With their similarity to the organs of the most advanced creatures that inhabit the Earth, sensors are regarded as being the "senses of electronics": arti?cial eyes and ears that are capable of seeing and hearing beyond the range of - man perception; electronic noses and tongues that can recognise odours and ?avours without a lifetime training; touch that is able not only to feel the texture and temperature of the materials but even to discern their chemical compo- tion. Among the world of chemical sensors, optical devices (sometimes termed "optodes", from the Greek "the optical way") have reached a prominent place in those areas where the features of light and of the light-matter interaction show their advantage: contactless or long-distance interrogation, detection sensitivity, analyte selectivity, absence of electrical interference or risks, and lack of analyte consumption, to name just a few. The introduction of optical ?bres and integrated optics has added more value to such sensing since now light can be con?ned and readily carried to dif?cult-to-reach locations, higher information density can be transported, indicator dyes can be immobilised at the distal end or the evanescent ?eld for unique chemical and biochemical sensing (including multiplexed and distributed measurements), optical s- sors can now be subject to mass production and novel sensing schemes have been established (interferometric, surface plasmon resonance, ?uorescence energy transfer, supramolecular recognition . . . ).

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) studies the interaction between the flow of an electrically conducting fluid and magnetic fields. It involves such diverse topics as the evolution and dynamics of astrophysical objects, thermonuclear fusion, metallurgy and semiconductor crystal growth, etc. Although the first ideas in magnetohydrodynamics appeared at the beginning of the last century, the "explosion" in theoretical and experimental studies occurred in the 1950s-60s.

This state-of-the-art book aims at revising the evolution of ideas in various branches of magnetohydrodynamics (astrophysics, earth and solar dynamos, plasmas, MHD turbulence and liquid metals) and reviews current trends and challenges.

Relativistic quantum electrodynamics, which describes the electromagneticinteractions of electrons and atomic nuclei, provides the basis for modeling the electronic structure of atoms, molecules and solids and of their interactions with photons and other projectiles. The theory underlying the widely used GRASP relativistic atomic structure program, the DARC electron-atom scattering code and the new BERTHA relativistic molecular structure program is presented in depth, together with computational aspects relevant to practical calculations. Along with an understanding of the physics and mathematics, the reader will gain some idea of how to use these programs to predict energy levels, ionization energies, electron affinities, transition probabilities, hyperfine effects and other properties of atoms and molecules.

Why to apply solid-state NMR? - By now, we should have learned that NMR is mainly used for the study of molecules in solution, while x-ray diffraction is the method of choice for solids. Based on this fact, the two recent 'NMR-Nobelprizes' went indeed into the liquid phase: my own one eleven years ago, and particularly the most recent one to Kurt Wuthrich. His prize is beyond any doubts very well justified. His contribution towards the study of biomolecules in solution, in their native (or almost native) environment is truly monumental. We all will profit from it indirectly when one of our future diseases will be cured with better drugs, based on the insightful knowledge gained through liquid-state NMR. Two fields of NMR are still left out of the Nobel Prize game: magnetic reso nance imaging (MRI) and solid-state NMR. The disrespect for MRI in Stockholm is particularly difficult to understand; but this is not a subject to be discussed at the present place. Solid-state NMR is the third of the three great fields of NMR, powerful already today and very promising for the near future."

This book provides a hands-on experience with atomic structure calculations. Material covered includes angular momentum methods, the central field Schrodinger and Dirac equations, Hartree-Fock and Dirac-Hartree-Fock equations, multiplet structure, hyperfine structure, the isotope shift, dipole and multipole transitions, basic many-body perturbation theory, configuration interaction, and correlation corrections to matrix elements. The book also contains numerical methods for solving the Schrodinger and Dirac eigenvalue problems and the (Dirac)-Hartree-Fock equations. "

