This work is a study of scintillator-based radiation detectors, and how they perform using both traditional and modern photodetectors. More specifically, we examine how a radiation detector utilizing silicon photomultiplier-based readout performs compared to a traditional photomultiplier tube-based detector. Silicon photomultipliers show great promise in contemporary particle physics for their small size, robustness, and efficiency compared to traditional photodetector systems. We investigated the practicality and efficiency of using silicon photomultipliers in radiation detectors.

Experimental and theoretical study of nucleus-nucleus collisions is a diverse field, allowing to address a wide range of fundamental physics. In each domain of beam energies, from the Coulomb barrier to ultrarelativistic energies, characteristic reaction mechanisms contribute and offer possibility to obtain information on the properties of nuclear matter under specific conditions, what allows to determine a global equation of the state and construct a phase diagram of the strongly interacting nuclear matter. The properties of nuclear matter play role in understanding various phenomena in nuclear astrophysics and astro-particle physics, from the primordial nucleosynthesis through production of heavy nuclei, properties of neutron stars, supernova explosions, to the physics of the early Universe. The nucleus-nucleus collisions can be also used as a practical tool for production of very exotic neutron-rich nuclei, thus allowing to enter this yet completely unknown domain with the potential for future discoveries of new nuclear phenomena.

Isaiah 42:5 Th us saith God the Lord, he that created
the heavens, and stretched them out; he that spread
forth the earth, and that which cometh out of it; he
that giveth breath unto the people upon it, and spirit to
them that walk therein: 6 I the Lord have called thee in
righteousness, and will hold thine hand and will keep
thee, and give thee for a covenant of the people, for a
light of the Gentiles; 7 To open the blind eyes, to bring
out the prisoners from the prison, and them that sit in
darkness out of the prison house. 8 I am the Lord: that is
my name: and my glory will I not give to another, neither
my praise to graven images. 9 Behold, the former things
are come to pass, and new things do I declare: before
they spring forth I tell you of them. As the trials of this
generation intensify, the Lord God will begin to do new
things to get Himself glory. Those who trust Him with
their lives will be prepared.
One current-day man, with a spirit like Moses, is to
publish what new things, and who, is to spring forth.
Deuteronomy 18:18 I will raise them up a prophet from
among their brethren, like unto thee (Moses), and will
put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them
all that I shall command him. 19 And it shall come to
pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words
which he shall speak in my name I will require it of him.
The Lord God's word to all of creation from this
contemporary Moses is come: The Book Of Stone. Those
whom the Lord will call, may draw a kingly sword from
this stone.
With this spiritual sward,
And faith in the Lord,
Saints will overcome,
To the glory of the Kingdom
This book's importunate message is for those in the land of the living. The judgment for the land in the west is set.
Amidst mounting fear, The Book Of Stone is God's light, from a man with a spirit like Moses. Spiritually, YHWH will
remove the iniquity of those who seek Him. Physically, the world will witness Moses, Elijah, and the servant BRANCH,
delivering believers to safety.
The secondary message is that a Redeemer will come in a way in which none have considered. God Himself inspired the
compilation of the selected scriptures herein to announce that one like unto the Son of Man will glorify God the Father
once again. And we shall go rejoining...

