Much progress has been made in recent years in understanding the complex physics of polarized radiation in the sun and stars. This physics includes vector radiative transfer and spectral line formation in the presence of magnetic fields, scattering theory and coherence effects, partial redistribution and turbulent magnetic fields, numerical techniques and Stokes inversion, as well as concepts for polarimetric imaging with a precision limited only by photon statistics. The present volume gives a comprehensive and up-to-date account of this rapidly evolving field of science.

The idea of this book originated from two series of lectures given by us at the Physics Department of the Catholic University of Petr6polis, in Brazil. Its aim is to present an introduction to the "algebraic" method in the perturbative renormalization of relativistic quantum field theory. Although this approach goes back to the pioneering works of Symanzik in the early 1970s and was systematized by Becchi, Rouet and Stora as early as 1972-1974, its full value has not yet been widely appreciated by the practitioners of quantum field theory. Becchi, Rouet and Stora have, however, shown it to be a powerful tool for proving the renormalizability of theories with (broken) symmetries and of gauge theories. We have thus found it pertinent to collect in a self-contained manner the available information on algebraic renormalization, which was previously scattered in many original papers and in a few older review articles. Although we have taken care to adapt the level of this book to that of a po- graduate (Ph. D. ) course, more advanced researchers will also certainly find it useful. The deeper knowledge of renormalization theory we hope readers will acquire should help them to face the difficult problems of quantum field theory. It should also be very helpful to the more phenomenology oriented readers who want to famili- ize themselves with the formalism of renormalization theory, a necessity in view of the sophisticated perturbative calculations currently being done, in particular in the standard model of particle interactions.

The knowledge of the interactions of photons with hadrons has considerably improved with the study of high-energy lepton-proton collisions at HERA. The results on the partonic interactions of photons are summarized in comparison with photon-nucleon, two-photon, and proton-antiproton experiments.

Photoproduction of pions from complex nuclei has become an investigative tool for (1) the detailed form of the elementary photopion amplitude, (2) the pion-nucleus optical potential, (3) nuclear structure, and (4) off-shell and medium effects on the elementary amplitude in nuclear processes. In this book, all these aspects are considered in detail. With improved experimental accuracy and beam tech- nology the study of nuclear pion photoproduction will break new ground and become an even more powerful investigative tool. This monograph is intended as an introductory guide as well as a reference manual for grad- uate students and researchers working in this important area of physics.

Aimed at graduate students and researchers in theoretical physics, this book presents the modern theory of strong interaction: quantum chromodynamics (QCD). The book exposes various perturbative and nonperturbative approaches to the theory, including chiral effective theory, the problems of anomalies, vacuum tunnel transitions, and the problem of divergence of the perturbative series. The QCD sum rules approach is exposed in detail. A great variety of hadronic properties (masses of mesons and baryons, magnetic moments, form factors, quark distributions in hadrons, etc.) have been found using this method. The evolution of hadronic structure functions is presented in detail, together with polarization phenomena. The problem of jets in QCD is treated through theoretical description and experimental observation. The connection with Regge theory is emphasized. The book covers many aspects of theory which are not discussed in other books, such as CET, QCD sum rules, and BFKL. Provides a deep understanding of various aspects of the modern theory of strong interaction Presents the general properties of QCD, before exploring perturbative and nonperturbative approaches Discusses aspects of the theory such as CET, QCD sum rules, and BFKL, which are not covered in other books"

By selecting the ?rst week of June 2008 for the Nobel Symposium "Single Molecular Spectroscopy in Chemistry, Physics and Biology", Rudolf Rigler, Jerker Widengren and Astrid Grasl .. und have once again won the top prize for Meeting Organizers, providing us with a Mediterranean climate on top of the warm hospitality that is unique to Sweden. The S? anga Sab .. y Conference Center was an ideal place to spend this wonderful week, and the comfort of this beautiful place blended perfectly with the high calibre of the scienti?c programme. It was a special privilege for me to be able to actively participate in this meeting on a ?eld that is in many important ways complementary to myownresearch. Iwasimpressedbytheinterdisciplinarywaysinwhichsingle molecule spectroscopy has evolved and is currently pursued, with ingredients originating from physics, all branches of chemistry and a wide range of b- logical and biomedical research. A beautiful concert by Semmy Stahlhammer and Johan Ull' en further extended the interdisciplinary character of the s- posium. I would like to combine thanks to Rudolf, Jerker and Astrid with a glance into a future of other opportunities to enjoy top-levelscience combined with warm hospitality in the Swedish tradition. Z.. urich, Kurt Wuth .. rich April 2009 Participants of the Nobel-Symposium 138: First row: Sarah Unterko?er, Anders Liljas, Xiao-Dong Su, Birgitta Rigler, Carlos Bus- mante, Toshio Yanagida, Steven Block, Xiaowei Zhuang, Sunney Xie. Second row: Ivan Scheblykin, Lars Thelander, Petra Schwille, Watt W.