Over the last forty years, plasma supported processes have attracted ever - creasing interest, and now, all modern semiconductor devices undergo at least one plasma-involved processing step, starting from surface cleaning via coating to etching. In total, the range of the treated substrates covers some orders of magnitude: Trenches and linewidths of commercially available devices have - ready passed the boundary of 100 nm, decorative surface treatment will happen 2 in the mm range, and the upper limit is reached with surface protecting layers of windows which are coated with ?/4 layers against IR radiation. The rapid development of the semiconductor industry is inconceivable wi- outthegiantprogressintheplasmatechnology.Moore'slawisnotcarvedinto 1 stone, and not only the ITRS map is subject to change every ?ve years but also new branches develop and others mingle together. Moreover, the quality of conventional materials can be improved by plasma treatment: Cottonbecomesmorecrease-resistant, leathermoredurable, andthe shrinking of wool ?bers during the washing process can be signi?cantly reduced. To cut a long story short: More than 150 years after the discovery of the sputtering e?ect by Grove, plasma-based processes are about to spread out into new ?elds of research and application 1]-no wonder that the market for etching machines kept growing by an annual rate of 17 % up to the burst of the internet bubble, and it took only some years of recovery to continue the voyage 2].

Covers all the phenomenological and experimental data on nuclear physics and demonstrates the latest experimental developments that can be obtained.

Introduces modern theories of fundamental processes, in particular the electroweak standard model, without using the sophisticated underlying quantum field theoretical tools.

Incorporates all major present applications of nuclear physics at a level that is both understandable by a majority of physicists and scientists of many other fields, and usefull as a first introduction for students who intend to pursue in the domain.

This book, designed for advanced graduate students and post-graduate researchers, introduces Lie algebras and some of their applications to the spectroscopy of molecules, atoms, nuclei and hadrons. The book contains many examples that help to elucidate the abstract algebraic definitions. It provides a summary of many formulas of practical interest, such as the eigenvalues of Casimir operators and the dimensions of the representations of all classical Lie algebras.

The interacting boson-fermion model has become in recent years the standard model for the description of atomic nuclei with an odd number of protons and/or neutrons. This book describes the mathematical framework on which the interacting boson-fermion model is built and presents applications to a variety of situations encountered in nuclei. The book addresses both the analytical and the numerical aspects of the problem. The analytical aspect requires the introduction of rather complex group theoretic methods, including the use of graded (or super) Lie algebras. The first (and so far only) example of supersymmetry occurring in nature is also discussed. The book is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject and will appeal to both theoretical and experimental physicists. The large number of explicit formulas for level energies, electromagnetic transition rates and intensities of transfer reactions presented in the book provide a simple but detailed way to analyse experimental data. This book can also be used as a textbook for advanced graduate students.

In diesem Buch werden die Risiken von Kernkraftwerken und der verantwortungsbewusste Umgang damit zur Vermeidung von Stoerfallen mit Aussenwirkung in einer fur den Laien verstandlichen Form erklart. Dazu werden die Grundlagen der Kernkraftwerkstechnologie und die Sicherheitsmassnahmen erlautert, auch mit Blick auf in der Vergangenheit eingetretene Stoerfalle. Nach kurzer Darstellung der in der Welt betriebenen Kernkraftwerke und der zugehoerigen Brennstoff-Kreislauf-Anlagen werden die in den nachsten Jahren in Deutschland verbleibenden Druck- und Siedewasser-Reaktoren sowie die neu entwickelten Reaktoren - der Europaische Druckwasser-Reaktor (EPR) und der neu entwickelte Siedewasserreaktor SWR-1000 (KERENA) - beschrieben. Danach werden das reaktorphysikalische und das sicherheitstechnische Gesamtkonzept dieser Reaktoren und die in einem Genehmigungsverfahren zu erstellenden Analysen fur die Auslegungsstoerfalle dargestellt. Nach kurzer Diskussion der Ergebnisse von probabilistischen Analysen und der Ergebnisse von fruheren Risikostudien werden neuere sicherheitstechnische Forschungsergebnisse vorgestellt, die in den letzten 20 Jahren zum Thema Kernschmelz-Unfalle und deren sicherheitstechnischer Beherrschung in Europa und vor allem im fruheren Kernforschungszentrum und der Universitat Karlsruhe erzielt wurden. Diese Forschungsergebnisse haben Auswirkungen auf die Sicherheit bestehender Druck- und Siedewasserreaktoren in Deutschland. Sie sind aber vor allem in das Sicherheitskonzept der neuen europaischen Druck- und Siedewasserreaktoren (EPR und KERENA) eingeflossen. Das Buch wendet sich an Ingenieure im Bereich Kerntechnik, aber auch an interessierte Laien.

