A clear and well-organized review of what is presently known about nuclear structure. Emphasis is less upon mathematical detail than upon the obtaining of a clear perspective which relates the various lines of approach to this complex and rapidly developing field. Particular attention is paid to nuclear models and to the several types of nuclear reactions. Originally published in 1958. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

One of the most fundamental problems in elementary particle physics is the study of the interaction of the pion meson with nucleons. It is believed that the pion meson plays a fundamental role in the description of nuclear forces and it is important, therefore, to understand the interaction of these particles. The primary method of gaining information on this interaction is through scattering experiments, and this book is concerned primarily with studies of pion-nucleon scattering at high energies. Originally published in 1969. The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback and hardcover editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This authoritative work enhances the material outlined in the first volume of Concepts of Particle Physics, presenting it in far greater detail and with a higher degree of sophistication. The authors, both eminent physicists, provide an in-depth discussion of the electromagnetic interaction, explore the accuracy of the quark model by examining the excited states of baryons and mesons, and consider many other topics.

This compact treatment of the basic theory of nuclear forces, structures, and reactions bases its explanations almost entirely on the familiar results of nonrelativistic quantum theory. Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, it presents careful and concise discussions of experimental ideas.
The three-part treatment begins with the descriptive theory of nuclei, covering basic facts, including size, spins and statistics, and beta-disintegration and the neutrino. The second part explores quantitative theory of nuclear forces, covering physical properties of protons, neutrons, and deuterons; scattering; and effects of molecular binding and of non-central forces. The final section examines complex nuclei and beta-decay, including nuclear reactions, scattering, and beta-disintegration.

This thesis addresses two important and also challenging issues in the research of chemical reaction dynamics of F+H2 system. One is to probe the reaction resonance and the other is to determine the extent of the breakdown of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation (BOA) experimentally. The author introduces a state-of-the-art crossed molecular beam-scattering apparatus using a hydrogen atom Rydberg "tagging" time-of-flight method, and presents thorough state-to-state experimental studies to address the above issues. The author also describes the observation of the Feshbach resonance in the F+H2 reaction, a precise measurement of the differential cross section in the F+HD reaction, and validation of a new accurate potential energy surface with spectroscopic accuracy. Moreover, the author determines the reactivity ratio between the ground state F(2P3/2) and the excited state F*(2P1/2) in the F+D2 reaction, and exploits the breakdown of BOA in the low collision energy.

You cannot hide from radioactivity. Even the book you are holding is slightly radioactive, but there are more serious risks. Radioactivity - the breakdown of unstable atomic nuclei, releasing radiation - is a fundamental process in nature. It is a process that has been harnessed to provide wide and important applications in science, medicine, industry, and energy production. But it remains much misunderstood - and feared, perhaps because nuclear radiation cannot be detected by human senses, and can undoubtedly do great harm if appropriate precautions are not taken. In recent times there have been increasing concerns about nuclear terrorism. The traces of radioactive atoms in rocks have allowed us to understand the nature and history of the Earth, in particular to date events in that history. Radioactive dating has been used for a variety of purposes, from determining the age of the first hominids to the dating of the Turin Shroud. The discovery of radioactivity has improved our survival kit, but also gave us the chance to reach a new level of awareness on the history of our species and its environmental impacts. In this Very Short Introduction, Claudio Tuniz explains the nature of radioactivity and discuss its role in nature. Describing radioactivity in the stars and in the Earth, he also looks at its wide range of applications in biomedicine and in science, as well as the mechanisms of nuclear fission and fusion, and the harnessing of nuclear power. ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area. These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly. Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.

Since the development of natural philosophy in Ancient Greece, scientists have been concerned with determining the nature of matter's smallest constituents and the interactions among them. This textbook examines the question of the microscopic composition of matter through an accessible introduction to what is now called 'The Physics of Elementary Particles'. In the last few decades, elementary particle physics has undergone a period of transition, culminating in the formulation of a new theoretical scheme, known as 'The Standard Model', which has profoundly changed our understanding of nature's fundamental forces. Rooted in the experimental tradition, this new vision is based on geometry and sees the composition of matter in terms of its accordance with certain geometrical principles. This textbook presents and explains this modern viewpoint to a readership of well-motivated undergraduate students, by guiding the reader from the basics to the more advanced concepts of Gauge Symmetry, Quantum Field Theory and the phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking through concrete physical examples. This engaging introduction to the theoretical advances and experimental discoveries of the last decades makes this fascinating subject accessible to undergraduate students and aims at motivating them to study it further.

