This volume contains the Proceedings of the "XXIV. Inter nationale Universitatswochen fur Kernphysik" held in Schlad ming, Austria, in February 1985. It consists of the written versions of the lectures (3-4 hours) given at this winter school and includes also most of the seminars (30-50 minutes) presented. In choosing the topic for the 1985 meeting, our aim was to give an account of the present understanding of the nucleon-nucleon as well as nucleon-antinucleon inter actions. This field, which is of definite relevance in nuclear and particle physics, has witnessed a rapid develop ment in recent times both in theory and experiment. New evidence has emerged in the whole range from low to extremely high energies. It was an exciting experience to bring to gether knowledge from the very domains of nuclear and high energy physics as well as to meet the respective researchers. Thanks to the efforts of the lecturers, who did a splendid job in presenting the lectures and in preparing their lecture notes, a comprehensive insight into the hadronic interaction between nucleons and anti-nucleons was achieved. The lecture notes were reconsidered by the authors after the meeting and are now being published in their final form. The seminars mainly dealt with specific topics currently under investiga tion within this rather wide field. We are grateful to all authors for their efforts, as they made it possible to speed up the publication of these proceedings."

A fundamental question in contemporary astrophysics is the origin of the elements. Cosmochemistry seeks to answer when, how and where the chemical elements arose. Quantitative answers to these fundamental questions require a multi-disciplinary approach involving stellar evolution, explosive nucleosynthesis and nuclear reactions in different astrophysical environments. There remain, however, many outstanding problems and cosmochemistry remains a fertile area of research. This book is among the first in recent times to put together the essentials of cosmochemistry, combining contributions from leading astrophysicists in the field. The chapters have been organized to provide a clear description of the fundamentals, an introduction to modern techniques such as computational modelling, and glimpses of outstanding issues.

This Briefs volume describes the properties and structure of elementary excitations in isotope low-dimensional structures. Without assuming prior knowledge of quantum physics, the present book provides the basic knowledge needed to understand the recent developments in the sub-disciplines of nanoscience isotopetronics, novel device concepts and materials for nanotechnology. It is the first and comprehensive interdisciplinary account of the newly developed scientific discipline isotopetronics.

The 7th International Workshop in the series LASER INTERACTION AND RELATED PLASMA PHENOMENA continued the high standards established by the earlier meetings in this series. It was organized under the directorship of Heinrich Hora and George H. Miley at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California, with Fred Schwirzke as the local organizer. These workshops have presented many "firsts" in laser plasma interactions and especially in laser fusion. Some presentations provided continuity with the past, most represented advancements; however, in some workshops, progress did not appear to be occurring as rapidly as in others. Therefore, it was a special pleasure that in the present workshop when, on October 30, 1985, Chiyoe Yamanaka disclosed a breakthrough in the generation of fusion neutrons with laser fusion targets. The 7th Workshop also continued to represent other new fields of laser-plasma interaction. The progress reported was most pronounced in the fields of X-ray lasers, laser acceleration of particles by electrostatic double layers in plasmas, and a particle beam technique to solve the geometric problem of muon-catalyzed fusion. The development of laser-plasma interactions at medium to high laser intensities may be seen in its whole complexity from a brief review of prior conferences. At the first Workshop in 1969, a comprehensive review of the field was presented by the speakers with the opening address by N.

From the Editors Preface: ""Quark Matter 1987" was attended by about 250 scientists, representing 75 research institutions around the world - the scientific community engaged in experimental and theoretical studies of high energy nuclear collisions. The central theme of the meeting was the possibility of achieving extreme energy densities in extended systems of strongly interacting matter - with the ultimate aim of creating in the laboratory a deconfined state of matter, a state in which quarks and gluons attain the active degrees of freedom. High energy accelerator beams and cosmic radiation projectiles provide the experimental tools for this endeavour; on the theoretical side, it is intimately connected to recent developments in the non-perturbative study of quantum chromodynamics. Phase transitions between hadronic matter and quark-gluon plasma are of basic interest also for our understanding of the dynamics of the early universe ... A very special feature of this Sixth Quark Matter Conference was the advent of the first experimental results from dedicated accelerator studies. These were conducted during 1986/87 at the AGS of Brookhaven National Laboratory ... and at the CERN SPS ... An intense discussion of these data formed the main activity of the meeting.