Building on Mozumder's and Hatano's Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Chemical, Physicochemical, and Biological Consequences with Applications (CRC Press, 2004), Charged Particle and Photon Interactions with Matter: Recent Advances, Applications, and Interfaces expands upon the scientific contents of the previous volume by covering state-of-the-art advances, novel applications, and future perspectives. It focuses on relatively direct applications used mainly in radiation research fields as well as the interface between radiation research and other fields. The book first explores the latest studies on primary processes (the physical stage), particularly on the energy deposition spectra and oscillator strength distributions of molecules interacting with charged particles and photons. Other studies discussed include the use of synchrotron radiation in W-value studies and the progress achieved with positrons and muons interacting with matter. It then introduces new theoretical studies on the physicochemical and chemical stages that describe the behavior of electrons in liquid hydrocarbons and the high-LET radiolysis of liquid water. The book also presents new experimental research on the physicochemical and chemical stages with specific characteristics of matter or specific experimental conditions, before covering new experimental studies on the biological stage. The last set of chapters focuses on applications in health physics and cancer therapy, applications to polymers, the applications and interface formation in space science and technology, and applications for the research and development of radiation detectors, environmental conservation, plant breeding, and nuclear engineering. Edited by preeminent scientists and with contributions from an esteemed group of international experts, this volume advances the field by offering greater insight into how charged particles and photons interact with matter. Bringing together topics across a spectrum of scientific and technological areas, it provides clear explanations of the dynamic processes involved in and applications of interface formation.

This book provides an introduction to Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), the theory of strong interactions. It covers in full detail both the theoretical foundations and the experimental tests of the theory. Although the experimental chapters focus on recent measurements, the subject is placed into historical perspective by also summarizing the steps which lead to the formulation of QCD. Measurements are discussed as they were performing by the LEP experiments at CERN, or at hadron-hadron and lepton-hadron colliders such as the TEVATRON at Fermilab and HERN at DESY. Emphasis is placed on high energy tests of QCD, such as measurements of the strong coupling constant, investigations of the non-abelian structure of the underlying gauge group, determinations of nucleon structure functions, and studies of the non-perturbative hadronization process. This excellent text gives a detailed overview of how QCD developed in the 20th century and where we stand with respect to a quantitative understanding after the turn of the millenium. The text is intended for graduate and postgraduate students as well as researchers, and includes numerous problems and solutions.

On September 27 - October 3, 2008 the NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on progress in high-energy physics and nuclear safety was held in Yalta, Crimea (see: http: //crimea.bitp.kiev.ua and http: //arw.bitp.kiev.ua). Nearly 50 leading experts in high-energy and nuclear physics from Eastern and Western Europe as well as from North America participated at the Workshop. The topics of the ARW covered recent results of theoretical and experimental studies in high-energy physics, accelerator, detection and nuclear technologies, as well as problems of nuclear safety in high-energy experimentation and in nuclear - dustry. The forthcoming experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and cosmic-ray experiments were among the topics of the ARW. An important aspect of the Workshop was the scienti?c collaboration between nuclear physicists from East and West, especially in the ?eld of nuclear safety. The present book contains a selection of invited talks presented at the ARW. The papers are grouped in two part

This book discusses the physical phases of Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) in ordinary environments, as well as in extreme environments with high temperatures and high baryon numbers. Under such extreme conditions, new phases are thought to exist: the quark-gluon plasma and color superconductivity. After introducing lattice gauge theory, John Kogut and Mikhail Stephanov emphasize the application of QCD to the study of matter in extreme environments through a host of methods. These include lattice gauge theory, lower dimensional model field theories and effective Lagrangians.

