This open access book serves as textbook on the physics of the radiation belts surrounding the Earth. Discovered in 1958 the famous Van Allen Radiation belts were among the first scientific discoveries of the Space Age. Throughout the following decades the belts have been under intensive investigation motivated by the risks of radiation hazards they expose to electronics and humans on spacecraft in the Earth's inner magnetosphere. This textbook teaches the field from basic theory of particles and plasmas to observations which culminated in the highly successful Van Allen Probes Mission of NASA in 2012-2019. Using numerous data examples the authors explain the relevant concepts and theoretical background of the extremely complex radiation belt region, with the emphasis on giving a comprehensive and coherent understanding of physical processes affecting the dynamics of the belts. The target audience are doctoral students and young researchers who wish to learn about the physical processes underlying the acceleration, transport and loss of the radiation belt particles in the perspective of the state-of-the-art observations.

This volume contains the Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Navier-Stokes Equations and Related Nonlinear Problems. The conference was held in Funchal (Madeira, Portugal), on May 21-27, 1994. In addition to the editor, the organizers were Carlos Albuquerque (FC, University of Lisbon), Casimiro Silva (University of Madeira) and Juha Videman (1ST, Technical University of Lisbon). This meeting, following two other successful events of similar type held in Thurnau (Germany) in 1992 and in Cento (Italy) in 1993, brought together, to the majestically beautiful island of Madeira, more than 60 specialists from all around the world, of which about two thirds were invited lecturers. The main interest of the meeting was focused on the mathematical analysis of nonlinear phenomena in fluid mechanics. During the conference, we noticed that this area seems to provide, today more than ever, challenging and increasingly important problems motivating the research of both theoretical and numerical analysts. This volume collects 32 articles selected from the invited lectures and contributed papers given during the conference. The main topics covered include: Flows in Unbounded Domains; Flows in Bounded Domains; Compressible Fluids; Free Boundary Problems; Non-Newtonian Fluids; Related Problems and Numerical Approximations. The contributions present original results or new surveys on recent developments, giving directions for future research. I express my gratitude to all the authors and I am glad to recognize the scientific level and the actual interest of the articles.

This work provides an introduction to astrophysical plasmas and fluids for graduate students of astronomy preparing either for a research career in the field or just aspiring to achieve a decent degree of familiarity with 99 per cent of the cosmos. The contents provide a representation of the phenomenal diversity of dominant roles that plasmas and fluids play in the near and far reaches of the universe. The breadth of coverage of basic physical processes is a feature of this textbook. By first using the Liouville equation to derive the single-fluid, two-fluid and kinetic descriptions of a plasma and a fluid, and then demonstrating the use of these descriptions for specific situations in the rest of the book, the author has chosen a different way of handling this large technical subject. The two major astrophysical issues, fluid or plasma configurations and their radiative signatures, figure prominently throughout the book. The problems are designed to give the reader a feel for the quantitative properties of celestial objects.

Shear Flows: Experimental Observations: The Mixing Transition in Free Shear Flows; A. Roshko. Vortex Shedding from Spheres at Subcritical Reynolds Number in Homogeneous and Stratified Fluid; P. Bonneton, et al. Nature of the Goertler Instability: A Forced Experiment; J.M. Chomaz, et al. Control Experiments: Control of Turbulent Shear Flows via Stationary Boundary Conditions; H.E. Fielder, et al. The Effects of External Excitation on the Reynolds-Averaged Quantities in a Turbulent Wall Jet; E. Horev, et al. Control of Organized Structures in Round Jets at High Reynolds Numbers; P.J.D. Juvet, et al. Numerical Experiments: Advances and Some Novel Experiments using Direct Numerical Simulations of Turbulence; P. Moin. Bubble Formation in Dense Fluidized Beds; J.A. Hernandez, et al. Three Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Coherent Structures in Free Shear Flows; M. Lesieur, et al. Closed Flows: Experiments: Effect of Noise on Bifurcations and Patterns in Dissipative Systems; G. Ahlers. Hexagonal Convective Cells; C. Perez-Garcia, et al. Theoretical Models: The NS and Related Equations: Vortex Dynamics and Turbulence; P.G. Saffman. Control of Boundary Layer and Dynamical Systems Theory: An Update; G. Berkooz, et al. 19 additional articles. Appendices. Index.