By selecting the ?rst week of June 2008 for the Nobel Symposium "Single Molecular Spectroscopy in Chemistry, Physics and Biology", Rudolf Rigler, Jerker Widengren and Astrid Grasl .. und have once again won the top prize for Meeting Organizers, providing us with a Mediterranean climate on top of the warm hospitality that is unique to Sweden. The S? anga Sab .. y Conference Center was an ideal place to spend this wonderful week, and the comfort of this beautiful place blended perfectly with the high calibre of the scienti?c programme. It was a special privilege for me to be able to actively participate in this meeting on a ?eld that is in many important ways complementary to myownresearch. Iwasimpressedbytheinterdisciplinarywaysinwhichsingle molecule spectroscopy has evolved and is currently pursued, with ingredients originating from physics, all branches of chemistry and a wide range of b- logical and biomedical research. A beautiful concert by Semmy Stahlhammer and Johan Ull' en further extended the interdisciplinary character of the s- posium. I would like to combine thanks to Rudolf, Jerker and Astrid with a glance into a future of other opportunities to enjoy top-levelscience combined with warm hospitality in the Swedish tradition. Z.. urich, Kurt Wuth .. rich April 2009 Participants of the Nobel-Symposium 138: First row: Sarah Unterko?er, Anders Liljas, Xiao-Dong Su, Birgitta Rigler, Carlos Bus- mante, Toshio Yanagida, Steven Block, Xiaowei Zhuang, Sunney Xie. Second row: Ivan Scheblykin, Lars Thelander, Petra Schwille, Watt W.

Materials and Measurements in Molecular Electronics presents new developments in one of the most promising areas of electronics technology for the 21st century. Conjugated polymers, carbon clusters, and many other new molecular materials have been synthesized or discovered in recent years, and some now are on the threshold of commercial application. In the development of molecular materials, detailed knowledge of the structures and electronic states of molecular aggregates is essential. The focus of this book is on the development of new molecular materials and measuring techniques based on modern spectroscopy; included are such topics as Langmuir-Blodgett films, cluster materials, organic conductors, and conjugated electroluminescent polymers.

The Thirteenth European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Phys- ics (European Few-Body Problems XIII) was held at the Elba Internation- al Physics Centre (EIPC) in Marciana Marina, Isola d'Elba, Italy, during September 9-14, 1991. The previous Conferences of the series, promoted by the European Few-Body Physics Research Committee, took place in Budapest (1972), Graz (1973), Tiibingen (1975), Vlieland (1976), Uppsala (1977), Dubna (1979), Sesimbra (1980), Ferrara (1981), Tbilisi (1984), Bala- tonfiired (1985), Fontevraud (1987), and Uzhgorod (1990). The European Few-Body Conferences represent a relevant opportunity for European scientists interested in few-body problems, of summarizing and updating, together with colleagues from countries all over the world, the status of art in this field of research, which ranges from the study of atomic and molecular structure, to nuclear and particle physics. The suc- cess of this series of Conferences, which also represent a bridge between the triennial IUPAP International Conferences on Few-Body Problems in Physics, testifies the relevance reached by few-body physics in various fields and the important theoretical and experimental contributions pro- vided by the European few-body community.