This is the proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei EXON-2018, 10-15 September, Petrozavodsk, Russia. The first symposium took place 27 years ago in 1991 in Foros (Crimea), the later symposiums were held on Baikal Lake, in Peterhof, Khanty-Mansiysk, Sochi, Vladivostok, Kaliningrad and Kazan. The organizers of the Symposium were the five largest scientific centers of heavy-ion physics - JINR (Dubna), the RIKEN Research Center (Japan), the GANIL National Center (France), the GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research (Germany), the National Superconducting Cyclotron Laboratory (Michigan, USA). The main topics are: properties of light exotic nuclei, synthesis and properties of superheavy elements, rare processes and decays, experimental facilities and future projects.

This book is based upon a part of the invited and contributing talks at the 25th International Symposium on Ion-Atom Collisions, ISIAC (biennial), held on July 23-25, 2017 in Palm Cove, Queensland, Australia. To aid the general reader, all the authors tried to present their chapters in the context of the development of the addressed particular themes and the underlying major ideas and intricacies. Some chapters contain new results that have not been previously published elsewhere. Whenever possible, the authors made their attempts to connect the basic research in atomic and molecular collision physics with some important applications in other branches of physics as well as across the physics borders. It is hoped that the material presented in this book will be interesting and useful to the beginners and specialists alike. The contents and expositions are deemed to be helpful to the beginners in assessing the potential overlap of some of the presented material with their own research themes and this might provide motivations for possible further upgrades. Likewise, specialists could take advantage of these reviews to see where the addressed themes were and where they are going, in order to acknowledge the fruits of the efforts made thus far and actively contribute to tailoring the directions of future research. Overall, this book is truly interdisciplinary. It judiciously combines experiments and theories within particle collision physics on atomic and molecular levels. It presents state-of-the-art fundamental research in this field. It addresses the possibilities for significant and versatile applications outside standard atomic and molecular collision physics ranging from astrophysics, surface as well as cluster physics/chemistry, hadron therapy in medicine and to the chemical industry. It is then, as Volume 2, fully in the spirit of the 'Aims and Scope' of this book series by reference to its 'Mission Statement'.

This volume presents the Proceedings of New Development in Optics and Related Fields, held in Erice, Sicily, Italy, from the 6th to the 21st of June, 2005. This meeting was organized by the International School of Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy of the Ettore Majorana Center for Scientific Culture. The purpose of this Institute was to provide a comprehensive and coherent treatment of the new techniques and contemporary developments in optics and related fields. Several lectures of the course addressed directly the technologies required for the detection and identification of chemical and biological threats; other lectures considered the possible applications of new techniques and materials to the detection and identification of such threats. Each lecturer developed a coherent section of the program starting at a somewhat fundamental level and ultimately reaching the frontier of knowledge in the field in a systematic and didactic fashion.

Recent results on the nature of low-, intermediate- and high-energy nuclear forces as well as on the internal structure of nucleons and atomic nuclei are presented. Prospects to find a new state of the nuclear matter at extreme conditions that existed in the early Universe and the utilisation of the nuclear energy are discussed.

Starting from basic principles, this book describes the rapidly growing field of modern semiconductor detectors used for energy and position measurement radiation. The author, whose own contributions to these developments have been significant, explains the working principles of semiconductor radiation detectors in an intuitive way. Broad coverage is also given to electronic signal readout and to the subject of radiation damage.

This book shows how to use radioisotopes and the emitted ionizing radiations effectively and safely. It describes decay and stability criteria, necessary precautions to ensure radiation protection and the detection of alpha, beta and gamma rays including spectrometry. Chapters cover calorimetry, liquid scintillation counting, how to use secondary standard instruments, high resolution detectors and how to calculate counting results estimating uncertainties and allowing for the statistics of radionuclide decays. Other subjects examined include industrial and scientific applications of alpha, beta, and gamma rays, neutrons and high energy radiations.

