This text gives an introduction to particle physics at a level accessible to advanced undergraduate students. It is based on lectures given to 4th year physics students over a number of years, and reflects the feedback from the students. The aim is to explain the theoretical and experimental basis of the Standard Model (SM) of Particle Physics with the simplest mathematical treatment possible. All the experimental discoveries that led to the understanding of the SM relied on particle detectors and most of them required advanced particle accelerators. A unique feature of this book is that it gives a serious introduction to the fundamental accelerator and detector physics, which is currently only available in advanced graduate textbooks. The mathematical tools that are required such as group theory are covered in one chapter. A modern treatment of the Dirac equation is given in which the free particle Dirac equation is seen as being equivalent to the Lorentz transformation. The idea of generating the SM interactions from fundamental gauge symmetries is explained. The core of the book covers the SM. The tools developed are used to explain its theoretical basis and a clear discussion is given of the critical experimental evidence which underpins it. A thorough account is given of quark flavour and neutrino oscillations based on published experimental results, including some from running experiments. A simple introduction to the Higgs sector of the SM is given. This explains the key idea of how spontaneous symmetry breaking can generate particle masses without violating the underlying gauge symmetry. A key feature of this book is that it gives an accessible explanation of the discovery of the Higgs boson, including the advanced statistical techniques required. The final chapter gives an introduction to LHC physics beyond the standard model and the techniques used in searches for new physics. There is an outline of the shortcomings of the SM and a discussion of possible solutions and future experiments to resolve these outstanding questions. For updates, new results, useful links as well as corrections to errata in this book, please see the book website maintained by the authors: https://pplhcera.physics.ox.ac.uk/

Die "Physik der Teilchenbeschleuniger" fuhrt in die verschiedenen Beschleunigertypen und deren Bauelemente ein, um dann ausfuhrlich auf die Ionenoptik mit magnetischen Elementen und elektrostatischen Linsen einzugehen. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt ist die Bahndynamik der Kreisbeschleuniger, wobei sowohl Aspekte der transversalen als auch der longitudinalen Bahndynamik eingehend behandelt werden. Methoden zur Injektion und Extraktion sowie zur Strahlkuhlung schlieen das Buch ab. Zahlreiche durchgerechnete Beispiele im Text und Ubungsaufgaben mit Losungen dienen der Vertiefung. Das Buch ist Einfuhrung und Fachbuch fur alle, die mit Teilchenbeschleunigern zu tun haben.

Nuclear physics began long before the identification of fundamental particles, with J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron at the end of the 19th century, which implied the existence of a positive charge in the atom to make it neutral. In this Very Short Introduction Frank Close gives an account of how this area of physics has progressed, including the recognition of how heavy nuclei are built up in the cores of stars and in supernovae, the identification of quarks and gluons, and the development of quantum chromodynamics (QCD). Exploring key concepts such as the stability of different configurations of protons and neutrons in nuclei, Frank Close shows how nuclear physics brings the physics of the stars to Earth and provides us with important applications, particularly in medicine. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

"There is a nuclear ghost in Minamisōma." This is how one resident describes a mysterious experience following the 2011 nuclear fallout in coastal Fukushima. Investigating the nuclear ghost among the graying population, Ryo Morimoto encounters radiation’s shapeshifting effects. What happens if state authorities, scientific experts, and the public disagree about the extent and nature of the harm caused by the accident? In one of the first in-depth ethnographic accounts of coastal Fukushima written in English, Nuclear Ghost tells the stories of a diverse group of residents who aspire to live and die well in their now irradiated homes. Their determination to recover their land, cultures, and histories for future generations provides a compelling case study for reimagining relationality and accountability in the ever-atomizing world.

The interacting boson model was introduced in 1974 as an attempt to describe collective properties of nuclei in a unified way. Since 1974, the model has been the subject of many investigations and it has been extended to cover most aspects of nuclear structure. This book gives an account of the properties of the interacting boson model. In particular, this book presents the mathematical techniques used to analyze the structure of the model. It also collects in a single, easily accessible reference all the formulas that have been developed throughout the years to account for collective properties of nuclei. Suitable for both theorists and experimentalists.

(MOST OF) THE UNIVERSE IS IN YOUR HANDS

"There is a theory in physics that explains, at the deepest level, nearly all of the phenomena that rule our daily lives.... This theory bears the unassuming name "The Standard Model of Elementary Particles," or the "Standard Model," for short. It deserves to be better known, and it deserves a better name. I call it "The Theory of Almost Everything."

