"An efficient yet comprehensive representation of cutting-edge developments become extremely crucial at this juncture of twenty-first century. From that point-of-view, the present book exactly fits in the requirement content-wise." -From the Foreword by Ajit Kumar Panda, PhD, IEEE Distinguished Lecturer of ED Society Providing cutting-edge research on nanoelectronics and photonic devices and its application in future integrated circuits, this state-of-the-art book tackles the challenges of the different detailed theoretical and analytical models of solving the problems of various nanodevices. The volume also explores from different angles the roles of material composition and choice of materials that now play the most critical role in determining outcomes of various low-dimensional nanoelectronic devices. The applications of those findings are extremely beneficial for the computing and telecommunication industries. Beginning with a solid theoretical background for every chapter, this volume covers the hottest areas of present-day electronic engineering. The continuous miniaturization of devices, components, and systems requires corresponding cutting-edge theoretical analysis supported by simulated findings before actual fabrication. That purpose is given maximum focus in this volume, which has interdisciplinary appeal, making it a comprehensive technological volume that deals with underlying aspects of physics, materials, structures in nano-regime, and the corresponding end-product in the form of device. The chapters provide up-to-the-minute theoretical and experimental works on nanoscale devices, with special emphasis on nano-MOSFET modeling and characterization and the latest pioneering research in the area of nanodevice fabrication. Equivalent circuit modeling is also analyzed for a few specific devices, leading to potential applications in various systems. The research provided in Low-Dimensional Nanoelectronic Devices: Theoretical Analysis and Cutting-Edge Research will help researchers and scientists in this area better address real-world problems and challenges in developing new low-dimensional nanoelectronic devices and will contribute toward building sustainable technology for the future.

This book offers readers a comprehensive, detailed analysis and treatment of optical waveguides (fiber, slab), an essential component of ultra-high bandwidth long, medium and short-haul telecommunication. The author describes an analysis scheme for optical waveguides that combines both geometric|ray optics and Maxwell's equations-based classical electrodynamics. This unique approach enables readers to develop an intuitive understanding of this topic, starting with macro properties, e.g., V parameter of an optical fiber, and progressively refining the analysis to individual modes of propagation through an optical waveguide. An exhaustive set of diagrams highlight the key features of an optical waveguide property, such as acceptance angle, meridional and skew rays in an optical fiber, or signal attenuation and dispersion in an optical waveguide. The author also provides a set of ready-to-use, ANSI C executables (for both Linux and Windows) that enable the reader to e.g, determine the allowed propagation modes (even, odd TE|TM) of a graded, step index optical fiber and a slab waveguide. Offers readers a single-source reference to the analysis and design of optical waveguides; Begins with macro-level analysis of the properties of optical waveguides and dives deeply into details in a step-by-step manner, enabling readers to develop an intuitive understanding; Includes C language executables, along with optical waveguide analysis and design examples to demonstrate their use in context.

Microcavities are semiconductor, metal, or dielectric structures providing optical confinement in one, two or three dimensions. At the end of the 20th century, microcavities have attracted attention due to the discovery of a strong exciton-light coupling regime allowing for the formation of superposition light-matter quasiparticles: exciton-polaritons. In the following century several remarkable effects have been discovered in microcavities, including the Bose-Einstein condensation of exciton-polaritons, polariton lasing, superfluidity, optical spin Hall and spin Meissner effects, amongst other discoveries. Currently, polariton devices exploiting the bosonic stimulation effects at room temperature are being developed by laboratories across the world. This book addresses the physics of microcavities: from classical to quantum optics, from a Boltzmann gas to a superfluid. It provides the theoretical background needed for understanding the complex phenomena in coupled light-matter systems, and it presents a broad overview of experimental progress in the physics of microcavities.

At the cross-roads of biology, microfluidics and photonics the field of optofluidics allows for quick and compact solutions for medical and biochemical sensing and manipulation. This book is concerned with the ingredients for a polymer-based platform which is able to culture and pattern life cells for a sufficient period of time, enables the integration of photonic devices, and provides means to integrate electronic readout. Thus - in its cross-discipline approach - it touches on aspects of photonics, nanofabrication, and biological methods alike.