Exploring Monte Carlo Methods, Second Edition provides a valuable introduction to the numerical methods that have come to be known as "Monte Carlo." This unique and trusted resource for course use, as well as researcher reference, offers accessible coverage, clear explanations and helpful examples throughout. Building from the basics, the text also includes applications in a variety of fields, such as physics, nuclear engineering, finance and investment, medical modeling and prediction, archaeology, geology and transportation planning.

The Local Group is a small cluster of galaxies of which thirty-five members are currently known, including the Milky Way. With characteristic clarity of expression, Sidney van den Bergh provides a complete overview of all that is known about the galaxies of the Local Group and their evolution. He also places this knowledge in the wider context of continuing studies of galaxy formation and evolution, the cosmic distance scale, and the conditions in the early Universe. This volume thoroughly details our current understanding of each of the thirty-five members of the Local Group, as well as those galaxies previously regarded as possible members. The book goes on to examine the mass, stability and evolution of the Local Group as a whole and includes many important, previously unpublished results and conclusions.

Section I: High Tc Superconductivity.- Flux Phases in the t-J Model.- Two Dimensional Phenomena in High Tc Superconductors.- Novel Singular Solutions of BCS Theory.- Magnetism and Superconductivity in Doped Lamellar Copper Oxide Systems.- A Vortex Lattice of Anyons in Strongly Correlated Systems.- Electron-Hole Liquid Model for High Tc Superconductivity.- Strong Electron Correlations in CuO2 Planes of High Temperature Superconductors.- Two Component Superconductivity.- Section II: Localization.- Coherent Back Scattering and Other Optical Effects in Random Media.- Many Body Techniques for Wave Propagating in Random Media.- Localization and Folding of Random Chains.- Section III: Nuclear Physics.- A New Theory of Collisions.- Calculations of the Ground State of 16O.- A New State of Nuclear Matter.- The "Ideal" Shell Model Calculation.- Non-Spurious Harmonic Oscillator States for Many-Body Systems.- Section IV: Microscopic Approaches I.- Inhomogeneous Quantum Liquids: Many Body Theory on the Testbench.- Coupled Cluster Parametrizations of Model Field Theories and their Bargman-Space Representations.- Fermion Monte Carlo Algorithms for Quantum Fluids.- Bose Condensate in Superfluid 4He and Momentum Distributions by Deep Inelastic Scattering.- Section V: Mesoscopic Systems.- Ballistic Electronic Transport in Semiconductor Structures.- Random-Matrix-Model for Fluctuations in Microscopic and Mesoscopic Systems.- Section VI: Strongly Correlated Systems.- Super-Effective-Field CAM Theory of Strongly Correlated Electron and Spin Systems.- Unified Description of Strongly and Weakly Correlated Electrons.- Fermi Hyper-Netted Chain Theory on a Lattice: The Hubbard Model.- Many Body Methods Applied to Scattering of Composite Particles in Gauge Theory with Confinement.- Section VII Microscopic Approaches Ii.- Two-Body Density Matrix for Quantum Fluids.- New Microscopic Description of Liquid 3He.- Excitation Spectrum of a 3He Impurity in 4He.- Section VIII: Feenberg Medal Presentation And Summary.- Achievements in Quantum Monte Carlo.- Summary of The VI International Conference on Recent Progress in Many Body Theories Arad Israel.

Quantum Mechanics: Classical Results, Modern Systems, and Visualized Examples is a comprehensive introduction to non-relativistic quantum mechanics for advanced undergraduate students in physics and related fields. It provides students with a strong conceptual background in the most important theoretical aspects of quantum mechanics, extensive experience with the mathematical tools required to solve problems, the opportunity to use quantum ideas to confront modern experimental realizations of quantum systems, and numerous visualizations of quantum concepts and phenomena. Changes from the First Edition include many new discussions of modern quantum systems (such as Bose-Einstein condensates, the quantum Hall effect, and wave packet revivals) all in the context of familiar textbook level examples. The book continues to emphasize the many connections to classical mechanics and wave physics to help students use their existing intuition to better learn new quantum concepts.