In the spring of 1945 the Allies arrested the physicists they believed had worked on the German nuclear programme during the war. Interned in an English country house, their conversations were secretly recorded. MI6's Operation Epsilon sought to determine how close Nazi Germany had come to building an atomic bomb. It was in this remote setting - Farm Hall, near Cambridge - that the German physicists first heard of the bombing ofHiroshima. August 6 1945 was a night that changed the course of history. The terrible weapon unleashed on Japan caused unprecedented destruction and loss of life. That the Allies had such a weapon at their disposal came as a great shock to the German scientists who had worked under the assumption that the Allies knew nothing of nuclear fission. This is the story of the wartime race to develop an atomic bomb, and the genius, guilt, complicity and hubris of Nobel Prize-winning scientists working to create a weapon that would undoubtedly have won the war for the Germans.

Relativistic Nuclear Physics In The Light Front Formalism

Proceedings of the 13th International School of Theoretical Physics, Szczyrk, Poland, September 1989. The Standard Model for particles contains a large number of free parameters such as masses, mixing angles, and coupling constraints. Other unsolved questions include the strong CP problems, the triv

Contents: Fission Fragment Distributions: Experiment and Theory -- Fission Barriers, Fission Channels, Fission Valleys; Fragment Charge Distributions in Low Energy Fission; Double-Energy, Double-Velocity Measurement of Fission Fragments from Thermal Neutron Induced Fission; Odd-Even Neutron and Proton Effects in Low Energy Nuclear Fission; Energy Balance in MeV Neutron Induced Fission; Formation of the Fragment Mass and Energy Distributions in Fission of Nuclei Lighter than Radium; A New Approach to Determine Elemental Yield, Charge Polarisation and Odd-even Effects in Fission; Fundamental Fission Problems -- Dissipation and Friction in Nuclear Fission; Influence of Diabaticity on Fission Fragment Mass Asymmetry; Space Parity Violation in Nuclear Fission.

Bei der Energiegewinnung aus Atomkernen entstehen radioaktive Abfalle. Deren radioaktive Strahlung ist fur belebte Materie ausserordentlich schadlich. Solche Strahlenschaden werden besprochen und mit der naturlichen Strahlenbelastung verglichen. Der Atommull muss sorgfaltig entsorgt werden, was bis heute kaum geschieht. Die Moeglichkeiten und Probleme einer sicheren Endlagerung werden diskutiert.

Das Energiespektrum der Elektronen beim Betazerfall war lange Zeit umstritten. 1914 fand Chadwick Hinweise auf ein kontinuierliches Energiespektrum, doch seine Ergebnisse wurden nicht allgemein anerkannt. Chadwick und Ellis lernten einander in einem deutschen Internierungslager wahrend des 1. Weltkriegs kennen. Ellis gelang im Jahre 1927 der endgultige Beweis fur das kontinuierliche Spektrum. Damit war der Weg frei fur Paulis Neutrino-Hypothese und fur die Fermi-Theorie der schwachen Wechselwirkung. In Streuexperimenten mit Alphateilchen fanden Rutherford, Chadwick und andere ab 1920 Hinweise auf eine bis dahin unbekannte Kernkraft, die wir heute als starke Wechselwirkung bezeichnen. Die Entdeckung des Neutrons durch Chadwick im Jahre 1932 war ein entscheidender Beitrag zum Verstandnis beider Kernkrafte. Die Biografien der beiden Physiker werden beleuchtet.

