Es wurde ein Gerat mit Proportionalzahlern entwickelt, mit dem das Ionisationsspektrum der Ul- trastrahlung in grossen Hoehen aufgenommen werden konnte. Die erzielte Aufloesung ermoeglichte eine gute Trennung der a -Teilchen von den einfach geladenen Partikeln. Der Aufstieg fand in Sud-Deutschland 0 statt in ca. 49 geomagnetischer Breite nach dem konventionellen zentrischen Dipolsystem. Dank der geringen Steig-und Sinkgeschwindigkeit des Ballongespannes konnte die Hoehenabhangigkeit der harten 2 Komponente im Bereich von 990 bis 17,5 gjcm atmospharischer Tiefe gemessen werden. Bei ca. 2 80 gjcm liess sich ein flaches Maximum mit einer etwa 11, 7-fachen Hoehe des Bodenwertes feststellen. 2 2 Die ex-Strahlung konnte zwischen etwa 100 gjcm und 17,5 gjcm untersucht werden. 2 Eine Extrapolation der Intensitat der a-Teilchen auf 0 gjcm fuhrt unter Berucksichtigung der Spaltwahrscheinlichkeiten der schwereren Kerne zu 0,0105 + 0,0008 cm -2 sec -lsterad-1. Fur die Protonen ergibt sich ein extrapolierter Wert von 0,083: !: . 0, 05 cm -2 -lsterad-1 ohne Berucksich- sec tigung der Albedo. Ein Vergleich mit uber Nord-Amerika bestimmten Energiespektren lasst eine erheb- liche Verschiebung der Absolutintensitaten erkennen. Die uber Deutschland gemessenen Werte liegen durchweg niedriger und lassen sich zwanglos erklaren, wenn man eine Abschneideenergie von 1,30 BeVjNukl. anstelle von 0,74 BeVjNukl. fur die ex -Teilchen annimmt. Die gemessene Gesamt- haufigkeit bzw. die ermittelte Protonenintensitat befindet sich in UEbereinstimmung mit diesen Daten fur die CI -Strahlung. Es ergibt sich im konventionellen geomagnetischen Koordinatensystem eine Er- niedrigung der geomagnetischen Breite um vier bis sechs Grad.

The effect which now bears his name, was discovered in 1958 by Rudolf Moessbauer at the Technical University of Munich. At first, this appeared to be a phenomenon related to nuclear energy levels that provided some information about excited state lifetimes and quantum properties. However, it soon became apparent that Moessbauer spectroscopy had applications in such diverse fields as general relativity, solid state physics, chemistry, materials science, biology, medical physics, archeology and art. It is the extreme sensitivity of the effect to the atomic environment around the probe atom as well as the ability to apply the technique to some interesting and important elements, most notably iron, that is responsible for the Moessbauer effect's extensive use. The present volume reviews the historical development of the Moessbauer effect, the experimental details, the basic physics of hyperfine interactions and some of the numerous applications of Moessbauer effect spectroscopy.

B Factories are particle colliders at which specific subatomic particles - B mesons - are produced abundantly. The purpose is to study the properties of their decays in great detail in order to shed light on a mystery of eminently larger scale: why do we live in a universe composed of anti-matter? This book introduces readers to the physics laws of the CP asymmetry, touching on experimental requirements needed to perform such measurements at the subatomic level, and illustrating the main findings of the contemporary B Factories.

Electrostatic Accelerators have been at the forefront of modern technology since the development by Sir John Cockroft and Ernest Walton in 1932 of the first accelerator, which was the first to achieve nuclear transmutation and earned them the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1951. The applications of Cockroft and Walton's development have been far reaching, even into our kitchens where it is employed to generate the high voltage needed for the magnetron in microwave ovens. Other electrostatic accelerator related Nobel prize winning developments that have had a major socio-economic impact are; the electron microscope where the beams of electrons are produced by an electrostatic accelerator, X-rays and computer tomography (CT) scanners where the X-rays are produced using an electron accelerator and microelectronic technology where ion implantation is used to dope the semiconductor chips which form the basis of our computers, mobile phones and entertainment systems. Although the Electrostatic Accelerator field is over 90 years old, and only a handful of accelerators are used for their original purpose in nuclear physics, the field and the number of accelerators is growing more rapidly than ever. The objective of this book is to collect together the basic science and technology that underlies the Electrostatic Accelerator field so it can serve as a handbook, reference guide and textbook for accelerator engineers as well as students and researchers who work with Electrostatic Accelerators.

B Factories are particle colliders at which specific subatomic particles - B mesons - are produced abundantly. The purpose is to study the properties of their decays in great detail in order to shed light on a mystery of eminently larger scale: why do we live in a universe composed of anti-matter? This book introduces readers to the physics laws of the CP asymmetry, touching on experimental requirements needed to perform such measurements at the subatomic level, and illustrating the main findings of the contemporary B Factories.

The aim of the book is to provide a comprehensive and unified description of high-intensity short laser pulses and their applications at the simplest level compatible with a correct physical understanding. The idea is to provide an intuitive picture of the phenomena under consideration with simple mathematical description useful for a better understanding. The book is based on the teaching experience of the graduate course of the Politecnico di Milano "HIGH INTENSITY LASERS FOR NUCLEAR AND PHYSICAL APPLICATIONS I + II" and is particularly addressed to graduate students with a background in electromagnetism; is mostly suitable for master students in Nuclear Engineering, in Engineering Physics, and in Physics and It's recommended also to students in material sciences (or similar) and to PhD students. The text organization is due to help to follow the lessons in the classroom and to be used for self-study by students.

The growing number of scientific and technological applications of plasma physics in the field of Aerospace Engineering requires that graduate students and professionals understand their principles. This introductory book is the expanded version of class notes of lectures I taught for several years to students of Aerospace Engineering and Physics. It is intended as a reading guide, addressed to students and non-specialists to tackle later with more advanced texts. To make the subject more accessible the book does not follow the usual organization of standard textbooks in this field and is divided in two parts. The first introduces the basic kinetic theory (molecular collisions, mean free path, etc.) of neutral gases in equilibrium in connection to the undergraduate physics courses. The basic properties of ionized gases and plasmas (Debye length, plasma frequencies, etc.) are addressed in relation to their equilibrium states and the collisional processes at the microscopic level. The physical description of short and long-range (Coulomb) collisions and the more relevant collisions (elementary processes) between electrons' ions and neutral atoms or molecules are discussed. The second part introduces the physical description of plasmas as a statistical system of interacting particles introducing advanced concepts of kinetic theory, (non-equilibrium distribution functions, Boltzmann collision operator, etc). The fluid transport equations for plasmas of electron ions and neutral atoms and the hydrodynamic models of interest in space science and plasma technology are derived. The plasma production in the laboratory in the context of the physics of electric breakdown is also discussed. Finally, among the myriad of aerospace applications of plasma physics, the low pressure microwave electron multipactor breakdown and plasma thrusters for space propulsion are presented in two separate chapters.