Fuzzy systems and soft computing are new computing techniques that are tolerant to imprecision, uncertainty and partial truths. Applications of these techniques in nuclear engineering present a tremendous challenge due to its strict nuclear safety regulation. The fields of nuclear engineering, fuzzy systems and soft computing have nevertheless matured considerably during the last decade. This book presents new application potentials for Fuzzy Systems and Soft Computing in Nuclear Engineering. The root of this book can be traced back to the series of the first, second and third international workshops on Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Technologies in Nuclear Science (FUNS), which were successfully held in Mol, September 14-16, 1994 (FLINS'94), in Mol, September 25-27, 1996 (FLINS'96), and in Antwerp, September 14-16, 1998 (FLINS'98). The conferences were organised by the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCKeCEN) and aimed at bringing together scientists, researchers, and engineers from academia and industry, at introducing the principles of fuzzy logic, neural networks, genetic algorithms and other soft computing methodologies, to the field of nuclear engineering, and at applying these techniques to complex problem solving within nuclear industry and related research fields. This book, as its title suggests, consists of nuclear engineering applications of fuzzy systems (Chapters 1-10) and soft computing (Chapters 11-21). Nine pertinent chapters are based on the extended version of papers at FLINS'98 and the other 12 chapters are original contributions with up-to-date coverage of fuzzy and soft computing applications by leading researchers written exclusively for this book."

An accelerator complex which gives extremely high-intensity proton beams is being constructed in Tokai, Japan. The project is operated by JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) and KEK (High Energy Accelerator Research Or- nization) and called J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex). J-PARC accelerator complex consists of 200MeV linac, 3GeV rapid cycling synchrotron, and 30GeV main synchrotron. The energy of linac will be - tendedto400MeVandtheenergyofthemainringwillbeincreasedto50GeV in the near future. J-PARCaimstoperformvariousresearchesoflifeandmaterialsciencesby using neutron beams from the 3GeV rapid cycling synchrotron. J-PARC also aims to perform various particle and nuclear physics experiments by using the 50GeV main synchrotron. In this book we collected several proposals of particle and nuclear physics experiments to be performed by using 50GeV main synchrotron. Prof. Nagamiya gives a brief introduction of J-PARC. He describes the purpose of the project, the aims of the various facilities, and the researches to be done by using these facilities. Prof. Ichikawa discusses about the long baseline nutrino oscillation expe- ment. This proposal is called T2K (Tokai to Kamioka) and it aims to measure mixinganglesintheleptonsector.Theytrytoperformaprecisemeasurement of ? by measuring the ? disappearance. Then they go to determine ? by 23 ? 13 measuring ? -? appearance signal. They also search for sterile components ? e by measuring NC events. Prof. Lim discusses about the experiment which searches a very rare decay 0 0 oftheneutralkaon:K ? ? ?? -.ThisdecayoccursviaadirectCPviolation. L Hewillsearchthisdecaymodewithhighersensitivitythanthestandardmodel expectation level.

Why to apply solid-state NMR? - By now, we should have learned that NMR is mainly used for the study of molecules in solution, while x-ray diffraction is the method of choice for solids. Based on this fact, the two recent 'NMR-Nobelprizes' went indeed into the liquid phase: my own one eleven years ago, and particularly the most recent one to Kurt Wuthrich. His prize is beyond any doubts very well justified. His contribution towards the study of biomolecules in solution, in their native (or almost native) environment is truly monumental. We all will profit from it indirectly when one of our future diseases will be cured with better drugs, based on the insightful knowledge gained through liquid-state NMR. Two fields of NMR are still left out of the Nobel Prize game: magnetic reso nance imaging (MRI) and solid-state NMR. The disrespect for MRI in Stockholm is particularly difficult to understand; but this is not a subject to be discussed at the present place. Solid-state NMR is the third of the three great fields of NMR, powerful already today and very promising for the near future."