The need for both intrinsic and extrinsic fiber-optic sensor technologies continues to grow. To meet the demands of this fast-expanding applications-driven market, this book, Fiber-Optic-Based Sensing Systems, presents both the latest advances in fiber-optic sensor technology, such as applications of photonic crystal fibers to fiber optic gyroscopes and recent application opportunities, including the use of fiber optic sensors as a minimally invasive medical treatment and in structural health monitoring. The book highlights the development of fiber optic sensors while also providing an overview of current methods for the construction of high-speed and high-capacity fiber-optic systems. It provides a thorough presentation of novel fiber-optic based sensing systems with state-of-the-art signal processing of the interferometric signals. Key features: Highlights the uniqueness of the fiber-optics sensors Presents state-of-the-art technology in optical fiber sensors Discusses a variety of fiber-optic topologies Considers different detection techniques Gives special attention to distributed fiber-optic sensing systems Dealing with the applicative aspects of using optical fibers as the sensing medium as well as the medium for transmitting the corresponding optical signals to the receiving unit, the book discusses the basic optical phenomena with their main emphasis on applying the optical knowledge for solving real-life engineering problems. Basic tools and concepts are presented in the earlier chapters, which are then developed in more detail in the later chapters. The book is organized in seven chapters covering a broad range of fiber-optical sensing phenomena. Written for undergraduate and graduate students who want to broaden their knowledge of fiber-optic sensing system applications to the real-life engineering problems, the volume is also valuable for engineers who want to acquire the basic principles of optics, especially fiber-optics.

* Covers the state-of-the-art progress on nanotechnology for reducing light pollution * Presents many approaches and technologies for controlling light pollution * Provides fundamentals of light, causes of pollution, their effects and control * Covers many emerging technologies and their applications in smart lighting systems * Provides new directions to scientists, researchers, and students to better understand the principle, technologies, and applications of nanotechnology in light pollution

This book offers a complete overview of photonic-enhanced materials from material development to a final photonic biomedical application. It includes fundamental, applied, and industrial photonics. The authors cover synthesis, the modification and the processing of a variety of (bio)polymers including thermoplasts (e.g. polyesters) and hydrogels (e.g. proteins and polysaccharides) for a plethora of applications in the field of optics and regenerative medicine.

With clear illustrations throughout and without recourse to quantum mechanics, the reader is invited to revisit unsolved problems lying at the foundations of theoretical physics. Maxwell and his contemporaries abandoned their search for a geometrical representation of the electric and magnetic fields. The wave-particle dilemma and Bose-Einstein statistical counting have resulted in unsatisfactory non-realistic interpretations. Furthermore, a simple structure of the hydrogen atom that includes hyperfine levels is still wanting. Working with the latest experimental data in photoionics a proposed solution to the wave-particle dilemma is suggested based on an array of circular-polarized rays. The Bose-Einstein counting procedure is recast in terms of distinguishable elements. Finally, a vortex model of a 'particle' is developed based on a trapped photon. This consists of a single ray revolving around a toroidal surface, and allows a geometrical definition of mass, electric potential, and magnetic momentum. With the adjustment of two parameters, values to 4 dp for the hyperfine frequencies (MHz) of hydrogen can be obtained for which a computer program is available.

This book presents recent and important developments in the field of Photonics and Optoelectronics, with a particular focus on Laser Technology, Optical Communications, Optoelectronic Devices and Image Processing. At present, Photonics and Optoelectronics Technologies are pivotal to the future of laser, displays, sensors and communication technologies, and currently being developed at an extraordinary rate. This book details the theories underlying the mechanisms involved in the relevant Photonics and Optoelectronics. Devices such as laser diodes, photodetectors, and integrated optoelectronic circuits are investigated. The reviews by leading experts are of interest to researchers and engineers as well as advanced students.

This thesis contains three breakthrough results in condensed matter physics. Firstly, broken reflection symmetry in the hidden-order phase of the heavy-fermion material URu2Si2 is observed for the first time. This represents a significant advance in the understanding of this enigmatic material which has long intrigued the condensed matter community due to its emergent long range order exhibited at low temperatures (the so-called "hidden order"). Secondly and thirdly, a novel collective mode (the chiral spin wave) and a novel composite particle (the chiral exciton) are discovered in the three dimensional topological insulator Bi2Se3. This opens up new avenues of possibility for the use of topological insulators in photonic, optoelectronic, and spintronic devices. These discoveries are facilitated by using low-temperature polarized Raman spectroscopy as a tool for identifying optically excited collective modes in strongly correlated electron systems and three-dimensional topological insulators.