From the Editors Preface: ""Quark Matter 1987" was attended by about 250 scientists, representing 75 research institutions around the world - the scientific community engaged in experimental and theoretical studies of high energy nuclear collisions. The central theme of the meeting was the possibility of achieving extreme energy densities in extended systems of strongly interacting matter - with the ultimate aim of creating in the laboratory a deconfined state of matter, a state in which quarks and gluons attain the active degrees of freedom. High energy accelerator beams and cosmic radiation projectiles provide the experimental tools for this endeavour; on the theoretical side, it is intimately connected to recent developments in the non-perturbative study of quantum chromodynamics. Phase transitions between hadronic matter and quark-gluon plasma are of basic interest also for our understanding of the dynamics of the early universe ... A very special feature of this Sixth Quark Matter Conference was the advent of the first experimental results from dedicated accelerator studies. These were conducted during 1986/87 at the AGS of Brookhaven National Laboratory ... and at the CERN SPS ... An intense discussion of these data formed the main activity of the meeting.

Materials and Measurements in Molecular Electronics presents new developments in one of the most promising areas of electronics technology for the 21st century. Conjugated polymers, carbon clusters, and many other new molecular materials have been synthesized or discovered in recent years, and some now are on the threshold of commercial application. In the development of molecular materials, detailed knowledge of the structures and electronic states of molecular aggregates is essential. The focus of this book is on the development of new molecular materials and measuring techniques based on modern spectroscopy; included are such topics as Langmuir-Blodgett films, cluster materials, organic conductors, and conjugated electroluminescent polymers.

Papers presented at the 20th CFIF fall workshop held in Lisbon, Portugal, in October/November 2002. The focus of these papers is on the latest experimental observations and on theoretical progress made in the fields of few-nucleon dynamics and related problems. The topics range from electron-nucleus scattering, meson production, relativistic effects, structure of nucleons and of light nuclei, to heavy-ion collisions.

It is apparent from the history of science, that few-body problems have an interdis ciplinary character. Newton, after solving the two-body problem so brilliantly, tried his hand at the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Here he failed in two respects: neither was he able to compute the motion of the moon accurately, nor did he understand the reason for that. It took a long time to understand the fundamental importance of Newton's failure, and only Poincare realised what was the fundamental difficulty in Newtons programme. Nowadays, the term deterministic chaos is associated with this problem. The deep insights of Poincare were neglected by the founding fathers of Quantum Physics. Thus history was repeated by Bohr and his students. After quantising the hydrogen atom, they soon found that the textbook case of a three-body problem in atomic physics, the 3He-atom, did not yield to the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantisation methods. Only these days do people realise what precisely were the difficulties connected to this semi classical way of treating quantum systems. Our field, as we know it today, began in principle in the early 1950's, when Watson sketched the outlines of three-body scattering theory. Mathematical rigour was achieved by Faddeev and thereafter, at the beginning of the 1960's, the quantum three-body prob lem, at least as far as short-range forces were concerned, w&s tamed. In the years that followed, through the work of others, who first applied Faddeev's methods, but later added new techniques, the three-and four-body problems became fully housebroken."

Based on a NATO Advanced Summer Institute, this volume discusses physical models, mathematical formalisms, experimental techniques, and applications for ultrafast dynamics of quantum systems. These systems are used in laser optics, spectroscopy, and utilize monochromaticity, spectral brightness, coherence, power density, and tunability of laser sources.