This volume encompasses three chapters from my personal study notes which covers all courses and notes in my study of Nuclear Engineering, from high school throughout my post-doctorate associateship. CHAPTER 14: ARTIFICIAL TRANSMUTATION TECHNIQUE FOR PRODUCING SUITABLE AGENTS OF TRANSMUTATION VAN DE GRAAFF ELECTROSTATIC HIGH TENSION GENERATOR COCKCROFT AND WALTON TENSION MULTIPLIER RESONANCE ACCELERATOR-CYCLOTRON MORE POWERFUL PARTICLE-ACCELERATING MACHINES METHOD OF SCINTILLATIONS METHOD OF CHEMICAL SEPARATIONS MAGNETIC SPECTROGRAPH METHOD IONIZATION CHAMBER METHOD COUNTER METHOD CLOUD CHAMBER METHOD PHOTOGRAPHIC EMULSION METHOD CERTAIN PROMINENT TYPES OF NUCLEAR REACTIONS 1. THE NEUTRON 2. ARTIFICIAL OR INDUCED RADIOACTIVITY 3. NUCLEAR FISSION THE REACTOR OR PILE THE ATOM BOMB (1) Source of stellar energy (2) The hydrogen bomb (3) The rigged H-bomb (4) Controlled thermonuclear reaction CHAPTER 15: COSMIC RAYS A. The cosmic ray ionization chamber B. The coincidence counters C. The scintillation counters D. The counter controlled cloud chamber E. The photographic emulsion method F. The bubble chamber method 7. THE ABSORPTION OF COSMIC RAYS IN MATTER 8. MEASUREMENT OF THE ENERGY OF COSMIC RAYS 9. THE POSITRON 10- THE MESOTRON 11. COSMIC RAY SHOWERS 12. HEAVY PARTICLE COMPONENTS OF COSMIC RADIATION A. Primary cosmic rays B. Secondary cosmic rays C. Cosmic ray stars 13. NATURE AND COMPOSITION OF COSMIC RADIATION 14. ORIGIN OF COSMIC RAYS CHAPTER 16: STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF THE NUCLEUS 1. STRUCTURE OF NUCLEI A. Theories of nuclear composition (a) The proton-electron theory (b) The proton-neutron theory (c) The neutron-positron theory (d) The negative proton-neutron theory A. NUCLEAR METHODS B. ELECTRIC METHODS 3. NUCLEAR MASS 4. NUCLEAR CHARGE 5. NUCLEAR QUANTUM STATES 6. NUCLEAR STATISTICS 7. NUCLEAR SPIN AND MAGNETIC MOMENT (i) ANALYSIS OF THE HYPERFINE STRUCTURE IN ATOMIC SPECTRA (a) Counting the number of hyperfine components (b) Measuring the relative separations of the members of a state cluster (c) Measuring the relative intensities of the components of the hyperfine pattern (d) Counting the number of hyperfine components in Zeeman effect (ii) METHOD OF ALTERNATING INTENSITIES IN BAND SPECTRA (iii) MAGNETIC DEFLECTION OF MOLECULAR AND ATOMIC BEAMS (iv) STUDY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE RADIO FREQUENCY SPECTRA (v) ANALYSIS OF MICROWAVE SPECTRA BIBLIOGRAPHY

