsarbeiten, bei denen statistische Verfahren benutzt werden. In der Neuauflage wurde das Buch um Kapitel u.a. zu Gauss-Markow-Theorem, Minimum-Chiquadrat-Fit und gewichteten Daten erganzt.

Marie Curie coined the term 'radioactivity', and it is to her and her husband, Pierre Curie, that we owe much of our current understanding of the very fabric of reality. Born in Warsaw, Marie was the fifth and youngest child of teachers. Her father taught mathematics and science, for which she showed an early affinity, and she later went to study in Paris, where she met Pierre. The work they did together revolutionized modern science. As well as discovering the atomic rather than chemical nature of radioactivity, the Curies isolated two new elements: polonium and radium. This biography does full justice to the scientific and human aspects of Marie's life, detailing her tumultuous personal history at a time of social upheaval, and her struggle to gain recognition in an era when female scientists were almost unknown. Marie Curie died in 1934, succumbing to aplastic anaemia that may have stemmed from her scientific investigations. Her work not only contributed to our understanding of the structure of the atom - and therefore the structure of the physical world itself - but also laid the foundations for modern medical innovations such as radiotherapy. Her example continues to inspire millions of people across the world.

Taking the reader through the underlying principles of molecular translational dynamics, this book outlines the ways in which magnetic resonance, through the use of magnetic field gradients, can reveal those dynamics. The measurement of diffusion and flow, over different length and time scales, provides unique insight regarding fluid interactions with porous materials, as well as molecular organisation in soft matter and complex fluids. The book covers both time and frequency domain methodologies, as well as advances in scattering and diffraction methods, multidimensional exchange and correlation experiments and orientational correlation methods ideal for studying anisotropic environments. At the heart of these new methods resides the ubiquitous spin echo, a phenomenon whose discovery underpins nearly every major development in magnetic resonance methodology. Measuring molecular translational motion does not require high spectral resolution and so finds application in new NMR technologies concerned with 'outside the laboratory' applications, in geophysics and petroleum physics, in horticulture, in food technology, in security screening, and in environmental monitoring.

Lars Reichwein untersucht die Struktur des beschleunigten Elektronenbundels im Bubble-Regime auf numerischem Wege und leitet analytische Skalierungsgesetze her. Durch die fokussierenden Effekte der ausseren elektromagnetischen Felder und der repulsiven Coulomb-Wechselwirkung entstehen regelmassige Coulomb-Cluster, genannt Wigner-Kristalle. Deren Aufbau ist von besonderem Interesse, da Wakefield-Beschleunigung eine aussichtsreiche Alternative zu herkoemmlichen Beschleunigungsmethoden darstellt, um auf moeglichst kurzen Beschleunigungsstrecken hohe Teilchenenergien zu erhalten.

The transport of radioactive material is an essential activity worldwide. Both safety and security during transport are matters of national and international importance. This publication is the latest edition of the IAEA Safety Requirements for the safe transport of radioactive material. It is supported by six IAEA Safety Guides which provide explanation and guidance for the SSR-6 requirements to facilitate harmonized implementation. The SSR-6 Regulations apply to the transport of radioactive material by all modes on land, water, or in the air, including transport that is incidental to the use of the radioactive material. Transport comprises all operations and conditions associated with, and involved in, the movement of radioactive material; these include the design, manufacture, maintenance and repair of packaging, and the preparation, consigning, loading, carriage including in-transit storage, unloading and receipt at the final destination of loads of radioactive material and packages. These requirements form an integral part of regulations worldwide, therefore SSR-6 and its associated guidance documents are a requisite source of guidance information for governments, regulators, and all individuals involved in the aforementioned activities of transport of radioactive material. These requirements are adopted into the UN Model Regulations which are subsequently adopted by the IMDG Code by the International Maritime Organisation for shipment by sea and by the International Civil Aviation Organization Technical Instructions for shipment by air. Both the IMDG Code and the ICAO Technical Instructions are globally implemented and mandatory. Land transport is the responsibility of the national government of each Member State, and the SSR-6 requirements are adopted for national transport safety regulations for shipments on land.

Dieses Lehrbuch bietet Studierenden der Physik eine Einfuhrung in die Quantenfeldtheorie und die Grundlagen des Standardmodells der Teilchenphysik. Ausgehend von den Inhalten, die in den Grundvorlesungen zur Theoretischen Physik im Bachelorstudiengang vermittelt werden, schlagt das Buch eine Brucke von der relativistischen Quantenmechanik uber die klassische Feldtheorie zur Quantenfeldtheorie und deren Anwendung auf die im Standardmodell vereinigten fundamentalen Wechselwirkungen zwischen Elementarteilchen. Sukzessive werden die elektromagnetische, die starke und die schwache Wechselwirkung phanomenologisch eingefuhrt, als Quantenfeldtheorie formuliert und ihre experimentelle UEberprufung diskutiert. Mithilfe von Zusammenfassungen und UEbungsaufgaben am Ende jedes Kapitels koennen Leser den Inhalt Revue passieren lassen und das erlernte Wissen anwenden. Schritt fur Schritt wird so das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik entwickelt. Dieses stellt, spatestens mit der Entdeckung des Higgsteilchens im Jahre 2012 am CERN in Genf, eine vollstandige, in sich geschlossene Theorie der bis 2018 experimentell uberpruften Teilchenphysik dar. Das Buch ermoeglicht schon Studierenden am Ende des Bachelors die Theorie und deren faszinierende Prazision nachzuvollziehen.

