Als Einfuhrung in die Forschung mit Synchrotonstrahlung bietet dieses Buch eine UEbersicht uber die experimentellen und theoretischen Grundlagen der Erzeugung und Nutzung von Synchrotonstrahlung. Im ersten Teil des Buches werden die experimentellen Techniken und Methoden der Spektroskopie, Beugung und abbildenden Verfahren dargestellt. In einem ausfuhrlichen zweiten Teil werden anhand einer Vielzahl von Anwendungsbeispielen die reichhaltigen Moeglichkeiten fur die Forschung in der Physik, Chemie und Medizin vorgestellt.

A treatment of the experimental techniques and instrumentation most often used in nuclear and particle physics experiments as well as in various other experiments, providing useful results and formulae, technical know-how and informative details. This second edition has been revised, while sections on Cherenkov radiation and radiation protection have been updated and extended.

Expanding upon the ideas first proposed in his seminal book Cosmical Magnetic Fields, Eugene N. Parker here offers the first in-depth treatment of the magnetohydrodynamic theory of spontaneous magnetic discontinuities. In detailing his theory of the spontaneous formation of tangential discontinuities (current sheets) in a magnetic field embedded in highly conducting plasma, Parker shows how it can be used to explain the activity of the external magnetic fields of planets, stars, interstellar gas clouds, and galaxies, as well as the magnetic fields in laboratory plasmas. Provocative and fascinating, Spontaneous Current Sheets in Magnetic Fields presents a bold new theory that will excite interest and discussion throughout the space physics community.

Nuclear physics between 1921 and 1947 shaped more than any other science thepolitical landscape of our century and the public opinion on physical research. Using quantitative scientometric methods, a new branch in the history of science, the author focuses on the developments of nuclear physics in these formative years paying special attention to theimpact of German emigrants on the evolution of the field as a cognitive and social unity. The book is based on a thorough analysis of various citation analyses thus producing results that should be more replicable and more objective. The scientometric techniques should complement the more qualitative approach usually applied in historical writing. This makes the text an interesting study also for the historian in general.

The exploration of the Universe, as conducted by physicists, astronomers, and cosmologists was one of the greatest intellectual adventures of the mid-twentieth century. This book, first published in 1971, tells the story of their achievements and the insight gained into the structure, history, working and scale of our Universe. Dr Sciama describes the major components of the Universe as understood at the beginning of the 1970s: the stars, galaxies, radio-galaxies and quasi-stellar objects. He discusses in detail the red shift of the lines in their optical spectra, which leads to the idea that the Universe is expanding. Theoretical discussion of the expanding Universe suggests the possibility that intergalactic space may contain a significant quantity of matter and be the seat of important physical activity. The issues involved are thoroughly debated. Also discussed is the discover and significance of the 3'K' cosmic microwave radiation, its relation to the hot big bang and the helium problem, to cosmic high energy processes and to questions of isotropy.

This volume contains the lectures presented by invited speakers at the IV La Rlibida International Summer School on Nuclear Physics. This was the IV edition of a summer school organized by our group every three years on topics related to nuclear physics. This Summer School was aimed mainly at young nuclear physicists, both theoreticians and experimentalists, engaged in research work at predoctoral or recent postdoctoral level. The topics treated in the three previous editions of the School were: "Heavy Ion Collisions," "Theory of Nuclear Structure and Reactions" and "Nuclear As trophysics." This year's School was entitled "Nuclear Physics at the Borderlines." Special emphasis was placed on those topics along which nuclear physics is ex pected to develop in the next few years. The aim of the School was to provide the attendants with an opportunity to get into close contact with experienced researchers and listen to their account of the present state-of-the-art in nuclear physics and the main future lines of development."

An understanding of the properties and interactions of the elementary particles is an essential prerequisite of research work in high energy physics. Much progress in the subject has been achieved with the aid of symmetry principles. In this 1980 book the concept of symmetry or invariance is employed as a unifying theme. Using a careful explanation of the mathematical formalism and with many applications to particular cases, the authors introduce the reader to the symmetry schemes which dominate the world of the particle physicist. The presentation will also appeal to mathematicians and physicists in other fields who are interested in the applications of the general principles of symmetry. After a brief survey of the particles and a review of the relevant quantum mechanics, the principal symmetries are studied in turn. Some technical points are relegated to appendices and the book contains extensive references.