The International Conference Mesons and Light Nuclei, organized by the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP), Rez, was held during July 2 - 7, 1995 in small north Bohemian town Straz pod Ralskem. It was the sixth in a series of meetings which took place previously at Liblice 74 and 81, Bechyne 85 and 88, and Prague 91. The conferences gained already their firm position among intermediate energy nuclear physics activities. International nuclear physics community strongly supported our intention to continue the series. This year's venue for the conference was the accommodation and social area of the DIAMO company at Straz. The goal of the meeting was to summarize the present situation and the future perspectives concerning the experimental investigations and theoreti cal descriptions of light nuclei and their interactions with electromagnetic and hadronic probes, mainly at intermediate energies. The scientific program of the conference included the following areas of research: nuclear physics with pions and antiprotons, T)-meson physics, baryonic systems with strangeness, relativis tic few-body dynamics, and electroweak nuclear interaction. Representatives from many international groups working within different experimental facili ties and with different theoretical methods were invited and asked to present their latest results and future research programs. The Straz conference, attended by 102 physicist from institutions in 22 countries, was sponsored by the Austrian Ministry for Science and Research, Czech Ministry for Industry and Trade, and by SKODA PRAHA a.s. Thanks to this sponsorship we could also invite several participants and students at essentially reduced cost."

Fuzzy systems and soft computing are new computing techniques that are tolerant to imprecision, uncertainty and partial truths. Applications of these techniques in nuclear engineering present a tremendous challenge due to its strict nuclear safety regulation. The fields of nuclear engineering, fuzzy systems and soft computing have nevertheless matured considerably during the last decade. This book presents new application potentials for Fuzzy Systems and Soft Computing in Nuclear Engineering. The root of this book can be traced back to the series of the first, second and third international workshops on Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Technologies in Nuclear Science (FUNS), which were successfully held in Mol, September 14-16, 1994 (FLINS'94), in Mol, September 25-27, 1996 (FLINS'96), and in Antwerp, September 14-16, 1998 (FLINS'98). The conferences were organised by the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKeCEN) and aimed at bringing together scientists, researchers, and engineers from academia and industry, at introducing the principles of fuzzy logic, neural networks, genetic algorithms and other soft computing methodologies, to the field of nuclear engineering, and at applying these techniques to complex problem solving within nuclear industry and related research fields. This book, as its title suggests, consists of nuclear engineering applications of fuzzy systems (Chapters 1-10) and soft computing (Chapters 11-21). Nine pertinent chapters are based on the extended version of papers at FLINS'98 and the other 12 chapters are original contributions with up-to-date coverage of fuzzy and soft computing applications by leading researchers written exclusively for this book."

This volume collects the papers given at the European Workshop "Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of Hadronic Few-Body Systems" which, adhering to an invitation of the European Few-Body Physics Research Committee, was organized in Rome on October 7-11, 1986. All papers presented at the workshop appear in the volume, plus two papers which could not be presented orally because their authors were at the last moment unable to attend. The list of contents closely follows the programme of the workshop. The workshop, attended by 128 American, European, and Japanese physicists from 60 different institutions and universities, was sponsored by the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (lNFN) and was organized by the INFN Section located at the Istituto Superiore di Sanita (ISS), which kindly provided the venue for the meeting and many related facilities. The goal of the workshop was to summarize the present situa tion and the future perspectives concerning the theoretical descriptions of strongly interacting few-body systems and their experimental investigation by electromagnetic and hadronic probes, mainly at intermediate energies. To this end, representatives from most international groups working within different theoretical methods and with different experimental facilities, were invited and asked to illustrate their latest results and future research programs; the intention was to provide, by this way, an impartial and broad information which could be useful to whom is actively working in few body physics, as well as to young students entering this field of research."

This book is based on the course in theoretical nuclear physics that has been given by the author for some years at the T. G. Shevchenko Kiev State University. This version is supplemented and revised to include new results obtained after 1971 and 1975 when the first and second editions were published. This text is intended as an introduction to the nonrelativistic theory of po tential scattering. The analysis is based on the scattering matrix concept where the relationship between the scattering matrix and observable physical quantities is considered. The stationary formulation of the scattering problem is presented; particle wave functions in the external field are obtained. A formulation of the optical theorem is given as well as a discussion on time inversion and the reci procity theorem. Analytic properties of the scattering matrix, dispersion relations, and complex moments are analyzed. The dispersion relations for an arbitrary di rection scattering amplitude are proven, and analytic properties of the amplitude in the plane of the complex cosine of the scattering angle are studied in detail."