The Standard Model has a surprisingly low profile for such a fundamental and successful theory.... In physics news items, the Standard Model usually plays the whipping boy. Reports of successful experimental tests of the theory have an air of disappointment, and every hint of the theory' s inadequacy is greeted with glee. It is the Rodney Dangerfield of physical theories, it "don' t get no respect." But it is, perhaps, the pinnacle of human intellectual achievement to date.

--From the IntroductionPraise for "THE THEORY OF ALMOST EVERYTHING

"In an era when enormous attention is being paid to the promising but highly speculative superstring/M-theory, a great triumph of science has gone nearly unnoticed, except by physicists. Robert Oerter provides here an accessible introduction to the Standard Model--a towering example of human creativity. He outlines how the Standard Model can serve as the launching pad for humanity to--paraphrasing Einstein--see better the secrets of ' the Ancient One.' "

--S. J. Gates Jr., John S. Toll Professor of Physics and director, Center for String and Particle Theory, University of Maryland

"We always hear about black holes, the big bang, and the search for life in the universe. But rare is the book that celebrates the Standard Model ofElementary Particles--a triumph of twentieth-century science that underpins nearly all we know about physical reality. Oerter' s "The Theory of Almost Everything belongs on anyone' s shelf who cares about how the universe really works."

--Neil deGrasse Tyson, astrophysicist and author of "Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution

The Standard Model is the most important theory in modern physics. It is the tried-and-true theory of all known physical interactions, with the exception of gravity. Outside of scientific circles it is not nearly as well known as string theory or chaos theory. But it is more important than both, and it is absolutely essential to understanding where we are heading next in physics. Now, in a "tour de force of science writing, physicist Robert Oerter reveals the Standard Model to the general public.

Cobbled together by many brilliant minds--including Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann--the Standard Model combines Einstein' s special relativity with quantum mechanics, revealing a bizarre reality beneath the surface of the mundane world that we all experience. Particles pop into existence from pure energy. Light travels to a given destination on all possible paths at the same time. Solid matter--like light--is neither particle nor wave. Making use of rich analogy and metaphor, Oerter illuminates the quantum world of the Standard Model. He shows that although the theory seems absurd from a common-sense point of view, it nonetheless fully agrees with experiment.

Oerter explores the conceptual framework of the Standard Model--what he considers its most fascinating aspect. He shows that different types of symmetry are at the heart ofthe theory. It is these symmetries, which lie deep within the structure of the atom, that give rise to the forces of nature. Oerter reveals that one of these symmetries--or rather, the fact that it was broken only moments after the creation of the universe--is the reason matter as we know it exists.

After lucidly explaining the Standard Model' s implications for the universe as a whole, Oerter takes readers to the edge of physics. He shows how new developments could alter the Standard Model. Experiments now running are searching for neutrino mass and the holy grail of particle physics, the Higgs boson. Grand unified theories, supersymmetry, preon theories, and string theory--although not verified by experiment--could be the next steps in theory.

"The Theory of Almost Everything is essential reading for anyone curious about what modern physics tells us about the nature of the universe.
(c) Copyright Pearson Education. All rights reserved.

The interacting boson-fermion model has become in recent years the standard model for the description of atomic nuclei with an odd number of protons and/or neutrons. This book describes the mathematical framework on which the interacting boson-fermion model is built and presents applications to a variety of situations encountered in nuclei. The book addresses both the analytical and the numerical aspects of the problem. The analytical aspect requires the introduction of rather complex group theoretic methods, including the use of graded (or super) Lie algebras. The first (and so far only) example of supersymmetry occurring in nature is also discussed. The book is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject and will appeal to both theoretical and experimental physicists. The large number of explicit formulas for level energies, electromagnetic transition rates and intensities of transfer reactions presented in the book provide a simple but detailed way to analyse experimental data. This book can also be used as a textbook for advanced graduate students.

There are a variety of models which can be used to study nuclear structure and dynamics. This book gives a comprehensive overview of these various models, concentrating in particular on a description of deformed and rotating nuclei. Following a treatment of the semi-empirical mass formula and nuclear stability, the liquid-drop and simple shell models are introduced and described. The spherical nuclear one-particle potential is introduced and developed to cover the case of deformed nuclei. The latter chapters of the book are devoted to discussions of barrier penetration, fast nuclear rotation, nucleon-nucleon interactions and the pairing interaction. Many problems and solutions are included, which help to illustrate key concepts. The book will be invaluable to graduate students of nuclear physics, and to anyone engaged in research in this field.