In 2005, Dharam Ahluwalia and Daniel Grumiller reported an unexpected theoretical discovery of mass dimension one fermions. These are an entirely new class of spin one half particles, and because of their mass dimensionality mismatch with the standard model fermions they are a first-principle dark matter candidate. Written by one of the physicists involved in the discovery, this is the first book to outline the discovery of mass dimension one fermions. Using a foundation of Lorentz algebra it provides a detailed construction of the eigenspinors of the charge conjugation operator (Elko) and their properties. The theory of dual spaces is then covered, before mass dimension one fermions are discussed in detail. With mass dimension one fermions having applications to cosmology and high energy physics, this book is essential for graduate students and researchers in quantum field theory, mathematical physics, and particle theory.

Die beruhmte Vorlesung von Freeman Dyson - nun erstmals auf Deutsch. In den 1940er Jahren zeigte Freeman Dyson die Aquivalenz zwischen den beiden Formulierungen der QED - des Pfadintegralansatzes von Richard Feynman und der Variationsmethoden von Julian Schwinger - und bewies somit die Konsistenz der QED. Dieses Buch beinhaltet die wertvollen - nie zuvor auf Deutsch publizierten - Vorlesungen uber Quantenfeldtheorie, die Dyson an der Cornell Universitat 1951 gehalten hat.

Der Theoretiker Edwin Thompson Jaynes bemerkte dazu: "Fur eine Generation von Physikern waren diese Vorlesungen ein Gewinn: klarer und besser motiviert als Feynmans Vorlesungen, und schneller und kompakter als Schwingers." Zukunftige Leser werden diese Vorlesungen ebenfalls mit grossem Genuss lesen und von dem klaren Stil profitieren, der fur Dyson stets so charakteristisch gewesen ist.

Aus dem Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 - Die Diracgleichung, 2 - Streuprobleme und die Born-Approximation, 3 - Die klassische und quantenmechanische Feldtheorie, 4 - Beispiele quantisierter Feldtheorien (Maxwellfeld, Diracelektronen), 5 - Streuprobleme freier Teilchen (Paar Annihilation, Moller-Streuung, Klein-Nishina-Formel), 6 - Allgemeine Theorie der Streuung (Feynman-Graphen, Infrarotkatastrophe), 7 - Streuung an einem statischen Potenzial und experimentelle Ergebnisse.

"

A Modern Primer in Particle and Nuclear Physics provides a cohesive introduction to the fundamentals of the field and is designed to be accessible to undergraduate students. The textbook provides an ideal entry point and presents the modern concepts, theories, and experiments that explain the elementary constituents and basic forces of the universe. Starting with the basic concepts and definitions, the textbook goes on to cover core developments, such as the links between quantum chromodynamics and nuclear physics, the Higgs Boson, and the first observation of gravitational waves. New concepts are introduced gradually and clarified by intuitive explanations, exercises, and concrete examples linking particle physics to nuclear physics, astrophysics, and gravitation. The book also includes appendices on special relativity and non-relativistic quantum mechanics for those needing a basic grounding in these areas. The text is an expert guide for undergraduate physics students wanting to expand their knowledge, and also provides fascinating insights to graduate students, junior researchers, and physics enthusiasts.

A Modern Primer in Particle and Nuclear Physics provides a cohesive introduction to the fundamentals of the field and is designed to be accessible to undergraduate students. The textbook provides an ideal entry point and presents the modern concepts, theories, and experiments that explain the elementary constituents and basic forces of the universe. Starting with the basic concepts and definitions, the textbook goes on to cover core developments, such as the links between quantum chromodynamics and nuclear physics, the Higgs Boson, and the first observation of gravitational waves. New concepts are introduced gradually and clarified by intuitive explanations, exercises, and concrete examples linking particle physics to nuclear physics, astrophysics, and gravitation. The book also includes appendices on special relativity and non-relativistic quantum mechanics for those needing a basic grounding in these areas. The text is an expert guide for undergraduate physics students wanting to expand their knowledge, and also provides fascinating insights to graduate students, junior researchers, and physics enthusiasts.