This volume encompasses eight chapters from my personal study notes which cover all courses and notes in my study of Nuclear Engineering, from high school throughout my post-doctorate associateship. Great emphasis is added on the two theories of relativity where the author posed many critical questions regarding the optical definition of relative simultaneity which Einstein used to equate matter with energy through the relation E = mc . TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: ELECTRIC DISCHARGE THROUGH GASES 1.1. Electric Discharge under normal gas pressure Ionization Ionization by collision Disruptive discharge Sparking potential and pressure of gas Sparking potential and distance between electrodes Paschen's law Nature of discharge: Brush, spark and corona discharges Mobility of ions Mobility and Nature of the ions Mobility and Ionic Mass Mobility and Gas Pressure Mobility and Temperature Decay of the ions-Recombination 1.2. Electric Discharge under Low Gas Pressure Behavior of emission of radiation in discharge tube Discoveries of the cathode tube Cathode rays Positive rays X-rays Geissler tube Sodium vapor lamp Mercury vapor lamp Fluorescent lamps CHAPTER 2: THE ELECTRON . CHARGE TO MASS RATIO (e/m) Thomson's Method CHARGE OF THE ELECTRON Methods using the Cloud Chamber Wilson Cloud Chamber Thomson's cloud chamber experiment H.A. Wilson's experiment Millikan's oil drop method MASS OF THE ELECTRON RADIUS OF THE ELECTRON CHAPTER 3: THE ELECTRON THEORY ELECTRICAL CONDUCTION IN METALS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY THERMOELECTRIC EFFECTS Seebeck effect Peltier effect Thomson effect MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Methods of measuring magnetic susceptibility Faraday method Curie magnetic balance Gouy method Rowland method Diamagnetism Paramagnetism Ferromagnetisms Variation of magnetization with field Magnetic properties of alloys Heusler alloys Magneto-striction Magneto-thermal effects THEORETICAL INVESTIGATIONS Langevin's theory of diamagnetism Langevin's theory of paramagnetism Weiss molecular field theory of paramagnetism Weiss theory of ferromagnetism ZEEMAN EFFECT CRITICISM OF THE ELECTRON THEORY MAJOR APPLICATIONS OF ELECTRON EMISSION THERMIONIC EMISSION The Schottky effect Cold emission The shot effect 3.8.2. PHOTOELECTRIC EMISSION 3.8.3. PRACTICAL APPLIANCES OF ELECTRON BEAMS 3.8.3. I. THERMIONIC VALVES CHAPTER 4: POSITIVE RAYS POSITIVE RAYS THOMSON'S PARABOLA METHOD OF POSITIVE RAY ANALYSIS ASTON'S MASS SPECTROGRAPH DEMPSTER'S MASS SPECTROGPAPH BAINBRIDGE'S MASS SPECTROGRAPH NIER'S MASS SPECTROGRAPH BAINBRIDGE AND JORDAN DOUBLE-FOCUSING MASS SPECTROGRAPH THE ISOTOPIC CONSTITUTION OF ELEMENTS CHAPTER 5: X-Rays X-Rays PRODUCTION AND DETECTION OF X-RAYS The betatron The ionizing power of X-rays WAVE NATURE OF X-RAYS EXPERIMENT OF LAUE, FRIEDRICH AND KNIPPING EXPERIMENTAL METHODS OF MEASURING FOR X-RAYS CRYSTAL X-RAY SPECTROMETER RULED GRATING X-RAY SPECTROGRAPH ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY OF X-RAYS THE STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS CHAPTER 6: RADIOACTIVITY RADIOACTIVITY DISCOVERY OF RADIOACTIVITY INITIAL RESEARCHES ON RADIOACTIVITY FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENT OF THE CONSTANTS OF RADIOACTIVE DISINTEGRATION RADIOACTIVE TIME SCALES ALPHA RAYS BETA-RAYS BECQUEREL'S EXPERIMENT KAUFMANN'S EXPERIMENT BUCHERER'S EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT OF GUYE AND LAVANCHY GAMMA-RAYS WAVELENGTHS OF THE GAMMA-RAYS USES OF RADIOACTIVITY CHAPTER 7: THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY ORIGIN OF THE THEORY OF RELATIVITY MICHELSON-MORLEY EXPERIMENT TROUTON-NOBLE EXPERIMENT EINSTEIN'S THEORY OF RELATIVITY SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY IMPORTANT CONCLUSIONS OF THE SPECIAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY GENERAL THEORY OF RELATIVITY CHAPTER 8: THE QUANTUM THEORY OF RADIATION THE QUANTUM THEORY OF RADIATION The classical electromagnetic wave theory QUANTUM THEORY OF RADIATION QUANTA OR PHOTONS The photoelectric effect MILLIKAN'S EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT OF MAURICE DE BROGLIE The Compton effect CRITICISM OF THE QUANTUM THEORY OF RADIAT

In this report of the proceedings of the Fifth Symposium prominent world physicists give an account of the status of the understanding of nuclear structure in the mass region from A=20 to A=60. Ten invited papers cover various aspects of nuclear structure from both the theoretical and the experimental points of view. Additionally, four short papers presenting formal comments are included, along with the edited discussions following the readings of the papers. Two topics are treated in particular: the long-awaited application of polarized beams to the study of nuclear structure is reviewed, with results from Stanford University; and a technique is described, that makes it possible for the first time to observe directly the decay of nuclear states.

Death of all life forms is a fact. Random evolution of humans from lower life forms is not. Is there life after death? What kind? Where? Is there a God? What can be known about life after death? This book answers these questions with established facts rather than imagination and delusion.