Dieser Folgeband zu N. Straumanns "Quantenmechanik" enthalt den relativistischen Teil einer zweiteiligen Vorlesung, die der Autor viele Male gehalten hat. Der Stoff ist im Detail ausgearbeitet und durch Kapitel aus der Quantenelektrodynamik erganzt worden. Das Buch ist eine grundliche Einfuhrung in die Quantenfeldtheorie und ihre Anwendungen. Der rote Faden dieses Lehrbuchs ist die Quantentheorie elektromagnetischer Prozesse. Das erste Kapitel uber die alte Diracsche Strahlungstheorie schliesst an den Stoff der "Quantenmechanik" an und verweist auf Anwendungen in Atom- und Kernphysik. Dann werden in den Kapiteln zu Diracs Wellengleichung des Elektrons und zur Quantisierung des Dirac-Feldes die wichtigsten Teile der relativistischen Quantentheorie vorgestellt. Die restlichen vier Kapitel widmen sich der Quantenelektrodynamik, z.B. der Bornschen Naherung, der systematischen Herleitung der Feynman-Regeln bis hin zur Behandlung der anomalen magnetischen Momente der Leptonen."

Die Entdeckung der Radioaktivitat im Jahre 1896 markierte den Beginn einer neuen Ara. Sie leitet die Entwicklung der Kernphysik und ihrer Anwendungen ein. Seither werden radioaktive Nuklide auf vielen Gebieten genutzt. Besonders fruchtbar ist ihr Einsatz in der medizinischen Therapie und in der Diagnostik. Dieses einfuhrende Lehrbuch behandelt in uberschaubarer und konzentrierter Form die physikalischen Grundlagen der Radioaktivitat, ihre Messung und Anwendung.

This book provides an up-to-date account of the precise experiments used to explore the nature of universal gravitation that can be performed in a terrestrial laboratory. The experiments required are at the limits of sensitivity of mechanical measurements. The problems of experiment design are discussed, and critical accounts given of the principal experiments testing the inverse square law and the principle of equivalence, and measuring the constant of gravitation. An analysis of the effects of noise and other disturbances is also provided, further highlighting the care that is needed in experimental design and performance. The motivation for undertaking such experiments is also discussed. The book will be of value to graduate students, researchers and teachers who are engaged in either theoretical or experimental studies of gravitation, and who wish to understand the nature and problems of laboratory experiments in this field.

This book provides a systematic introduction to the physics behind measurements on plasmas. It develops from first principles the concepts needed to plan, execute, and interpret plasma diagnostics. The book is therefore accessible to graduate students and professionals with little specific plasma physics background, but is also a valuable reference for seasoned plasma physicists. Most of the examples are taken from laboratory plasma research, but the focus on principles makes the treatment useful to all experimental and theoretical plasma physicists, including those interested in space and astrophysical applications. This second edition is thoroughly revised and updated, with new sections and chapters covering recent developments in the field. Specific areas of added coverage include neutral-beam-based diagnostics, flow measurement with mach probes, equilibrium of strongly shaped plasmas and fusion product diagnostics.

This book deals with the methods of X-ray production at a level which is accessible to advanced undergraduates and researchers who use X-rays. It also discusses the fundamentals of these physical properties from an experimental viewpoint which is not covered in more specialised texts. The book begins with a survey of work carried out before 1945. Continuous and characteristic spectra are discussed followed by a description of techniques used in their study. Further studies of production, absorption and scattering in atomic and nuclear processes are described, including a completely new chapter on X-ray production by protons, alpha-particles and ions. The concluding chapter surveys some more advanced fields of study. It will be very valuable to all research and industrial physicists working with X-rays who need to know about their fundamental properties in more detail. In this second edition SI units are used throughout and the material reflects the changes in the use of X-rays and the developments in the field.

Is it possible to build a star on earth? When asked what problem he hoped scientists will have solved by the end of the century, Professor Stephen Hawking replied 'I would like nuclear fusion to become a practical power source. It would provide an inexhaustible supply of energy, without pollution or global warming.' But what is nuclear fusion, and could it really be the answer to the climate emergency? Fusion exists already in the stars that fill our universe with light, but can we harness that power here on earth? This is the question The Star Builders seeks to answer. In his compelling new book, Dr Arthur Turrell makes the case for cutting-edge new techniques in nuclear energy - innovations that would allow us to recreate the power of the stars on our own planet. Filled with the remarkable stories of the scientists and entrepreneurs who have dedicated their lives to a seemingly impossible dream, The Star Builders is an unmissable insight into the future of life - and space - on our planet.