This book describes the fundamentals of particle detectors as well as their applications. Detector development is an important part of nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics, and through its applications in radiation imaging, it paves the way for advancements in the biomedical and materials sciences. Knowledge in detector physics is one of the required skills of an experimental physicist in these fields. The breadth of knowledge required for detector development comprises many areas of physics and technology, starting from interactions of particles with matter, gas- and solid-state physics, over charge transport and signal development, to elements of microelectronics. The book's aim is to describe the fundamentals of detectors and their different variants and implementations as clearly as possible and as deeply as needed for a thorough understanding. While this comprehensive opus contains all the materials taught in experimental particle physics lectures or modules addressing detector physics at the Master's level, it also goes well beyond these basic requirements. This is an essential text for students who want to deepen their knowledge in this field. It is also a highly useful guide for lecturers and scientists looking for a starting point for detector development work.

Paul Schutze untersucht die transversale Strahldynamik bei der Erzeugung koharenter Synchrotronstrahlung am Elektronenspeicherring ANKA und zeigt, welche Auswirkungen die fur die Koharenz notwendige Verkurzung der Elektronenpakete auf deren Strahldynamik hat. Dazu verwendet er verschiedene Instrumente aus dem Bereich der Strahldiagnostik sowie einen eigens hierfur in Betrieb genommenen experimentellen Aufbau und stellt die Messmethoden und deren Resultate detailliert vor.

This introduction to nuclear physics provides an excellent basis for a core undergraduate course in this area. The authors show how simple models can provide an understanding of the properties of nuclei, both in their ground and excited states, and of the nature of nuclear reactions. They include chapters on nuclear fission, its application in nuclear power reactors, the role of nuclear physics in energy production and nucleosynthesis in stars. This new edition contains several additional topics: muon-catalyzed fusion, the nuclear and neutrino physics of supernovae, neutrino mass and neutrino oscillations, and the biological effects of radiation. A knowledge of basic quantum mechanics and special relativity is assumed. Each chapter ends with a set of problems accompanied by outline solutions.

The Cold War reconsidered as a limited nuclear war "[A] grimly important analysis of the cold war."-Andrew Robinson Nature "Inexorable clarity and care for his fellow humans mark Robert Jacobs's guide to the Cold War as a limited nuclear war, whose harms disfigure any possible future."-Norma Field, author of In the Realm of a Dying Emperor: Japan at Century's End In the fall of 1961, President Kennedy somberly warned Americans about deadly radioactive fallout clouds extending hundreds of miles from H-bomb detonations, yet he approved ninety-six US nuclear weapon tests for 1962. Cold War nuclear testing, production, and disasters like Chernobyl and Fukushima have exposed millions to dangerous radioactive particles; these millions are the global hibakusha. Many communities continue to be plagued with dire legacies and ongoing risks: sickness and early mortality, forced displacement, uncertainty and anxiety, dislocation from ancestors and traditional lifestyles, and contamination of food sources and ecosystems. Robert A. Jacobs re-envisions the history of the Cold War as a slow nuclear war, fought on remote battlegrounds against populations powerless to prevent the contamination of their lands and bodies. His comprehensive account necessitates a profound rethinking of the meaning, costs, and legacies of our embrace of nuclear weapons and technologies.

There are fundamental relations between three vast areas of physics: particle physics, cosmology and condensed matter physics. The fundamental links between the first two areas, in other words, between micro- and macro- worlds, have been well established. There is a unified system of laws governing the scales from subatomic particles to the Cosmos and this principle is widely exploited in the description of the physics of the early Universe. The main goal of this book is to establish and define the connection of these two fields with condensed matter physics. According to the modern view, elementary particles (electrons, neutrinos, quarks, etc.) are excitations of a more fundamental medium called the quantum vacuum. This is the new 'aether' of the 21st Century. Electromagnetism, gravity, and the fields transferring weak and strong interactions all represent different types of the collective motion of the quantum vacuum. Among the existing condensed matter systems, a quantum liquid called superfluid 3He-A most closely represents the quantum vacuum. Its quasiparticles are very similar to the elementary particles, while the collective modes of the liquid are very similar to electromagnetic and gravitational fields, and the quanta of these collective modes are analogues of photons and gravitons. The fundamental laws of physics, such as the laws of relativity (Lorentz invariance) and gauge invariance, arise when the temperature of the quantum liquid decreases. This book is written for graduate students and researchers in all areas of physics.

Verzichtet auf komplizierte Mathematik Geeignet fur Studierende und interessierte Laien Bietet einen anschaulichen Zugang zur Astroteilchenphysik