This book gathers contributions on various aspects of the theory and applications of linear and nonlinear waves and associated phenomena, as well as approaches developed in a global partnership of researchers with the national Centre of Excellence in Nonlinear Studies (CENS) at the Department of Cybernetics of Tallinn University of Technology in Estonia. The papers chiefly focus on the role of mathematics in the analysis of wave phenomena. They highlight the complexity of related topics concerning wave generation, propagation, transformation and impact in solids, gases, fluids and human tissues, while also sharing insights into selected mathematical methods for the analytical and numerical treatment of complex phenomena. In addition, the contributions derive advanced mathematical models, share innovative ideas on computing, and present novel applications for a number of research fields where both linear and nonlinear wave problems play an important role. The papers are written in a tutorial style, intended for non-specialist researchers and students. The authors first describe the basics of a problem that is currently of interest in the scientific community, discuss the state of the art in related research, and then share their own experiences in tackling the problem. Each chapter highlights the importance of applied mathematics for central issues in the study of waves and associated complex phenomena in different media. The topics range from basic principles of wave mechanics up to the mathematics of Planet Earth in the broadest sense, including contemporary challenges in the mathematics of society. In turn, the areas of application range from classic ocean wave mathematics to material science, and to human nerves and tissues. All contributions describe the approaches in a straightforward manner, making them ideal material for educational purposes, e.g. for courses, master class lectures, or seminar presentations.

Market: Physicists, engineers, and advanced graduate students working with particle accelerators, storage rings, and colliders. This cogent, contemporary work by two preeminent Russian accelerator physicists details the physical processes limiting or assisting the performance of intense beams in particle accelerators. The authors apply statistical methods to the physics of stored beams and describe in rigorous detail a wide range of beam physics problems. These range from single particle dynamics, through the theory of linear coherent oscillations and cooling techniques, to the kinetic effects in intense beams and nonlinear collective phenomena.

Semiconductors with optical characteristics have found widespread use in evolving semiconductor photovoltaics, where optical features are important. The industrialization of semiconductors and their allied applications have paved the way for optical measurement techniques to be used in new ways. Due to their unique properties, semiconductors are key components in the daily employed technologies in healthcare, computing, communications, green energy, and a range of other uses. This book examines the fundamental optical properties and applications of semiconductors. It summarizes the information as well as the optical characteristics and applicability of semiconductors through an in-depth review of the literature. Accomplished experts in the field share their knowledge and examine new developments. FEATURES Comprehensive coverage of all types of optical applications using semiconductors Explores relevant composite materials and devices for each application Addresses the optical properties of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors Describes new developments in the field and future potential applications Optical Properties and Applications of Semiconductors is a comprehensive reference and an invaluable resource for engineers, scientists, academics, and industry R&D teams working in applied physics.

In 1945, Dr. Ernst Weber founded, and was the first Director of, the Microwave Research Institute (MRI) at Polytechnic University (at that time named the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn). MRI gained worldwide recognition in the 50s and 60s for its research in electromagnetic theory, antennas and radiation, network theory and microwave networks, microwave components, and devices. It was also known through its series of 24 topical symposia and the widely distributed hardbound MRI Symposium Proceedings. Rededicated as the Weber Research Institute (WRI) in 1986, the institute currently conducts research in such areas as electromagnetic propagation and antennas, ultrabroadband electromagnetics, pulse power, acoustics, gaseous electronics, plasma physics, solid-state materials, quantum electronics, electromagnetic launchers, and networks. Following MRI tradition, WRI has launched its own series of in-depth topical conferences with published proceedings. Previous conferences in this series were: Directions in Electromagnetic Wave Modeling; October 1990 Ultra-Wideband Short-Pulse Electromagnetics; October, 1992 Ultra-Wideband Short-Pulse Electromagnetics, II; October, 1994 The proceedings of these conferences were also published by Plenum Press. This volume constitutes the proceedings of the fourth WRI International Conference dealing with Guided-Wave Optoelectronics: Device Characterization, Analysis and Design. The conference was held October 26-28, 1994, at the Polytechnic University in Brooklyn, New York, in cooperation with the IEEE Lasers and Electro Optics Society, and with the Optical Society of America. Theodor Tamir Giora Griffel Henry L. Bertoni v CONTENTS INTRODUCTORY Scanning the symposium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 . . . . . . . . . . . T. Tamir and G. Griffel Photonics in telecommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . . . . . . . . H."