Bose-Einstein condensation represents a new state of matter and is one of the cornerstones of quantum physics, resulting in the 2001 Nobel Prize. Providing a useful introduction to one of the most exciting fields of physics today, this text will be of interest to a growing community of physicists, and is easily accessible to non-specialists alike.

Physik kompakt 3. Quantenphysik und Statistische Physik beginnt mit dem Aufzeigen der Grenzen der klassischen Physik und enthAlt die EinfA1/4hrung in den atomaren Aufbau der Materie und die Grundlagen der Quantennatur der elektromagnetischen Strahlung. Am Beispiel der Wellennatur der Teilchenstrahlung und der UnschArferelation fA1/4hren die Autoren in den Stoff der Atomphysik ein, wie er A1/4blicherweise im dritten Semester geboten wird. Schon hier bei der Behandlung der SchrAdingergleichung und der Wellenfunktionen wird die fundamentale Bedeutung der Physik der Wellen und Schwingungen deutlich. Vertieft werden die Darstellungen um die EinfA1/4hrung in die Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik. Auf diesem Weg fA1/4hren die Autoren den Leser hin zur statistischen Mechanik und zur theoretischen Thermodynamik. Am Beispiel der HauptsAtze der Thermodynamik und ihren Anwendungen schlieAt sich der Kreis wieder zur praktischen Experimentalphysik.

This introduction to nuclear physics provides an excellent basis for a core undergraduate course in this area. The authors show how simple models can provide an understanding of the properties of nuclei, both in their ground and excited states, and of the nature of nuclear reactions. They include chapters on nuclear fission, its application in nuclear power reactors, the role of nuclear physics in energy production and nucleosynthesis in stars. This new edition contains several additional topics: muon-catalyzed fusion, the nuclear and neutrino physics of supernovae, neutrino mass and neutrino oscillations, and the biological effects of radiation. A knowledge of basic quantum mechanics and special relativity is assumed. Each chapter ends with a set of problems accompanied by outline solutions.

Als einfuhrendes Lehrbuch in die Teilchenastrophysik konzipiert wendet sich dieses Werk an Studenten der Physik und Astronomie ab dem Vordiplom. Kurz und pragnant werden die Grundlagen der Relativitatstheorie und der Quantenmechanik vorgestellt, bevor das Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik erlautert und die Zusammenhange mit den heutigen Fragen aus Astrophysik und Kosmologie hergestellt werden. Mathematisch elementarer als die meisten Einfuhrungen in die Teilchenphysik eignet sich dieses Buch sowohl begleitend zu einer Kursvorlesung als auch zum Selbststudium. Besonderer Wert wird auf padagogische Aspekte gelegt: im Vordergrund stehen Anschaulichkeit, eine am tatsachlichen Denkprozess orientierte Darstellung und die Ausgewogenheit zwischen theoretischen, experimentellen und interpretatorischen Aspekten der modernen Astroteilchenphysik."

Medium heavy nuclei with mass number A=60-90 exhibit a variety of complex collective properties, provide a laboratory for double beta decay studies, and are a region of all heavy N=Z nuclei. This book discusses these three aspects of nuclear structure using Deformed Shell Model and the Spin-Isospin Invariant Interacting Boson Model naturally generated by fermionic SO(8) symmetry. Using these two models, the book describes properties of medium heavy nuclei with mass number A=60-90. It provides a good reference for future nuclear structure experiments using radioactive ion beam (RIB) facilities. Various results obtained by the authors and other research groups are also explained in this book.

Understand the theory and function of wireless antennas with this comprehensive guide As wireless technology continues to develop, understanding of antenna properties and performance will only become more critical. Since antennas can be understood as junctions of waveguides, eigenmode analysis--the foundation of waveguide theory, concerned with the unexcited states of systems and their natural resonant characteristics--promises to be a crucial frontier in the study of antenna theory. Foundations of Antenna Radiation Theory incorporates the modal analysis, generic antenna properties and design methods discovered or developed in the last few decades, not being reflected in most antenna books, into a comprehensive introduction to the theory of antennas. This book puts readers into conversation with the latest research and situates students and researchers at the cutting edge of an important field of wireless technology. The book also includes: Detailed discussions of the solution methods for Maxwell equations and wave equations to provide a theoretical foundation for electromagnetic analysis of antennas Recent developments for antenna radiation in closed and open space, modal analysis and field expansions, dyadic Green's functions, time-domain theory, state-of-the-art antenna array synthesis methods, wireless power transmission systems, and more Innovative material derived from the author's own research Foundations of Antenna Radiation Theory is ideal for graduate or advanced undergraduate students studying antenna theory, as well as for reference by researchers, engineers, and industry professionals in the areas of wireless technology.