The International Conference Mesons and Light Nuclei, organized by the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP), Rez, was held during July 2 - 7, 1995 in small north Bohemian town Straz pod Ralskem. It was the sixth in a series of meetings which took place previously at Liblice 74 and 81, Bechyne 85 and 88, and Prague 91. The conferences gained already their firm position among intermediate energy nuclear physics activities. International nuclear physics community strongly supported our intention to continue the series. This year's venue for the conference was the accommodation and social area of the DIAMO company at Straz. The goal of the meeting was to summarize the present situation and the future perspectives concerning the experimental investigations and theoreti cal descriptions of light nuclei and their interactions with electromagnetic and hadronic probes, mainly at intermediate energies. The scientific program of the conference included the following areas of research: nuclear physics with pions and antiprotons, T)-meson physics, baryonic systems with strangeness, relativis tic few-body dynamics, and electroweak nuclear interaction. Representatives from many international groups working within different experimental facili ties and with different theoretical methods were invited and asked to present their latest results and future research programs. The Straz conference, attended by 102 physicist from institutions in 22 countries, was sponsored by the Austrian Ministry for Science and Research, Czech Ministry for Industry and Trade, and by SKODA PRAHA a.s. Thanks to this sponsorship we could also invite several participants and students at essentially reduced cost."

This volume contains the written versions of the lectures held at the "22 Internationale Universitatswochen fur Kern- physik" in Schladming, Austria, in February 1983. The generous support of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research, the Styrian Government and other sponsors once again made it possible for expert lecturers to be invited. In choosing the topics, the aim was to achieve a balance between the theoretical and phenomenological contributions; on the theoretical side, discussions centred on the impact of different approaches to quantum field theory on the ele- mentary particle scenario, on the other, on the recent re- sults in high energy physics which have provided fresh moti- vations for new kinds of experiments as well as having had a profound influehce on cosmology. Limited space has made it impossible to include manuscripts of the many interesting seminars presented. The lecture notes were reexamined by the authors after the school and are now published in their final form. It is a pleasure to thank all the lecturers for their efforts, which made it possible to speed up publication. Thanks are also due to Mrs. Neuhold for the careful typing of the notes. H. Mitter C. B. Lang Acta Physica Austriaca, Suppl. XXV, ~70 (1983) @ by Springer-Verlag 1983 THE EARLY UNIVERSE - FACTS AND FICTION+ by G. BaRNER Max-Planck-Institut fUr Physik und Astrcphysik Institut fUr Astrophysik Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1 8046 Garching b. MUnchen, FRG 1.

Few-body systems are both technically relatively simple and physically non trivial enough to test theories quantitatively. For instance the He-atom played historically an important role in verifying predictions of QED. A similar role is contributed nowadays to the three-nucleon system as a testing ground far nuclear dynamics and maybe in the near future to few-quark systems. They are also often the basic building blocks for many-body systems like to some extent nuclei, where the real many-body aspect is not the dominant feature. The presentation of the subject given here is based on lectures held at var ious places in the last ten years. The selection of the topics is certainly subjec tive and influenced by my own research interests. The content of the book is simply organized according to the increasing nu mb er of particles treated. Be cause of its conceptual simplicity single particle motion is very suitable for in troducing the basic elements of scattering theory. Using these elements the two-body system is treated for the specific case of two nucleons, which is of great importance in the study of the nuclear interaction. Great space is devoted to the less trivial few-body system consisting of three particles. Again physical examples are taken solely from nuclear physics. Finally the four particle system is discussed so as to familiarize the reader with the techniques required for the formulations of n-bodies in general."

The 1987 Fontevraud Conference gathered more than 100 physicists for the purpose of discussing the latest developments of research on few-body problems. In addition to participants from most European countries representatives from Brazil, Canada, Israel, Japan, South Africa, and the USA took part in the meeting. In the conference program special emphasis was laid on bringing together the various fields, where few-body problems play an important role. Beyond the traditional areas of nuclear and particle physics, in recent years interest has been focussed especially on atomic and molecular physics. This developent is due to the design of new techniques for solving few-body problems under rather general premises. The proceedings contain all plenary talks and the contributions presented orally at the conference. They cover such topics as: few-quark systems and short-range phenomena, two- and three-body forces in quark as well as nucleonic systems, few-hadron bound states, response of few-body systems to electromagnetic and hadronic probes, form factors, hypernuclei, atomic and molecular few-body systems, hyperspherical method, separable expansions, numerical techniques, etc. It appears that recently, even in one year after the Tokyo-Sendai Conference, much progress has been achieved in research on various few-body systems. The present volume gives a comprehensive summary of the modern state of the art and at the same time a proper account of the most recent results obtained in the different institutions and laboratories.