This volume contains the written versions of invited lectures and abstracts of seminars presented at the 26th "Universitatswochen fiir Kernphysik" (Uni versity nuclear physics weeks) in Schladming, Austria, in February 1987. Again the generous support of our sponsors, the Austrian Ministry of Sci ence and Research, the Styrian government and others, made it possible to invite expert lecturers. The meeting was organized in honour of Prof. Dr. th Walter Thirring in connection with his 60 birthday. In choosing the topics for the lectures we have tried to cover a good many of the areas in which mathematical physics has made significant progress in recent years. Both classical and quantum mechanical problems are considered as well as prob lems in statistical physics and quantum field theory. The common feature lies in the methods of mathematical physics that are used to understand the underlying structure and to proceed towards a rigorous solution. Thanks to the efforts of the speakers this spirit was maintained in all lectures. Due to space limitations only shortened versions of the many seminars presented in Schladming could be included. After the school the lecture notes were revised by the authors, whom we thank for their efforts, which made it possible to speed up publication. Thanks are also due to Mrs. Neuhold for the careful typing of the notes, and to Miss Koubek and Mr. Preitler for their help in proofreading."

Nuclear power offers an abundant energy supply for the long term and at reasonable costs. Both are badly needed in this world of limited energy reserves and rising energy prices. On the other hand, there are questions widely discussed in the public on nuclear safety, on acceptable means of nuclear waste disposal, and concern on the proliferation of nuclear weapon capabilities. Public confu sion is widespread since facts are often overshadowed by emotions. Recognizing the need for reliable, factual and comprehensive information on nuclear energy, this book on Nuclear Fission Reactors is published .to present the scientific and technical facts of nuclear fission reactors, and to analyse their potential role and risks. The author, Professor Dr. G. Kessler, has worked in nuclear research and project management since 1963. From 1975 to 1978, he acted as project leader for the German/Belgian/Dutch Fast Breeder research and. development activi ties. Since then, he has been Director of the Institute of Neutron Physics and Reactor Technology in the Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Centre. The book is part of the series "Topics in Energy" issued by Springer Publish ers. The intention of this series of in-depth analyses is to present the facts, inherent problems, trends and prospects of energy demand, resources and tech nologies. The vital importance of energy for human activities has become apparent to the public particularly through dramatic events in the area of oil supply."

Brillouin-Wigner Methods for Many-Body Systems gives an introduction to many-body methods in electronic structure theory for the graduate student and post-doctoral researcher. It provides researchers in many-body physics and theoretical chemistry with an account of Brillouin-Wigner methodology as it has been developed in recent years to handle the multireference correlation problem. Moreover, the frontiers of this research field are defined.

This volume is of interest to atomic and molecular physicists, physical chemists and chemical physicists, quantum chemists and condensed matter theorists, computational chemists and applied mathematicians.

There have been many significant advances in time-dependent density functional theory over recent years, both in enlightening the fundamental theoretical basis of the theory, as well as in computational algorithms and applications. This book, as successor to the highly successful volume Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (Lect. Notes Phys. 706, 2006) brings together for the first time all recent developments in a systematic and coherent way.

First, a thorough pedagogical presentation of the fundamental theory is given, clarifying aspects of the original proofs and theorems, as well as presenting fresh developments that extend the theory into new realms-such as alternative proofs of the original Runge-Gross theorem, open quantum systems, and dispersion forces to name but a few. Next, all of the basic concepts are introduced sequentially and building in complexity, eventually reaching the level of open problems of interest. Contemporary applications of the theory are discussed, from real-time coupled-electron-ion dynamics, to excited-state dynamics and molecular transport. Last but not least, the authors introduce and review recent advances in computational implementation, including massively parallel architectures and graphical processing units. Special care has been taken in editing this volume as a multi-author textbook, following a coherent line of thought, and making all the relevant connections between chapters and concepts consistent throughout. As such it will prove to be the text of reference in this field, both for beginners as well as expert researchers and lecturers teaching advanced quantum mechanical methods to model complex physical systems, from molecules to nanostructures, from biocomplexes to surfaces, solids and liquids.

"From the reviews of LNP 706: "

"This is a well structured text, with a common set of notations and a single comprehensive and up-to-date list of references, rather than just a compilation of research articles. Because of its clear organization, the book can be used by novices (basic knowledge of ground-state DFT is assumed) and experienced users of TD-DFT, as well as developers in the field." (Anna I. Krylov, Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 129 (21), 2007)

"This book is a treasure of knowledge and I highly recommend it. Although it is a compilation of chapters written by many different leading researchers involved in development and application of TDDFT, the contributors have taken great care to make sure the book is pedagogically sound and the chapters complement each other ...]. It is highly accessible to any graduate student of chemistry or physics with a solid grounding in many-particle quantum mechanics, wishing to understand both the fundamental theory as well as the exponentially growing number of applications. ...] In any case, no matter what your background is, it is a must-read and an excellent reference to have on your shelf."