It is apparent from the history of science, that few-body problems have an interdis ciplinary character. Newton, after solving the two-body problem so brilliantly, tried his hand at the Sun-Earth-Moon system. Here he failed in two respects: neither was he able to compute the motion of the moon accurately, nor did he understand the reason for that. It took a long time to understand the fundamental importance of Newton's failure, and only Poincare realised what was the fundamental difficulty in Newtons programme. Nowadays, the term deterministic chaos is associated with this problem. The deep insights of Poincare were neglected by the founding fathers of Quantum Physics. Thus history was repeated by Bohr and his students. After quantising the hydrogen atom, they soon found that the textbook case of a three-body problem in atomic physics, the 3He-atom, did not yield to the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantisation methods. Only these days do people realise what precisely were the difficulties connected to this semi classical way of treating quantum systems. Our field, as we know it today, began in principle in the early 1950's, when Watson sketched the outlines of three-body scattering theory. Mathematical rigour was achieved by Faddeev and thereafter, at the beginning of the 1960's, the quantum three-body prob lem, at least as far as short-range forces were concerned, w&s tamed. In the years that followed, through the work of others, who first applied Faddeev's methods, but later added new techniques, the three-and four-body problems became fully housebroken."

Soluble quantum field theory models are a rare commodity. An infinite number of degrees of freedom and noncompact invariance groups have a nasty habit of ex ploding in the model-makers' face. Nevertheless, impor tant progress has recently been made in the class of superrenormalizable relativistic theories, such as a self-interacting boson in a two-dimensional space time [ 1]. These results have been obtained starting with the free field and adding the interaction in a carefully controlled way. Yet, the models successfully studied in this way do DQ~ have an infinite field strength renormalization, which, at least according to perturbation theory, should appear for realistic relativistic models in four-dimensional space time. ~2~!Y~~!9n_~g_~h~_~gg~1 The ultralocal scalar field theories discussed in these lecture notes are likewise motivated by relativistic theories but are based on a different approximatiGn. This approximation formally amounts to dropping the spatial gradient term from the Hamiltonian rather than the non linear interaction. For a self-interacting boson field in a space-time of (s+l) dimensions (s~l), the classical ultralocal model Hamiltonian reads (1-1) The quantum theory of this model is the subject of the present paper. This model differs formally from a rela tivistic theory by the term f![Z~Cl(~)]2 d~ which, it is hoped, can, in one or another way, be added as a pertur 229 bation in the quantum theory. However, that still remains a problem for the future, and we confine our remarks to . . a careful study of the "unperturbed" model (1-1).

Neutrinos play an intriguing role in modern physics linking central questions of particle physics, cosmology and astrophysics. The contributions in this book reflect the present status of neutrino physics with emphasis on non-accelerator or beyond-accelerator experiments. Since a nonvanishing neutrino mass would yield an important boundary condition for GUT, SUSY or Superstring models and since neutrinos are the best candidates for dark matter in the universe, the many efforts to look for a neutrino mass, ranging from neutrino oscillation experiments using reactors, accelerators or the sun as neutrino sources, to tritium decay experiments and the search for neutrinoless double beta decay, are described in some detail. One of the sections is devoted to neutrinos from collapsing stars, including the supernova SN 1987 A. Possibilities for detecting cosmological neutrinos are discussed and an outlook to future experiments is given.

Molecular properties and reactions are controlled by electrons in the molecules. Electrons had been thought to be particles. Quantum mechanics showed that el- trons have properties not only as particles but also as waves. A chemical theory is required to think about the wave properties of electrons in molecules. These prop- ties are well represented by orbitals, which contain the amplitude and phase ch- acteristics of waves. This volume is a result of our attempt to establish a theory of chemistry in terms of orbitals - A Chemical Orbital Theory. The amplitude of orbitals represents a spatial extension of orbitals. An orbital strongly interacts with others at the position and in the direction of great extension. Orbital amplitude controls the reactivities and selectivities of chemical reactions. In the first paper on frontier orbital theory by Fukui the amplitude appeared in the form of its square, i.e., the density of frontier electrons in 1952 (Scheme 1). Orbital mixing rules were developed by Libit and Hoffmann and by Inagaki and Fukui in 1974 and Hirano and Imamura in 1975 to predict magnitudes of orbital amplitudes (Scheme 2) for understanding and designing stereoselective reactions.