This volume collects the papers given at the European Workshop "Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Hadronic Few-Body Systems" which, adhering to an invitation of the European Few-Body Physics Research Committee, was organized in Rome on October 7-11, 1986. All papers presented at the workshop appear in the volume, plus two papers which could not be presented orally because their authors were at the last moment unable to attend. The list of contents closely follows the programme of the workshop. The workshop, attended by 128 American, European, and Japanese physicists from 60 different institutions and universities, was sponsored by the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (lNFN) and was organized by the INFN Section located at the Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), which kindly provided the venue for the meeting and many related facilities. The goal of the workshop was to summarize the present situa tion and the future perspectives concerning the theoretical descriptions of strongly interacting few-body systems and their experimental investigation by electromagnetic and hadronic probes, mainly at intermediate energies. To this end, representatives from most international groups working within different theoretical methods and with different experimental facilities, were invited and asked to illustrate their latest results and future research programs; the intention was to provide, by this way, an impartial and broad information which could be useful to whom is actively working in few body physics, as well as to young students entering this field of research."

The fundamental goal of physics is an understanding of the forces of nature in their simplest and most general terms. Yet there is much more involved than just a basic set of equations which eventually has to be solved when applied to specific problems. We have learned in recent years that the structure of the ground state of field theories (with which we are generally concerned) plays an equally funda mental role as the equations of motion themselves. Heisenberg was probably the first to recognize that the ground state, the vacuum, could acquire certain prop erties (quantum numbers) when he devised a theory of ferromagnetism. Since then, many more such examples are known in solid state physics, e. g. supercon ductivity, superfluidity, in fact all problems concerned with phase transitions of many-body systems, which are often summarized under the name synergetics. Inspired by the experimental observation that also fundamental symmetries, such as parity or chiral symmetry, may be violated in nature, it has become wide ly accepted that the same field theory may be based on different vacua. Practical ly all these different field phases have the status of more or less hypothetical models, not (yet) directly accessible to experiments. There is one magnificent ex ception and this is the change of the ground state (vacuum) of the electron-posi tron field in superstrong electric fields."

This book is based on the course in theoretical nuclear physics that has been given by the author for some years at the T. G. Shevchenko Kiev State University. This version is supplemented and revised to include new results obtained after 1971 and 1975 when the first and second editions were published. This text is intended as an introduction to the nonrelativistic theory of po tential scattering. The analysis is based on the scattering matrix concept where the relationship between the scattering matrix and observable physical quantities is considered. The stationary formulation of the scattering problem is presented; particle wave functions in the external field are obtained. A formulation of the optical theorem is given as well as a discussion on time inversion and the reci procity theorem. Analytic properties of the scattering matrix, dispersion relations, and complex moments are analyzed. The dispersion relations for an arbitrary di rection scattering amplitude are proven, and analytic properties of the amplitude in the plane of the complex cosine of the scattering angle are studied in detail."

These lectures concern the properties of topological charge in gauge theories and the physical effects which have been attributed to its existence. No introduction to this subject would be adequate without a discussion of the original work of Belavin, Polyakov, Schwarz, and Tyupkin [1], of the beautiful calculation by 't Hooft [2,3], and of the occurrence of 8-vacua [4-6]. Other important topics include recent progress on solutions of the Yang-Mills equation of motion [7,8], and the problem of parity and time-reversal invariance in strong interactions [9] (axions [10,11], etc. ). In a few places, I have strayed from the conventional line and in one important case, disagreed with it. The im- portant remark concerns the connection between chirality and topological charge first pointed out by 't Hooft [2]: in the literature, the rule is repeatedly quoted with the wrong sign! If QS is the generator for Abelian chiral transformations of massless quarks with N flavours, the correct form of the rule is ssQs = - 2N {topological charge} (1. 1) where ssQS means the out eigenvalue of QS minus the in eigenvalue. The sign can be checked by consulting the standard WKB calculation [2,3], rotating to Minkowski space, and observing that the sum of right-handed chiralities of operators in a Green's function equals -ssQS. The wrong sign is an automatie consequence of a standard but incorrect derivation in which the axial charge is misidentified.