Published to widespread acclaim, in Marie Curie and Her Daughters, science writer Shelley Emling shows that far from a shy introvert toiling away in her laboratory, the famed scientist and two-time Nobel prize winner was nothing short of an iconoclast. Emling draws on personal letters released by Curie's only granddaughter to show how Marie influenced her daughters yet let them blaze their own paths: Irene followed her mother's footsteps into science and was instrumental in the discovery of nuclear fission; Eve traveled the world as a foreign correspondent and then moved on to humanitarian missions. Emling also shows how Curie, following World War I, turned to America for help. Few people know about Curie's close friendship with American journalist Missy Meloney, who arranged speaking tours across the country for Marie, Eve, and Irene. Months on the road, charming audiences both large and small, endeared the Curies to American women and established a lifelong relationship with the United States that formed one of the strongest connections of Marie's life. Factually rich, personal, and original, this is an engrossing story about the most famous woman in science that rips the cover off the myth and reveals the real person, friend, and mother behind it.

The study of the nucleon-nucleon interaction has a long history, going back to 1932 (just after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick). The force is responsible for binding protons and neutrons into atomic nuclei but, unlike the cases of Coulomb or Newtonian gravitational laws, the form of the fundamental NN strong interaction and its constants are a priori unknown. The subject is nevertheless important because the energy associated with the binding of protons and neutrons to form atomic nuclei is the energy used in nuclear power. The authors of the present volume deliver accounts of current research on various aspects of the forces between two or more nucleons and how they relate to experiments in nuclear physics. General overviews, illustrated by appropriate examples, are given both the theoretical and experimental knowledge of nuclear physics that are prerequisites for the understanding of the strong interaction. Two- and three-nucleon forces are among the topics that are addressed and discussed including, for example, how nuclear forces emerge from low-energy QCD via chiral effective field theory. A comprehensive overview is presented of realistic free nucleon-nucleon interactions and also two-nucleon dynamics in a nuclear medium.

In this book some applications of artificial neural network in nuclear engineering are presented. In densitometry, number of scattered and counted gamma photons highly depends on material density. Using this relation, two different multi-layer perceptron artificial neural networks are proposed to predict material density. The results of proposed ANNs show that the presented model could be employed in densitometry of materials. Furthermore, the development of an ANN model for prediction of the highest value of X-ray yield in PFs is showed. The comparison between predicted and experimental results by ANN model illustrates that there is a good adaptation between them. So, the MLP architecture can be applied as a high efficient tool to predict the highest value of X-ray yield in the PFs.

On July 4, 2012, the Higgs boson, dubbed as the "God particle," which the physicists had been searching for more than 40 years now, was announced to have been discovered by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the world' largest particle accelerator operated by the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Since the Standard Model did not include the explanation of how the particles got their mass, the Higgs mechanism called the Higgs field with a mediating particle of the Higgs boson was invented as the particle that provides the answer to the source of mass of the other particles. On March 14, 2012, physicists at CERN finally confirmed it, paving the way for the possible Nobel Prize nominations for those who conceptualized it and those who worked to discover it. So far amidst the excitement, what the physicists thought that the discovery would bring forth in the advancement in physics was nowhere to be found. With the author's publication of this book, the author is refuting the existence of the "God particle"-the Higgs boson. But more than that, this book is not even primarily written to refute the Higgs boson. Rather, this book presents new theories that will bring forth new advancements in physics, such as the true understanding of charge (Charge theory), New Model of an Atom (replaces the current model of an atom), source of mass of the particles (Mass theory), theory on the structure of the atom of the elements, Atom Law that will replace the Pauli Exclusion Principle, theory on the structure of quarks inside the proton and neutron (Quark theory), and the Theory of Everything that will revise the Standard Model and provide the understanding of the fundamental forces. (This book, together with the written but unpublished book on theory on light and the future to be written book on the theory on gravity will complete the Theory of Everything.) This book also challenges another contender for the Theory of Everything, the String Theory by showing (through Occam's razor) that we don't need a whimsical theory to explain our practical observable universe. To show the extent of change that this book brings, this book challenges the works by physicists that were even award the Nobel Prize. This book challenges the Bohr's and Schrodinger's Model of an Atom, nuclear shell model of an atom, Pauli Exclusion Principle (including the Aufbau Principle and the Hund's rule). Furthermore, as a Theory of Everything, this book also challenges quantum chromodynamics (QCD) and the Electroweak theory. For the physicists who are looking for the New Physics, this is the Real New Physics that will cause nothing short of a paradigm shift.