Amazon.com, October 15, 2008, David Tempel (Cambridge, MA)"

This book shows how to use radioisotopes and the emitted ionizing radiations effectively and safely. It describes decay and stability criteria, necessary precautions to ensure radiation protection and the detection of alpha, beta and gamma rays including spectrometry. Chapters cover calorimetry, liquid scintillation counting, how to use secondary standard instruments, high resolution detectors and how to calculate counting results estimating uncertainties and allowing for the statistics of radionuclide decays. Other subjects examined include industrial and scientific applications of alpha, beta, and gamma rays, neutrons and high energy radiations.

The Second International Conference on Atomic and Nuclear Clusters '93 was orga nized in a joint effort by the 'Demokritos' National Center for Scientific Research, G. S. Anagnostatos (representing the atomic physics) and the Hahn-Meitner-Institut, W. von Oertzen (representing the nuclear physics). The subject of clusters - small aggregates of particles - is a topic of primary interest in both atomic and nuclear physics, and also in other fields like in the case of quark-structure of baryons and in cosmology. The interplay between atomic and nuclear physics is a particularly fascinating one because many concepts are common to both fields (quantal effects, shells, geometric structures, collective modes, fission etc. ) This conference was the second after the first one organized by Professor M. Brenner in Abo (Finland) in 1991. The general atmosphere of a joint forum for atomic and nuclear physicists was very fruitful and thus the decision to have a sequence of such meetings has been taken. A third one is planned in St. Petersburg (Russia) with Professor K. Gridnev (St. Petersburg) and Mme. Professor C. Bnkhignac (Orsay) as Chairpersons. The conference site, Fin\. on Santorini island (Greece), was a wonderful choice for a conference. It is small, which helps to keep people concentrated in a smaller community, it has a perfect convention center, the P. Nomikos Conference Center, and a very beautiful landscape formed by a large volcanic crater.

"Nuclear and Particle Physics" both have been very distinct subjects for decades, and are now developing more and more interfaces. Thus, hitherto typical methods of particle physics are adopted by nuclear physics. The authors try to build bridges between both fields and give nuclear physicists a thorough introduction from the fundamentals of particle physics to current research in this field. Contents: - Introduction - Preliminaries and Simple Models - Currents, Anomaly, Solitons, and Fractional Fermions - More on Chiral Symmetry - Introduction to Instantons - Relevance of Instantons - Chiral Perturbation Theory - The Topological and Non-Topological Soliton Model - QCD Sum Rules - References

This book contains the lectures and the concluding discussion of the "Seminar on Safety, Environmental Impact, and Economic Prospects of Nuclear Fusion," which was held at Erice, August 6-12, 1989. In selecting the contributions to this 9th meeting held by the International School of Fusion Reactor Technology at the E. Majorana Center for Scientific Cul ture in Erice, we tried to provide a comprehensive coverage of the many interre lated and interdisciplinary aspects of what ultimately turns out to be the global acceptance criteria of our society with respect to controlled nuclear fusion. Consequently, this edited collection of the papers presented should provide an overview of these issues. We thus hope that this book, with its extensive subject index, will also be of interest and help to nonfusion specialists and, in general, to those who from curiosity or by assignment are required to be informed on these as pects of fusion energy."

In this Supplement we have collected the invited and contributed talks pre sented at the XVIII European Conference on Few-Body Problems in Physics, organised by the Jozef Stefan Institute and the University of Ljubljana, Slove nia. The Conference, sponsored by the European Physical Society, took place at the lakeside resort of Bled from 8 to 14 September, 2002. This meeting was a part of the series of European Few-Body Conferences, previously held in Evora/Portugal (2000), Autrans/France (1998), Peniscola/Spain (1995), ... Our aim was to emphasise, to a larger extent than at previous Conferences, the interdisciplinarity of research fields of the Few-Body community. To pro mote a richer exchange of ideas, we therefore strived to avoid parallel sessions as much as possible. On the other hand, to promote the participation of young scientists who we feel will eventually shape the future of Few-Body Physics, we wished to give almost all attendees the opportunity to speak."