Freja is a joint Swedish and German satellite, launched on October 6, 1992 and orbiting at 600--1750 km, covering the lower part of the auroral acceleration region. It has been designed to provide high-resolution measurements (both temporal and spatial) of auroral plasma characteristics. The high telemetry rate, together with the 15 Mbyte distributed on-board memories allow Freja to resolve meso and micro-scale phenomena in the 100 m range for particles and 1--10 m range for electric and magnetic fields. The UV imager resolves auroral structures of 1 km size at a time resolution of one image every 6 s. The novel plasma instruments are orders of magnitude better than any that have gone before. The Freja Mission is about the scientific objectives, instruments and platform itself. Detailed descriptions are given of the instrumentation and the first data acquired. It is one of the very few books to contain such material in a single volume, relating the instruments' design with their in-flight characteristics. For space engineers and other researchers interested in space science.

The origin of optical methods for fluid flow investigations appears to be nontraceable. This is no matter for surprise. After all seeing provides the most direct and common way for humans to learn about their environment. But at the same time some of the most sophisticated methods for doing measurements in fluids are also based on light and often laser light. A very large amount of material has been published in this area over the last two decades. Why then another publication? Well, the field is still in a state of rapid development. It is characterised by the use of results and methods developed within very different areas like optical physics, spectroscopy, communication systems, electronics and computer science, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering and, of course, fluid dynamics. We are not aware of a book containing both introductory and more advanced material that covers the same material as presented here. The book is the result of a compilation and expansion of material presented at a summer school on Optical Diagnosticsfor Flow Processes, held at RiS0 National Laboratory and the Technical University of Denmark in September 1993. The aim of the course was to provide a solid background for understanding, evaluating, and using modem optical diagnostic methods, addressing Ph. D. students and researchers active in areas of fluid flow research. The disciplines represented by the participants ranged from atmospheric fluid dynamics to biomedicine

This book presents the latest advances in ultrafast science, including ultrafast laser and measurement technology as well as studies of ultrafast phenomena. Pico- and femtosecond processes relevant in physics, chemistry, biology and engineering are presented. Ultrafast technology has had a profound impact in a wide range of applications, among them imaging, material diagnostics and transformation and high-speed optoelectronics. This book summarizes the results presented at the 12th Ultrafast Phenomena Conference and reviews the state of the art of this important and rapidly advancing field.

This book serves as an introduction to boundary plasma physics, providing an accessible entry point to the topic of plasma exhaust in magnetic confinement devices. While it delivers a concise, rigorous, and comprehensive account of all the major scientific topics relevant to those working on the subject, it also remains accessible and easy to consult due to its modular and compact structure. Beginning with the basic kinetic and fluid descriptions of plasma, and advancing through plasma-surface interactions, filamentary transport and plasma detachment, to conclude with a discussion of divertor configurations, this book represents a necessary and timely addition to the literature on the fast-growing field of boundary plasma physics. It will appeal to experienced theoreticians or experimentalists looking to enter the field as well as graduate students wishing to learn about it.

A variety of plasmas include molecules rather than only ions or atoms. Examples are ionospheres of the Earth and other planets, stellar atmospheres, gaseous discharges for use in various devices and processes, and fusion plasmas in the edge region. This book describes the role of molecules in those plasmas by showing elementary collision processes involving those molecules. All possible processes are presented both for electron and ion collisions with the molecules. On the basis of the accumulated knowledge in atomic and molecular physics, a compact but informative description is given for each process. Specific emphasis is placed on the feature which application people often tend to overlook.