For the first time, a complete calculation of all 288 polarization observables of deuteron photodisintegration for polarized photons and an oriented deuteron target is presented for energies below +-production threshold. The observables are calculated within a nonrelativistic framework but with inclusion of lowest-order relativistic effects. Explicit meson exchange currents and isobar configurations as manifestation of subnuclear degrees of freedom are included in the calculation. The sensitivity of the various polarization observables with respect to subnuclear degrees of freedom, to electric and magnetic multipole contributions and to a variety of realistic potential models are systematically investigated. Thus this atlas provides the most detailed and systematic survey on polarization observables of this important process. It allows to analyse the different dynamical properties of the np-system as contained in the various observables and, therefore, will be useful for both theoretical studies and for the planning and evaluation of experiments as well. It serves in addition as an important supplement to the recent general review on deuteron photodisintegration by A. Arenhovel and M. Sanzone (Few-Body Systems, Suppl. 3)."

The aim of this book is to provide a single reference source for the wealth of geometrical formulae and relationships that have proven useful in the descrip tion of atomic nuclei and nuclear processes. While many of the sections may be useful to students and instructors it is not a text book but rather a reference book for experimentalists and theoreticians working in this field. In addition the authors have avoided critical assessment of the material presented except, of course, by variations in emphasis. The whole field of macroscopic (or Liquid Drop Model) nuclear physics has its origins in such early works as [Weizsacker 35] and [Bohr 39]. It continued to grow because of its success in explaining collective nuclear excitations [Bohr 52] and fission (see the series of papers culminating in [Cohen 62]). These develop ments correspond to the first maximum in the histogram below, showing the distribution by year of the articles cited in our Bibliography. After the Liquid Drop Model had been worked out in some detail the development of the Struti nsky approach [Strutinsky 68] (which associates single particle contributions to the binding energy with the shape of the nucleus) gave new life to the field. The growth of interest in heavy-ion reaction studies has also contributed.

"New Trends in Nuclear Collective Dynamics" emphasizes research toward understanding collective and statistical aspects of nuclear dynamics. Well-known lecturers from centers of nuclear research present reviews of recent developments. The topics covered are: -order and chaos in finite quantum systems -dissipation in heavy-ion collisions -collective motionsin warm nuclei -time-dependent mean-field theory with collision terms -nuclear fission and multi-dimensional tunneling -large-scale collective motion

Like the earth itself, the nucleus of an atom frequently rotates about an axis. Under the influence of a magnetic field the axis of rotation itself rotates. The rate of this 'precessional' motion is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field and usually lies in the region of radio-frequencies. If a collection of such nuclei is placed in a magnetic field is subjected to radio waves at exactly the frequency of precession, there is a resonance effect, which can be used to measure the frequency of the precession. This effect is called nuclear magnetic resonance. The subject concerns all physicists, particularly nuclear physicists and those interested in the solid state. It is of growing importance to chemists, metallurgists and electrical engineers and there have been some biological and geophysical applications. Nuclear magnetic resonance has already found considerable uses in the oil industry, in industries connected with magnet construction, isotope extraction, plastics and rubber.

Nuclear Fusion describes the state and ultimate goals of nuclear fusion research. The book concentrates on the energy problem in the near future, the role of nuclear fusion reactions for a solution of the energy problem, the requirements for releasing fusion energy and the methods likely to lead to fusion reactions. The book is organised into four sections. In turn these cover the fundamentals of nuclear fusion, methods of magnetic confinement, methods of innertial confinement and the fusion reactor itself. The book has a strong theoretical content, covering those areas of plasma physics which are necessary for an understanding of the confinement problem. This book was first published in Japanese. This edition in English has been thoroughly revised by Keishiro Niu.