Perovskite is a well-known structure with the chemical formula ABX3, where A and B are cations coordinated with 12 and 6 anions, respectively, and X is an anion. When a halogen anion is used, the monovalent A and divalent B cations can be stabilized with respect to a tolerance factor ranging from ~0.8 to 1. Since the first report on ~10% efficiency and long-term stability of solid-state perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in 2012 and two subsequent seed reports on perovskite-sensitized solar cells in 2009 and 2011, PSCs have received increasing attention. The power conversion efficiency of PSCs was certified to be more than 25% in 2020, surpassing thin-film solar cell technologies. Methylammonium or formamidinium organic ion-based lead iodide perovskite has been used for high-efficiency PSCs. The first report on solid-state PSCs triggered perovskite photovoltaics, leading to more than 23,000 publications as of October 2021. In addition, halide perovskite has shown excellent performance when applied to light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors, and resistive memory, indicating that halide perovskite is multifunctional. This book explains the electro-optical and ferroelectric properties of perovskite and details the recent progress in scalable and tandem PSCs as well as perovskite LEDs and resistive memory. It is a useful textbook and self-help study guide for advanced undergraduate- and graduate-level students of materials science and engineering, chemistry, chemical engineering, and nanotechnology; for researchers in photovoltaics, LEDs, resistive memory, and perovskite-related opto-electronics; and for general readers who wish to gain knowledge about halide perovskite.

This book covers many advances in the subjects of nano-optics and nano photonics. The author describes the principle and technical schematics of common methods for breaking through the optical diffraction limit and focuses on realizing optical super-resolution with nonlinear effects of thin film materials. The applications of nonlinear optical super-resolution effects in nano-data storage, nanolithography, and nano-imaging are also presented. This book is useful to graduate students majoring in optics and nano science and also serves as a reference book for academic researchers, engineers, technical professionals in the fields of super-resolution optics and laser techniques, nano-optics and nano photonics, nano-data storage, nano imaging, micro/nanofabrication and nanolithography and nonlinear optics.

2D Materials for Infrared and Terahertz Detectors provides an overview of the performance of emerging detector materials, while also offering, for the first time, a comparison with traditional materials used in the fabrication of infrared and terahertz detectors. Since the discovery of graphene, its applications to electronic and optoelectronic devices have been intensively researched. The extraordinary electronic and optical properties allow graphene and other 2D materials to be promising candidates for infrared (IR) and terahertz (THz) photodetectors, and yet it appears that the development of new detectors using these materials is still secondary to those using traditional materials. This book explores this phenomenon, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of using 2D materials. Special attention is directed toward the identification of the most-effective hybrid 2D materials in infrared and terahertz detectors, as well as future trends. Written by one of the world's leading researchers in the field of IR optoelectronics, this book will be a must-read for researchers and graduate students in photodetectors and related fields. Features * Offers a comprehensive overview of the different types of 2D materials used in fabrication of IR and THz detectors, and includes their advantages/disadvantages * The first book to compare new detectors to a wide family of common, commercially available detectors that use traditional materials.

An Up-to-Date Compendium on the Physics and Mathematics of Polarization Phenomena Now thoroughly revised, Polarized Light and the Mueller Matrix Approach cohesively integrates basic concepts of polarization phenomena from the dual viewpoints of the states of polarization of electromagnetic waves and the transformations of these states by the action of material media. Through selected examples, it also illustrates actual and potential applications in materials science, biology, and optics technology. The book begins with the basic concepts related to two- and three-dimensional polarization states. It next describes the nondepolarizing linear transformations of the states of polarization through the Jones and Mueller-Jones approaches. The authors then discuss the forms and properties of the Jones and Mueller matrices associated with different types of nondepolarizing media, address the foundations of the Mueller matrix, and delve more deeply into the analysis of the physical parameters associated with Mueller matrices. The authors proceed with introducing the arbitrary decomposition and other useful parallel decompositions, and compare the powerful serial decompositions of depolarizing Mueller matrices. They also analyze the general formalism and specific algebraic quantities and notions related to the concept of differential Mueller matrix. Useful approaches that provide a geometric point of view on the polarization effects exhibited by different types of media are also comprehensively described. The book concludes with a new chapter devoted to the main procedures for filtering measured Mueller matrices. Suitable for advanced graduates and more seasoned professionals, this book covers the main aspects of polarized radiation and polarization effects of material media. It expertly combines physical and mathematical concepts with important approaches for representing media through equivalent systems composed of simple components.

This book highlights the novel research in quantum memory networking, especially quantum memories based on cold atomic ensembles. After discussing the frontiers of quantum networking research and building a DLCZ-type quantum memory with cold atomic ensemble, the author develops the ring cavity enhanced quantum memory and demonstrates a filter-free quantum memory, which significantly improves the photon-atom entanglement. The author then realizes for the first time the GHZ-type entanglement of three separate quantum memories, a building block of 2D quantum repeaters and quantum networks. The author also combines quantum memories and time-resolved measurements, and reports the first multiple interference of three single photons with different colors. The book is of good reference value for graduate students, researchers, and technical personnel in quantum information sciences.