From the reviews:

..".This book is a very useful addition to polymer literature, and it is a pleasure to recommend it to the polymer community." (J.E. Mark, University of Cincinnati, POLYMER NEWS)

Polarization Spectroscopy of Ionized Gases describes the physical principles of the technique and its applications to remote sensing. Transport phenomena and local anisotropies can be studied. The theoretical part of the book considers the basic phenomena of the ordering of the velocities of fast exciting charged particles. The polarization of the outer electron shells of excited atoms or molecules is described, and a variety of effects are examined in detail. An integral equation is derived which gives the intensity and polarization of emitted lines. Methods for solving the equation are analyzed. Universal spectropolarimetric remote sensing has been applied to low pressure gas discharges in the laboratory and to non-thermal processes in the solar atmosphere. For researchers interested in the remote sensing of ionized gases.

Polarization and Correlation Phenomena in Atomic Collisions: A Practical Theory Course bridges the gap between traditional courses in quantum mechanics and practical investigations. The authors' goal is to guide students in training their ability to perform theoretical calculations of polarization and correlation characteristics of various processes in atomic collisions. The book provides a concise description of the density matrix and statistical tensor formalism and presents a general approach to the description of angular correlation and polarization phenomena. It illustrates an application of the angular momentum technique to a broad variety of atomic processes. The book contains derivations of the most important expressions for observable quantities in electron-atom and ion-atom scattering, including that for polarized beams and/or polarized targets, in photo-induced processes, autoionization and cascades of atomic transitions. Spin-polarization and angular distributions of the reaction products are described, including the angular correlations in different types of coincidence measurements. The considered processes exemplify the general approach and the number of examples can be easily extended by a reader. The book supplies researchers, both theoreticians and experimentalists with a collection of helpful formulae and tables, and can serve as a reference book. Based on a highly regarded course at Moscow State University and elsewhere, the book provides real guidance on theoretical calculations of practical use.

The ?eld of nuclear physics is entering the 21st century in an interesting and exciting way. On the one hand, it is changing qualitatively since new experim- tal developments allow us to direct radioactive and other exotic probes to target nuclei as well as to sparko? extremely energetic nuclear collisions. In parallel, detector systems are of an impressive sophistication. It is di?cult to envisage all the discoveries that will be made in the near future. On the other hand, the app- cations of nuclear science and technology are broadening the limits in medicine, industry, art, archaeology, and the environmental sciences, etc. This implies that the public perception of our ?eld is changing, smoothly but drastically, in c- trast to former times where nuclear weapons and nuclear power plants were the dominant applications perceived by citizens. Both aspects, scienti?c dynamism and popular recognition, should lead the ?eld to an unexpected revival. One of the consequences of the former could be that many brilliant students consider nuclear physics as an excellent ?eld in which to acquire professional expertise. Therefore, one of the challenges of the international nuclear physics community is to try to make the ?eld attractive. That means simply being pedagogic and enthusiastic. Thus, as organisers of an already established summer school, our contribution was to put an emphasis in this session on pedagogy and enthusiasm.

Topics include the theory of atom tunneling reactions, conclusive evidence and controlling factors for such reactions in solid hydrogen, tunneling dislocation motion, coherent tunneling diffusion, the production of interstellar molecules and semiconductors using tunneling reactions, the effect of atom tunneling on molecular structure and crystalline structure, the suppression of mutation and cancer by an atom tunneling reaction of vitamin C, and atom tunneling reactions of vitamin E and of enzymes.

Magnetic fields are responsible for much of the variability and structuring in the universe, but only on the Sun can the basic magnetic field related processes be explored in detail. While several excellent textbooks have established a diagnostic foundation for exploring the physics of unmagnetized stellar atmospheres through spectral analysis, no corresponding treatise for magnetized stellar atmospheres has been available. The present monograph fills this gap. The theoretical foundation for the diagnostics of stellar magnetism is developed from first principles in a comprehensive way, both within the frameworks of classical physics and quantum field theory, together with a presentation of the various solar applications. This textbook can serve as an introduction to solar and stellar magnetism for astronomers and physicists at the graduate or advanced undergraduate level and will also become a resource book for more senior scientists with a general interest in cosmic magnetic fields.

