Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

In der Zeit urn die Jahrhundertwende hat unsere Kenntnis von dem verborgenen Wirken im Inneren des Stoffes eine Ent wicklung erfahren, welche die kiihnsten Erwartungen der Chemiker und Physiker des 19. Jahrhunderts iibertraf. Die kleinsten Teile der Chemie, die Grundstoffatome, die bisher nur auf dem Wege des Denkens erschlosscn worden waren, wurden nun sozusagen zu greifbaren Gegenstanden, die man zahlen und deren Bahnen man photographieren konntc. Man hatte die Existenz von negativ geladenen Teilchen, den sogenannten Elektronen entdeckt, deren Masbe 2000 mal kleiner \\"ar als die des kleinsten bekannten Grundstoffatoms, man haite erkannt, daB die Atome keineswegs untcilbar seien, sondern Elektronen und positiv-elektrische Teile enthielten: eine auf der Maxwcllschen Elektrizitatslehre auf gebaute Theorie der Elektronen hatte die Fragen der Atom struktur mit der Lehre von der Strahlung im Ather in Verbin dung gebracht. Die Versuche und Dberlegungen RUTHERFORDS stellten es auBer Zweifel, daB die Atome geradezu aus schweren positiv-elektrischen Kernen und leichten negativen Elektronen bestanden: die Quantentheorie von PLANCK wies neue Wege. urn iiber bedenkliche Schwierigkeiten in der i: ltrahlungstheorie hinwegzukommell. So schien es, daB die Zeit reif war zu einem Angriff auf das eigentliche Endziel der Physik: namlich die mannigfachen vt rschiedenen physikalischen und chemischen Eigen schaften del' Stoffe aus einfachen allgemeinen Gesetzen abzuleiten."

Dieser Buchtitel ist Teil des Digitalisierungsprojekts Springer Book Archives mit Publikationen, die seit den Anfangen des Verlags von 1842 erschienen sind. Der Verlag stellt mit diesem Archiv Quellen fur die historische wie auch die disziplingeschichtliche Forschung zur Verfugung, die jeweils im historischen Kontext betrachtet werden mussen. Dieser Titel erschien in der Zeit vor 1945 und wird daher in seiner zeittypischen politisch-ideologischen Ausrichtung vom Verlag nicht beworben.

Our understanding of subatomic particles developed over many years, although a clear picture of the different particles, their interactions and their inter-relationships only emerged in the latter part of the twentieth century. The first "subatomic particles" to be investigated were those which exhibit readily observable macroscopic behavior, specifically these are the photon, which we observe as light and the electron, which is manifested as electricity. The true nature of these particles, however, only became clear within the last century or so. The development of the Standard Model provided clarification of the way in which various particles, specifically the hadrons, relate to one another and the way in which their properties are determined by their structure. The final piece, perhaps, of the final model, that is the means by which some particles acquire mass, has just recently been clarified with the observation of the Higgs boson. Since the 1970s it has been known that the measured solar neutrino flux was inconsistent with the flux predicted by solar models. The existence of neutrinos with mass would allow for neutrino flavor oscillations and would provide an explanation for this discrepancy. Only in the past few years, has there been clear experimental evidence that neutrinos have mass. The description of particle structure on the basis of the Standard Model, along with recent discoveries concerning neutrino properties, provides us with a comprehensive picture of the properties of subatomic particles. Part I of the present book provides an overview of the Standard Model of particle physics including an overview of the discovery and properties of the Higgs boson. Part II of the book summarizes the important investigations into the physics of neutrinos and provides an overview of the interpretation of these studies.

Del' Plan, von meinem in den "Naturwissenschaften" veraffent lichten Aufsatz "Die Stereoskopie im Dienste del' isochromen und heterochromen Photometrie" eine besond'ere Buchausgabe zu veran stalten, entsprang dem Wunsche, fur den in dem Aufsatz behandelten Gegenstand einen graBeren Leserkreis zu gewinnen, als durch alleinige Veraffentlichuhg in einer W ocbenschrift maglich ist. Diesel' Wunsch war nicht nul' bei dem Herrn Verleger und mil' vorhanden, er ist mil' auch von anderer Seite mehrfach entgegengebracht worden, handelt es sich doch um Erscheinungen, M: ethoden und Apparate, die bisher liberhaupt noch nicht bekannt und erartert waren. und um ein Arbeits gebiet, auf dem noch lange nicht aIle Fragen, die den Physiker, ' den Physiologen und den Psychologen angehen, geklart sind. Aus . dem Grunde l1abe ich auch auf meine anfangliche Absicht, del' Schrift den Titel "Die Stereoskopie bewegter Gegenstande" zu geben, verzichtet und einen etwas weniger anspruchsvollen Titel gewahlt, del' abel'. den V ortei1 hat, daB er den U mfang del' praktischen Verwertbarkeit del' neuen Methode sofort Zll erkennen gibt. Del' Inhalt del' Schrift ist aus del' nachstehenden Zusammen stellung del' Uberschriften del' einze1nen Abschnitte zu ersehen; die Schrift se1bst ist eine fast unveranderte Wiedergabe des oben er wahnten Aufsatzes. Neu hinzugekommen sind nul' zwei Anmerkungen, die eine auf Seite 19, die andere auf Seite 2- , die sich. beide auf eine von Herrn Prof."