The two decades between the first and second world wars saw the emergence of nuclear physics as the dominant field of experimental and theoretical physics, owing to the work of an international cast of gifted physicists. Prominent among them were Ernest Rutherford, George Gamow, the husband and wife team of Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie, John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, Gregory Breit and Eugene Wigner, Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch, the brash Ernest Lawrence, the prodigious Enrico Fermi, and the incomparable Niels Bohr. Their experimental and theoretical work arose from a quest to understand nuclear phenomena; it was not motivated by a desire to find a practical application for nuclear energy. In this sense, these physicists lived in an 'Age of Innocence'. They did not, however, live in isolation. Their research reflected their idiosyncratic personalities; it was shaped by the physical and intellectual environments of the countries and institutions in which they worked. It was also buffeted by the political upheavals after the Great War: the punitive postwar treaties, the runaway inflation in Germany and Austria, the Great Depression, and the intellectual migration from Germany and later from Austria and Italy. Their pioneering experimental and theoretical achievements in the interwar period therefore are set within their personal, institutional, and political contexts. Both domains and their mutual influences are conveyed by quotations from autobiographies, biographies, recollections, interviews, correspondence, and other writings of physicists and historians.

The quantum interference of de Broglie matter waves is probably one of the most startling and fundamental aspects of quantum mechanics. It continues to tax our imaginations and leads us to new experimental windows on nature. Quantum interference phenomena are vividly displayed in the wide assembly of neutron interferometry experiments, which have been carried out since the first demonstration of a perfect silicon crystal interferometer in 1974. Since the neutron experiences all four fundamental forces of nature (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational), interferometry with neutrons provides a fertile testing ground for theory and precision measurements. Many Gedanken experiments of quantum mechanics have become real due to neutron interferometry. Quantum mechanics is a part of physics where experiment and theory are inseparably intertwined. This general theme permeates the second edition of this book. It discusses more than 40 neutron interferometry experiments along with their theoretical motivations and explanations. The basic ideas and results of interference experiments related to coherence and decoherence of matter waves and certain post-selection variations, gravitationally induced quantum phase shifts, Berry`s geometrical phases, spinor symmetry and spin superposition, and Bell's inequalities are all discussed and explained in this book. Both the scalar and vector Aharonov-Bohm topological interference effects and the neutron version of the Sagnac effect are presented in a self-contained and pedagogical way. Interferometry with perfect crystals, artificial lattices, and spin-echo systems are also topics of this book. It includes the theoretical underpinning as well as connections to other areas of experimental physics, such as quantum optics, nuclear physics, gravitation, and atom interferometry. The observed phase shifts due to the Earth's gravity and rotation indicate a close connection to relativity theory. Neutron interferometry can be considered as a central technique of quantum optics with massive particles. It has stimulated the development of interferometry with atoms, molecules and clusters. The book is written in a style that will be suitable at the senior undergraduate and beginning of graduate level. It will interest and excite many students and researchers in neutron, nuclear, quantum, gravitational, optical, and atomic physics. Lecturers teaching courses in modern physics and quantum mechanics will find a number of interesting and historic experiments they may want to include in their lectures.

This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1975.

Das essential beschreibt die Planung und Konzeption sowie den Bau und Einsatz eines kleinen Beschleunigers, der in erster Linie Schul- und Lehrzwecken dient. Neben einer Funktionsbeschreibung wird insbesondere auf diejenigen Teilsysteme eingegangen, die fur den Betrieb eines Zyklotrons notwendig sind. Das essential vermittelt also dem Leser in nachvollziehbaren Schritten einen vertieften Einblick in die Funktion und das Zusammenwirken aller Komponenten eines Zyklotrons. COLUMBUS ist aber nicht nur ein Zyklotron FUER, sondern auch eines VON Schulern und Studenten, die in jeder Phase in die Entwicklung und den Bau miteinbezogen wurden. Im essential wird dies durch den teilweise verwendeten Dialogstil an den entsprechenden Stellen zum Ausdruck gebracht.