Ever since the late 1930s, scientists have been sharply divided on the question of atomic energy. It is hardly surprising, then, that the American public is so apprehensive about its use. Hack M. Holl, former chief historian a the U.S. Department of Energy, characterizes the furor over nuclear energy as "one of the great debates in American history." In this second edition of The American Atom, the editors have updated the collection of primary documents that tell the story of atomic energy in the United States from the discover of fission through the development of nuclear weapons, international proliferation, and attempts at control. Anyone interested in the evolution of the issues will want to examine the book's major sections on the Manhattan Project, the Oppenheimer Case, the hydrogen bomb, nuclear testing and the test ban, proliferation, arms control, and the strategy of deterrence.

Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP) is a state of matter predicted by the theory of strong interactions - Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD). The area of QGP lies at the interface of particle physics, field theory, nuclear physics and many-body theory, statistical physics, cosmology and astrophysics. In its brief history (about a decade), QGP has seen a rapid convergence of ideas from these previously diverging disciplines. This volume includes the lectures delivered by eminent specialists to students without prior experience in QGP. Each course thus starts from the basics and takes the students by steps to the current problems. The chapters are self-contained and pedagogic in style. The book may therefore serve as an introduction for advanced graduate students intending to enter this field or for physicists working in other areas. Experts in QGP may also find this volume a handy reference. Specific examples, used to elucidate how theoretical predictions and experimentally accessible quantities may not always correspond to one another, make this book ideal for self-study for beginners. This feature will also make the volume thought-provoking for QGP practitioners.

Rapid progress in quantum theory brings us new important results which are often not immediately clear to all who need them. But fortunately, this is also followed by simplifications and unifications of our previous concepts. The inverse problem method ("The most beautiful idea of the XX-th century" - Zakharov et aI., 1980) has just both these aspects. It is rather astonishing that it took 50 years after the foundation of quantum mechanics for the creation of the "pictures" showing the direct connection of obser vables with interactions. Recently, illustrations of this type began to appear in the literature (e. g., how potentials are deformed with thc shift of one energy level or change of some resonance reduced width). Although they are transparent to those studying the quantum world and can be included within the necessary elements of quantum literacy, they are still largely unknown even to many specialists. For the first time, the most interesting of these pictures enriching our quantum intuition are col lected here and placed at your disposal. The readers of this monograph have the advantage of getting the latest information which became available after the publication of the Russian edition. It has been incor porated here in the simplest presentation possible. For example, new sections con cerning exactly solvable models, including the multi-channel, multi-dimensional ones and with time dependent potentials have been added. The first attempts in solving the three-body inverse problem are also mentioned."

A graduate-level one-volume textbook and reference work on the structure and physics of atomic nuclei. Throughout this book the underlying emphasis is on how a nucleus is constituted through the interaction between the nucleons. The book is structured into three parts: the first part contains a detailed treatment of the two-nucleon force and of basic model-independent nuclear properties; the second part discusses the experimental results of nuclear models and their bases in fundamental theory; the third part deals in some detail with alpha-decay and fission.