Giving emphasis on electroweak nuclear interactions the book collects more than 60 papers presented at the 5th International Symposium, Prague, September 1-6, 1991. Further topics covered are: nuclear physics with pions and antiprotons, nuclar physics with strange particles, relativistic nuclear physics, and quark degrees of freedom. They are viewed in their theoretical as well as experimental aspects.

This volume contains the written versions of the lectures held at the "22 Internationale Universitatswochen fur Kern- physik" in Schladming, Austria, in February 1983. The generous support of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Science and Research, the Styrian Government and other sponsors once again made it possible for expert lecturers to be invited. In choosing the topics, the aim was to achieve a balance between the theoretical and phenomenological contributions; on the theoretical side, discussions centred on the impact of different approaches to quantum field theory on the ele- mentary particle scenario, on the other, on the recent re- sults in high energy physics which have provided fresh moti- vations for new kinds of experiments as well as having had a profound influehce on cosmology. Limited space has made it impossible to include manuscripts of the many interesting seminars presented. The lecture notes were reexamined by the authors after the school and are now published in their final form. It is a pleasure to thank all the lecturers for their efforts, which made it possible to speed up publication. Thanks are also due to Mrs. Neuhold for the careful typing of the notes. H. Mitter C. B. Lang Acta Physica Austriaca, Suppl. XXV, ~70 (1983) @ by Springer-Verlag 1983 THE EARLY UNIVERSE - FACTS AND FICTION+ by G. BaRNER Max-Planck-Institut fUr Physik und Astrcphysik Institut fUr Astrophysik Karl-Schwarzschild-Str. 1 8046 Garching b. MUnchen, FRG 1.

"A Structural and Vibrational Investigation into Chromyl Azide, Acetate, Perchlorate and Thiocyanate Compounds" reviews the structural and vibrational properties of chromyl azide, acetate, perchlorate, and thiocyanate from a theoretical point of view by using Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods. These compounds are extensively used in organic syntheses and the study of their structure and spectroscopy has become fundamental.
This book evaluates the best theoretical level and basis set to reproduce the experimental data existing for those compounds. To this end, the optimized geometries and wavenumbers for the normal modes of vibration are calculated and the obtained results are compared and analyzed. Also, the nature of the different types of bonds and their corresponding topological properties of electronic charge density are systematically and quantitatively investigated by using the NBO analysis and the atoms in molecules theory (AIM).

Few-body systems are both technically relatively simple and physically non trivial enough to test theories quantitatively. For instance the He-atom played historically an important role in verifying predictions of QED. A similar role is contributed nowadays to the three-nucleon system as a testing ground far nuclear dynamics and maybe in the near future to few-quark systems. They are also often the basic building blocks for many-body systems like to some extent nuclei, where the real many-body aspect is not the dominant feature. The presentation of the subject given here is based on lectures held at var ious places in the last ten years. The selection of the topics is certainly subjec tive and influenced by my own research interests. The content of the book is simply organized according to the increasing nu mb er of particles treated. Be cause of its conceptual simplicity single particle motion is very suitable for in troducing the basic elements of scattering theory. Using these elements the two-body system is treated for the specific case of two nucleons, which is of great importance in the study of the nuclear interaction. Great space is devoted to the less trivial few-body system consisting of three particles. Again physical examples are taken solely from nuclear physics. Finally the four particle system is discussed so as to familiarize the reader with the techniques required for the formulations of n-bodies in general."