This publication addresses the sustainability of all aspects of a national nuclear security regime, including those relating to nuclear material and nuclear facilities, other radioactive material and associated facilities, and nuclear and other radioactive material out of regulatory control. The publication is relevant for States that have established a nuclear security regime as well as for States that are in the process of establishing one. It includes guidance on how to address challenges in sustaining a nuclear security regime over time. It also addresses the initial development and implementation of the regime, particularly where sustainability can be built into it as part of its design.

A deeper understanding of neutrinos, with the goal to reveal their nature and exact role within particle physics, is at the frontier of current research. This book reviews the field in a concise fashion and highlights the most pressing issues and areas of strongest topical interest. It provides a clear, self-contained, and logical treatment of the fundamental physics aspects, appropriate for graduate students. Starting with the relevant basics of the SM, neutrinos are introduced, and the quantum mechanical effect of oscillations is explained in detail. A strong focus is then set on the phenomenon of lepton number violation, especially in 0nbb decay, as the crucial probe to understand the nature of neutrinos. The role of neutrinos in astrophysics, expected to be of increasing importance for future research, is then described. Finally, models to explain the neutrino properties are outlined. The central theme of the book is the nature of neutrino masses and the above topics will revolve around this issue.

While neutron halos were discovered 30 years ago, this is the first book written on the subject of this exotic form of nuclei that typically contain many more neutrons than stable isotopes of those elements. It provides an introductory description of the halo and outlines the discovery and evidence for its existence. It also discusses different theoretical models of the halo's structure as well as models and techniques in reaction theory that have allowed us to study the halo. This is written at a level accessible to graduate students starting a PhD in nuclear physics. Halo nuclei are an exotic form of atomic nuclei that contain typically many more neutrons than stable isotopes of those elements. To give you a famous example, an atom of the element lithium has three electrons orbiting a nucleus with three protons and, usually, either 3 or 4 neutrons. The difference in the number of neutrons gives us two different isotopes of lithium, Li6 and Li7. But if you keep adding neutrons to the nucleus you will eventually reach Li11, with still 3 protons (that means it's lithium) but with 8 neutrons. This nucleus is so neutron-rich that the last two are very weakly bound to the rest of the nucleus (a Li9 core). What happens is a quantum mechanical effect: the two outer neutrons float around beyond the rest of the nuclear core at a distance that is beyond the range of the force that is holding them to the core. This is utterly counterintuitive. It means the nucleus looks like a core plus extended diffuse cloud of neutron probability: the halo. The author of the book, Jim Al-Khalili, is a theoretician who published some of the key papers on the structure of the halo in the mid and late 90s and was the first to determine its true size. This monograph is based on review articles he has written on the mathematical models used to determine the halo structure and the reactions used to model that structure.

Our world has been radioactive ever since! Humans are primarily exposed to natural radiation from the Sun, cosmic rays, and naturally-occurring radionuclides found in the Earth's crust. Besides the natural radioactivity, industries, which produce radioactive wastes during their normal operations or during their dismantling and decommissioning processes, do contaminate the environment through the release of radionuclides into the air, soil and water. Among them, nuclear power plants, NORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials) related industries, hospitals, radionuclide production facilities, uranium mining and other nuclear facilities, along with radioactive/nuclear disposal sites are a potential source of environmental contamination by emission/discharging of natural/artificial radionuclides through water, air and soil to the other environmental compartments like plants, animals and foods. In a word, everything that makes our existence! The book ''Radionuclides: Properties, Behavior and Potential Health Effects" is a comprehensive overview of some information on radiation in the environment and human exposure to radioactivity. This book highlights the sources, properties, behaviors, and biological and ecological effects of radioactivity from both natural and anthropogenic sources. The emphasis is on the environmental aspects of radionuclides and their eventual effects on biota, particularly humans.

The transport of electric charge through most materials is well described in terms of their electronic band structure. The present book deals with two cases where the charge transport in a solid is not described by the simple band structure picture of the solid. These cases are related to the phenomena of the quantum Hall effect and superconductivity. Part I of this book deals with the quantum Hall effect, which is a consequence of the behavior of electrons in solids when they are constrained to move in two dimensions. Part II of the present volume describes the behavior of superconductors, where electrons are bound together in Cooper pairs and travel through a material without resistance.