For over 60 years, scientists and engineers have been trying to crack a seemingly intractable problem: how to build practical devices that exploit nuclear fusion. Access to electricity has facilitated a standard of living that was previously unimaginable, but as the world’s population grows and developing nations increasingly reap the benefits of electrification, we face a serious global problem: burning fossil fuels currently produces about eighty percent of the world's energy, but it produces a greenhouse effect that traps outgoing infrared radiation and warms the planet, risking dire environmental consequences unless we reduce our fossil fuel consumption to near zero in the coming decades. Nuclear fusion, the energy-producing process in the sun and stars, could provide the answer: if it can be successfully harnessed here on Earth, it will produce electricity with near-zero CO2 byproduct by using the nuclei in water as its main fuel. The principles behind fusion are understood, but the technology is far from being fully realized, and governments, universities, and venture capitalists are pumping vast amounts of money into many ideas, some highly speculative, that could lead to functioning fusion reactors. This book puts all of these attempts together in one place, providing clear explanations for readers who are interested in new energy technologies, including those with no formal training in science or engineering. For each of the many approaches to fusion, the reader will learn who pioneered the approach, how the concept works in plain English, how experimental tests were engineered, the future prospects, and comparison with other approaches. From long-established fusion technologies to emerging and exotic methods, the reader will learn all about the idea that could eventually constitute the single greatest engineering advance in human history.

Results important for the general understanding of nuclear structure have emerged from the study of the nuclei in the mass region around the neutron-deficient and neutron-rich Zirconium isotopes. This research report gives the proceedings of a workshop which brought together about 70 experts in the area. Review papers deal with the theoretical interpretation of the unusual properties of these medium-mass nuclei, using the mean field approach, a microscopic description, the interacting boson model and particle rotor calculations. Papers also discuss experimental procedures for studying nuclei far from stability and the possibility of complete spectroscopy. The reviews are supplemented by short contributions presenting very new results. Phenomena discussed include the interplay between subshell effects and the strong proton-neutron interaction in determining nuclear shape, the coexistence of different nuclear shape and the occurrence of fast beta decay.

The fundamental model of nuclear structure is the shell model. However, its application has been limited to light nuclei (up to the sd shell) or heavier nuclei with only a few valence nucleons outside closed shells. Its application beyond these limits has been prohibited so far by the large scale of the calculations involved. For the description of nuclei beyond the sd shell having several valence nucleons the introduction of collective models becomes necessary. The first comprehensive phenomenological model of nuclear structure was the geometric collective model of A. Bohr and B.R. Mottelson. An alternative approach was proposed in 1974 by A. Arima and F. Iachello, known as the Interacting Boson Model. This model, which uses group theoretical techniques in the description of nuclear collective properties, has the advantage of relative simplicity, allowing for detailed calculations of the properties of even medium and heavy nuclei which cannot be reached by the shell model yet. Several extensions and generalizations of the model have appeared over the last decade. Algebraic descriptions for the effects of clustering, permanent octupole deformation, and giant resonances have also been given. For the description of odd nuclei the Interacting Boson-Fermion Model has been introduced, and nuclear supersymmetries associated with it have been analysed. The present text is designed to provide physicists with an accessible introduction to the subject.

In diesem Buch werden zunachst die verschiedenen Typen von Plasmen ausfuhrlich beschrieben: Gleichstrom-Entladung, kapazitive und induktive Kopplung mit Radiofrequenz, die magnetfeldunterstutzte Anregung mittels Heliconwellen; schliesslich noch Ionenstrahlen. Breiten Raum nimmt dann die Plasmadiagnostik ein, die in einem separaten Kapitel mit vier Methoden exemplarisch vorgestellt wird. Daran anschliessend erfolgt eine umfassende Darstellung der beiden modernen Verfahren Sputtern und Trockenatzen, mit denen heute Oberflachen durch Beschichten und gezieltes Abtragen auf vielfaltige Weise modifiziert werden. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird reaktiven Verfahren und den dort auftretenden Reaktionsmechanismen, aber auch der Ionenstrahlmethode, gewidmet. Zahlreiche Anwendungsbeispiele sind in den Text eingestreut. Fur die Neuauflage wurde das Buch vollstandig neu bearbeitet und aktualisiert. Hinzu kamen neue Kapitel uber Plasmadiagnostik und hochdichte sowie induktiv-gekoppelte Plasmen."

This authoritative work enhances the material outlined in the first volume of Concepts of Particle Physics, presenting it in far greater detail and with a higher degree of sophistication. The authors, both eminent physicists, provide an in-depth discussion of the electromagnetic interaction, explore the accuracy of the quark model by examining the excited states of baryons and mesons, and consider many other topics.