In einer quellenbasierten Studie gibt die Wissenschaftshistorikerin und Physikerin An Rettig einen lebendigen Einblick in das Streben von Heisenberg und Pauli nach einer einheitlichen Quantenfeldtheorie - von den Anfangen am Rande der Solvay-Konferenz 1927 bis zur Veroeffentlichung eines gemeinsamen Ansatzes und Paulis Tod 1958. Die Studie umfasst die Grundlagen, die Entwicklung und die physiktheoretischen Inhalte von Heisenbergs und Paulis Ansatz von 1958 und untersucht die Grunde fur dessen starke Ablehnung. Die Autorin berucksichtigt neben den physikalischen auch die zwischenmenschlichen Aspekte sowie den tiefen Wandel in der Physiker-Gemeinde uber die Vorstellung, was eine erfolgreiche Physik ausmacht und wie diese entstehen kann.

(MOST OF) THE UNIVERSE IS IN YOUR HANDS

"There is a theory in physics that explains, at the deepest level, nearly all of the phenomena that rule our daily lives.... This theory bears the unassuming name "The Standard Model of Elementary Particles," or the "Standard Model," for short. It deserves to be better known, and it deserves a better name. I call it "The Theory of Almost Everything."

The Standard Model has a surprisingly low profile for such a fundamental and successful theory.... In physics news items, the Standard Model usually plays the whipping boy. Reports of successful experimental tests of the theory have an air of disappointment, and every hint of the theory' s inadequacy is greeted with glee. It is the Rodney Dangerfield of physical theories, it "don' t get no respect." But it is, perhaps, the pinnacle of human intellectual achievement to date.

--From the IntroductionPraise for "THE THEORY OF ALMOST EVERYTHING

"In an era when enormous attention is being paid to the promising but highly speculative superstring/M-theory, a great triumph of science has gone nearly unnoticed, except by physicists. Robert Oerter provides here an accessible introduction to the Standard Model--a towering example of human creativity. He outlines how the Standard Model can serve as the launching pad for humanity to--paraphrasing Einstein--see better the secrets of ' the Ancient One.' "

--S. J. Gates Jr., John S. Toll Professor of Physics and director, Center for String and Particle Theory, University of Maryland

"We always hear about black holes, the big bang, and the search for life in the universe. But rare is the book that celebrates the Standard Model ofElementary Particles--a triumph of twentieth-century science that underpins nearly all we know about physical reality. Oerter' s "The Theory of Almost Everything belongs on anyone' s shelf who cares about how the universe really works."

--Neil deGrasse Tyson, astrophysicist and author of "Origins: Fourteen Billion Years of Cosmic Evolution

The Standard Model is the most important theory in modern physics. It is the tried-and-true theory of all known physical interactions, with the exception of gravity. Outside of scientific circles it is not nearly as well known as string theory or chaos theory. But it is more important than both, and it is absolutely essential to understanding where we are heading next in physics. Now, in a "tour de force of science writing, physicist Robert Oerter reveals the Standard Model to the general public.

Cobbled together by many brilliant minds--including Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann--the Standard Model combines Einstein' s special relativity with quantum mechanics, revealing a bizarre reality beneath the surface of the mundane world that we all experience. Particles pop into existence from pure energy. Light travels to a given destination on all possible paths at the same time. Solid matter--like light--is neither particle nor wave. Making use of rich analogy and metaphor, Oerter illuminates the quantum world of the Standard Model. He shows that although the theory seems absurd from a common-sense point of view, it nonetheless fully agrees with experiment.

Oerter explores the conceptual framework of the Standard Model--what he considers its most fascinating aspect. He shows that different types of symmetry are at the heart ofthe theory. It is these symmetries, which lie deep within the structure of the atom, that give rise to the forces of nature. Oerter reveals that one of these symmetries--or rather, the fact that it was broken only moments after the creation of the universe--is the reason matter as we know it exists.

After lucidly explaining the Standard Model' s implications for the universe as a whole, Oerter takes readers to the edge of physics. He shows how new developments could alter the Standard Model. Experiments now running are searching for neutrino mass and the holy grail of particle physics, the Higgs boson. Grand unified theories, supersymmetry, preon theories, and string theory--although not verified by experiment--could be the next steps in theory.

"The Theory of Almost Everything is essential reading for anyone curious about what modern physics tells us about the nature of the universe.
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