In recent years there has been growing interest in the nucleon-nucleon correl ations inside nuclei. In many respects the motions of the nucleons can be very well described by an overall mean field, so that the motion of each nucleon is governed by the mean field due to all the other nucleons. This concept underlies the Fermi-gas, Hartree-Fock and shell models and has enabled a range of nuclear properties to be calculated, often to surprising accuracy. It gradually became clear, however, that these mean-field models are limited by the effects due to the very strong interactions between the nucleons that occur at short distances; these are the short-range correlations. They are responsible for instance for the high-momentum components in the nucleon momentum dis tribution, and prevent the simultaneous description of the nuclear density and momentum distributions by the same mean field. It thus becomes necessary to develop methods for including the effects of nucleon correlations in nuclei, and these are the main subject of this book. Some related problems of nuclear structure were discussed in an earlier book by the same authors: Nucleon Momentum and Density Distributions in Nuclei (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988). The main aim of that book was to study the effects of nucleon-nucleon correlations, both short-range and tensor, on the nucleon momentum distribution, which is particularly sensitive to these correl ations, and on the nucleon density distribution."

This book presents the latest advances in ultrafast science, including both ultrafast optics technology and the study of ultrafast phenomena. It covers picosecond, femtosecond, and attosecond processes relevant to physics, chemistry, biology, and engineering applications. Ultrafast technology has a profound impact in a wide range of applications, among them biomedical imaging, chemical dynamics, frequency standards, materials processing, and ultrahigh-speed communications. This book summarizes the results presented at the 13th International Conference on Ultrafast Phenomena and provides an up-to-date view of this important and rapidly advancing field.

The fundamental goal of physics is an understanding of the forces of nature in their simplest and most general terms. Yet there is much more involved than just a basic set of equations which eventually has to be solved when applied to specific problems. We have learned in recent years that the structure of the ground state of field theories (with which we are generally concerned) plays an equally funda mental role as the equations of motion themselves. Heisenberg was probably the first to recognize that the ground state, the vacuum, could acquire certain prop erties (quantum numbers) when he devised a theory of ferromagnetism. Since then, many more such examples are known in solid state physics, e. g. supercon ductivity, superfluidity, in fact all problems concerned with phase transitions of many-body systems, which are often summarized under the name synergetics. Inspired by the experimental observation that also fundamental symmetries, such as parity or chiral symmetry, may be violated in nature, it has become wide ly accepted that the same field theory may be based on different vacua. Practical ly all these different field phases have the status of more or less hypothetical models, not (yet) directly accessible to experiments. There is one magnificent ex ception and this is the change of the ground state (vacuum) of the electron-posi tron field in superstrong electric fields."

"I.E. Tamm" is one of the great figures of 20th century physics and the mentor of the late A.D. Sakharov. Together with I.M. Frank, he received the Nobel Prize in 1958 for the explanation of the Cherenkov effect. This book contains a commented selection of his most important contributions to the physical literature and essays on his contemporaries - Mandelstam, Einstein, Landau, and Bohr - as well as his contributions to Pugwash conferences. About a third of the selections originally appeared in Russian and are, to our knowledge, for the first time now available to Western readers. This volume includes a preface by Sir Rudolf Peierls, a biography compiled by Tamm's former students, V.Ya. Frenkel and B.M. Bolotovskii, and a complete bibliography.

These lectures concern the properties of topological charge in gauge theories and the physical effects which have been attributed to its existence. No introduction to this subject would be adequate without a discussion of the original work of Belavin, Polyakov, Schwarz, and Tyupkin [1], of the beautiful calculation by 't Hooft [2,3], and of the occurrence of 8-vacua [4-6]. Other important topics include recent progress on solutions of the Yang-Mills equation of motion [7,8], and the problem of parity and time-reversal invariance in strong interactions [9] (axions [10,11], etc. ). In a few places, I have strayed from the conventional line and in one important case, disagreed with it. The im- portant remark concerns the connection between chirality and topological charge first pointed out by 't Hooft [2]: in the literature, the rule is repeatedly quoted with the wrong sign! If QS is the generator for Abelian chiral transformations of massless quarks with N flavours, the correct form of the rule is ssQs = - 2N {topological charge} (1. 1) where ssQS means the out eigenvalue of QS minus the in eigenvalue. The sign can be checked by consulting the standard WKB calculation [2,3], rotating to Minkowski space, and observing that the sum of right-handed chiralities of operators in a Green's function equals -ssQS. The wrong sign is an automatie consequence of a standard but incorrect derivation in which the axial charge is misidentified.