Die Kernphysik hat seit den Anfangen mit ihren Methoden und Ergebnissen auch die Nachbarwissenschaften beeinflusst. Wahrend der letzten Jahrzehnte hat sich in wachsendem Masse auch die direkte Ubernahme kernphysikalischer Methoden in die industrielle und medizinische Technik vollzogen. Die verschiedenen Aspekte dieser wissenschaftlichen und technischen Anwendungen lassen sich in die vier Kategorien Nuklearchronometrie (Kerne als Uhren) Nukleare Radiografie (Kerne als Sonden) Nukleare Radiotomie (Kerne als Werkzeuge) und Nuklearenergie unterteilen. Das Buch folgt dieser Einteilung und konzentriert sich auf eine moglichst quantitative Erklarung der physikalischen Sachverhalte, die den Anwendungen zu Grunde liegen."

Synthesizing the theoretical and experimental advances in pion-nucleon interactions over approximately the last twelve years, the authors offer here a timely account of the hadronic interactions of pions and nucleons and of the structure of nucleons. Because of the hadronic SU3 symmetry, the book also treats the structure of baryons in general, and so contains much material external to the specific field of pion-nucleon interactions. Thus the book's subject can be stated as the hadronic structure of baryons as illustrated particularly by pion-nucleon interaction. Following an introductory discussion of isotopic spin, the authors proceed to chapters that treat low energy pion scattering by nucleons and the photoproduction of pions; forward and fixed momentum transfer dispersion relations; analytic properties of scattering amplitudes; formation of nucleon resonances; symmetries and classification of particles and resonances; current algebra, sum rules, and superconvergence relations; scattering at higher energies; pion-nucleon dynamics; pion-nucleon inelastic scattering; and the form factors of the nucleon and the pion. Each chapter is followed by abundant references to the original literature. The level of the writing is suitable for students at the graduate level, and the presentation is even and self-contained. On balance, the authors have prepared a useful consolidation and review of this difficult and changing area of investigation. Originally published in 1973. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Die Kapitel Molekulphysik und Kernphysik sind die naturgemassen Anschlussgebiete an die Atomphysik, deren Grundlagen wir in Band I behandelt haben. Dass wir in der Rei- henfolge die Molekulphysik voranstellen, hat keinen zwingenden Grund. Die getroffene Wahl moege den Lesern insofern entgegenkommen, als die Molekulphysik von der bereits aus der Atomphysik bekannten elektromagnetischen Wechselwirkung beherrscht wird, wahrend in der Kernphysik die starke und schwache Wechselwirkung ganz andere, fur den Anfanger ungewohnte Behandlungsmethoden verlangen. Mit gutem Grund haben wir der Kernphysik ein einfuhrendes Kapitel uber Teilchenphysik hinzugefugt; haben sich die Gewichte dieser beiden Gebiete in den letzten Jahrzehnten doch stetig von der Kernphysik auf die Teilchenphysik verschoben. Die Frage mag sogar berechtigt sein, warum wir den Stoff der Kernphysik nicht noch starker beschrankt haben. Die Le- ser werden jedoch feststellen, dass viele Begriffe, Methoden und Ge!!etzmassigkeiten der Kernphysik auch Bestandteile der Teilchenphysik sind und sich entlang des historischen Weges der Kernphysik leichter lernen lassen. Um die Einheit beider Bande zu wahren, haben wir die Numerierung der Kapitel und Anhange des ersten Bandes fortgesetzt. Ebenso wurde die *-Markierung schwie- riger Abschnitte fur Fortgeschrittene beibehalten. Wir gehen aber davon aus, dass die Anfanger beim Studium des ersten Bandes genugend Fachkenntnisse erworben haben, um im zweiten Band auch etwas schwierigere Sachverhalte zu verstehen. Das Litera- turverzeichnis umfasst ausfuhrliche Angaben fur beide Bande. Wir haben wiederum versucht, den Stoff in experimenteller und theoretischer Sicht moeglichst ausgewogen darzustellen.