Computation is essential to our modern understanding of nuclear systems. Although simple analytical models might guide our intuition, the complex ity of the nuclear many-body problem and the ever-increasing precision of experimental results require large-scale numerical studies for a quantitative understanding. Despite their importance, many nuclear physics computations remain something of a black art. A practicing nuclear physicist might be familiar with one or another type of computation, but there is no way to systemati cally acquire broad experience. Although computational methods and results are often presented in the literature, it is often difficult to obtain the working codes. More often than not, particular numerical expertise resides in one or a few individuals, who must be contacted informally to generate results; this option becomes unavailable when these individuals leave the field. And while the teaching of modern nuclear physics can benefit enormously from realistic computer simulations, there has been no source for much of the important material. The present volume, the second of two, is an experiment aimed at address ing some of these problems. We have asked recognized experts in various aspects of computational nuclear physics to codify their expertise in indi vidual chapters. Each chapter takes the form of a brief description of the relevant physics (with appropriate references to the literature), followed by a discussion of the numerical methods used and their embodiment in a FOR TRAN code. The chapters also contain sample input and test runs, as well as suggestions for further exploration."

This book presents two reviews from the cutting-edge of Russian plasma physics research. The first review is devoted to the mechanisms of transverse conductivity and generation of self-consistent electric fields in strongly ionized magnetized plasma. The second review considers numerous aspects of turbulent transport in plasma and fluids. This second review is focused on scaling arguments for describing anomalous diffusion in the presence of complex structures.

Scanning Probe Microscopy is a comprehensive source of information for researchers, teachers, and graduate students about the rapidly expanding field of scanning probe theory. Writing in a tutorial style, the authors explain from scratch the theory behind today s simulation techniques and give examples of theoretical concepts through state-of-the-art simulations, including the means to compare these results with experimental data. The book provides the first comprehensive framework for electron transport theory with its various degrees of approximations, thus allowing extensive insight into the physics of scanning probes. Experimentalists will appreciate how the materials properties influence the instrument's operation, and theorists will understand how simulations can be directly compared to experimental data.

Key Features

• Serves as a comprehensive source of information for researchers, teachers, and students about the theory underlying the rapidly expanding field of scanning probe microscopy
• Provides a framework for linking scanning probe theory and simulations with experimental data
• Written in the style of a textbook with step-by-step examples of how theoretical concepts are used to generate state-of-the-art simulations

This book, designed for advanced graduate students and post-graduate researchers, introduces Lie algebras and some of their applications to the spectroscopy of molecules, atoms, nuclei and hadrons. The book contains many examples that help to elucidate the abstract algebraic definitions. It provides a summary of many formulas of practical interest, such as the eigenvalues of Casimir operators and the dimensions of the representations of all classical Lie algebras.

The aim of this volume is twofold. First, it is an attempt to simplify and clarify the relativistic theory of the hydrogen-like atoms. For this purpose we have used the mathematical formalism, introduced in the Dirac theory of the electron by David Hestenes, based on the use of the real Cli?ord algebra Cl(M) associated with the Minkwoski space-time M, that is, the euclidean 4 R space of signature (1,3). This algebra may be considered as the extension to this space of the theory of the Hamilton quaternions (which occupies an importantplaceintheresolutionoftheDiracequationforthecentralpotential problem). The clarity comes from the real form given by D. Hestenes to the electron wavefunctionthatreplaces, inastrictequivalence, theDiracspinor.Thisform is directly inscribed in the frame of the geometry of the Minkwoski space in which the experiments are necessarily placed. The simplicity derives from the uni?cation of the language used to describe the mathematical objects of the theory and the data of the experiments. The mathematics concerning the de?nition and the use of the algebra Cl(M) are not very complicated. Anyone who knows what a vector space is will be able to understand the geometrical implications of this algebra. The lecture will be perhaps more di?cult for the readers already acquainted with the complex formalism of the matrices and spinors, to the extent that the new language will appear di?erent from the one that they have used. But the correspondence between the two formalisms is ensured in the text at each stage of the theor

Angle and spin resolved Auger emission physics deals with the theoretical and numerical description, analysis and interpretation of such types of experiments on free atoms and molecules. This monograph derives the general theory applying the density matrix formalism and, in terms of irreducible tensorial sets, so called state multipoles and order parameters, for parameterizing the atomic and molecular systems, respectively. It is the first book on angle and spin-resolved Auger emission.

Beginning with a concise introduction on the constituents of matter (elementary particles, atomic nuclei, atoms and molecules), this course on the structure of matter focuses on the interaction of particles and radiation with matter. The course is divided into fourteen lectures with each ranging from physical fundamentals to current topics in subatomic and atomic research, thus making links to modern applications. Currently important topics such as channeling, the interaction between molecular ions and matter, and muon-catalyzed fusion are also discussed. The text is suitable as an introduction for graduate students and as a reference for scientists.