This thesis considers molecular orientation in thin films and introduces an optical model describing this orientation as applied to organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). It also describes the electronic structure of intermolecular charge transfer excitons correlated to molecular orientation in solids. It has long been known that molecular orientation influences the electrical and optical properties of molecular films. One notable example is in liquid crystals where rigid rod or disk shaped molecules are commonly used. Understanding the origin of the molecular orientation and its control by surface treatment and electric field resulted in the development of liquid crystal displays. The same thing has happened in organic electronics, and considerable effort has been devoted to understanding and controlling molecular orientation in solid films to improve charge carrier mobility and light absorption, ultimately to improve the performance of organic solar cells and thin film transistors. In contrast, less attention has been paid to molecular orientation and its influence on the characteristics of OLEDs, probably because of the use of amorphous films rather than micro-crystalline films, and it is only in recent years that some molecular films are known to have preferred orientation. This thesis addresses this topic, focusing on OLEDs, describing the origin and control of the orientation of phosphorescent Ir complexes possessing spherical shape rather than rod or disk shape, the simulation of the optical characteristics of OLEDs influenced by preferred molecular orientation, and finally the orientation of intermolecular charge transfer excitons and its correlation to electronic structures in thin films.

* Guides readers into more detailed and technical treatments of readout optical signals * Gives a broad overview of optical signal detection including terahertz region and two-dimensional material * Helps readers further their studies by offering chapter-end problems and recommended reading.

This book describes the ultra-short laser–matter interactions from the subtle atomic motion to the generation of extreme pressures inside the bulk of a transparent crystal. It is the successor to Femtosecond Laser–Matter Interactions: Theory, Experiment and Applications (2011). Explanation and experimental verification of the exceptional technique for the phase transformations under high pressure are in the core of the book. The novel phase formation occurs along the unique solid-plasmasolid transformation path: the memory of the initial state is lost after conversion to plasma. New phase forms from chaos during the cooling to the ambient. The pressure-affected material remains detained inside a pristine crystal at the laboratory tabletop. Unique super-dense aluminium and new phases of silicon were created by the confined micro-explosions. The text also describes the recent studies that used the quasi-non-diffracting Bessel beams. The applications comprise the new high-pressure material formation and micromachining. The book is an appealing source for readers interested in the cutting-edge research exploring extreme conditions and creating nanostructures at the laboratory tabletop.

Carbon forms a variety of allotropes due to the diverse hybridization of s- and p-electron orbitals, including the time-honored graphite and diamond as well as new forms such as C60 fullerene, nanotubes, graphene, and carbyne. The new family of carbon isotopes-fullerene, nanotubes, graphene, and carbyne-is called "nanostructured carbon" or "nanocarbon." These isotopes exhibit extreme properties such as ultrahigh mechanical strength, ultrahigh charge-carrier mobility, and high thermal conductivity, attracting considerable attention for their electronic and mechanical applications as well as for exploring new physics and chemistry in the field of basic materials science. Electron sources are important in a wide range of areas, from basic physics and scientific instruments to medical and industrial applications. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene behave as excellent electron-field emitters owing to their exceptional properties and offer several benefits compared to traditional cathodes. Field emission (FE) produces very intense electron currents from a small surface area with a narrow energy spread, providing a highly coherent electron beam-a combination that not only provides us with the brightest electron sources but also explores a new field of electron beam-related research. This book presents the enthusiastic research and development of CNT-based FE devices and focuses on the fundamental aspects of FE from nanocarbon materials, including CNTs and graphene, and the latest research findings related to it. It discusses applications of FE to X-ray and UV generation and reviews electron sources in vacuum electronic devices and space thrusters. Finally, it reports on the new forms of carbon produced via FE from CNT.

In recent decades, luminescent nanomaterials have generated great interest in the scientific community due to their unique properties, which are different from those of their bulk counterparts, and their use in a wide variety of applications. Today, luminescent nanomaterials are used in a number of applications such as displays, solid-state lighting, solar cells, long afterglow, dosimetry, theft prevention, medical imaging, phototherapy, and quantum and gas sensing. This book presents cutting-edge research from experts in the field of synthesis and characterization of luminescent nanomaterials and their potential applications. It covers interesting topics in semiconductor physics, photochemistry, physical chemistry, materials science, and luminescence, and will be useful for beginners and advanced researchers interested in this field.