If charged particles move through the interplanetary or interstellar medium, they interact with a large-scale magnetic ?eld such as the magnetic ?eld of the Sun or the Galactic magnetic ?eld. As these background ?elds are usually nearly constant in time and space, they can be approximated by a homogeneous ?eld. If there are no additional ?elds, the particle trajectory is a perfect helix along which the par- cle moves at a constant speed. In reality, however, there are turbulent electric and magnetic?elds dueto the interstellaror solar wind plasma. These ?elds lead to sc- tering of the cosmic rays parallel and perpendicular to the background ?eld. These scattering effects, which usually are of diffusive nature, can be described by s- tial diffusion coef?cients or, alternatively, by mean free paths. The knowledge of these parameters is essential for describing cosmic ray propagation as well as d- fusive shock acceleration. The latter process is responsible for the high cosmic ray energies that have been observed. The layout of this book is as follows. In Chap. 1, the general physical scenario is presented. We discuss fundamental processes such as cosmic ray propagation and acceleration in different systems such as the solar system or the interst- lar space. These processes are a consequence of the interaction between charged cosmic particles and an astrophysical plasma (turbulence). The properties of such plasmas are therefore the subject of Chap. 2.

This book offers an overview of the fundamental dynamical processes, which are necessary to understand astrophysical phenomena, from the viewpoint of hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, and radiation hydrodynamics. The book consists of three parts: The first discusses the fundamentals of hydrodynamics necessary to understand the dynamics of astrophysical objects such as stars, interstellar gases and accretion disks. The second part reviews the interactions between gases and magnetic fields on fluid motions - the magnetohydrodynamics - highlighting the important role of magnetic fields in dynamical phenomena under astrophysical environments. The third part focuses on radiation hydrodynamics, introducing the hydrodynamic phenomena characterized by the coupling of radiation and gas motions and further on relativistic radiation hydrodynamics. Intended as a pedagogical introduction for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, it also provides comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals of astrophysical fluid dynamics, making it an effective resource not only for graduate courses, but also for beginners wanting to learn about hydrodynamics, magnetohydrodynamics, and radiation hydrodynamics in astrophysics independently.

This book reviews recent progress in our understanding of tokamak physics related to steady state operation, and addresses the scientific feasibility of a steady state tokamak fusion power system. It covers the physical principles behind continuous tokamak operation and details the challenges remaining and new lines of research towards the realization of such a system. Following a short introduction to tokamak physics and the fundamentals of steady state operation, later chapters cover parallel and perpendicular transport in tokamaks, MHD instabilities in advanced tokamak regimes, control issues, and SOL and divertor plasmas. A final chapter reviews key enabling technologies for steady state reactors, including negative ion source and NBI systems, Gyrotron and ECRF systems, superconductor and magnet systems, and structural materials for reactors. The tokamak has demonstrated an excellent plasma confinement capability with its symmetry, but has an intrinsic drawback with its pulsed operation with inductive operation. Efforts have been made over the last 20 years to realize steady state operation, most promisingly utilizing bootstrap current. Frontiers in Fusion Research II: Introduction to Modern Tokamak Physics will be of interest to graduate students and researchers involved in all aspects of tokamak science and technology.

Theoretical investigations of atoms and molecules interacting with pulsed or continuous wave lasers up to atomic field strengths on the order of 10 DEGREES16 W/cm are leading to an understanding of many challenging experimental discoveries. This book deals with the basics of femtosecond physics and goes up to the latest applications of new phenomena. The book presents an introduction to laser physics with mode-locking and pulsed laser operation. The solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation is discussed both analytically and numerically. The basis for the non-perturbative treatment of laser-matter interaction in the book is the numerical solution of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation. The light field is treated classically, and different possible gauges are discussed. Physical phenomena, ranging from Rabi-oscillations in two-level systems to the ionization of atoms, the generation of high harmonics, the ionization and dissociation of molecules as well as the control of chemical reactions are presented and discussed on a fundamental level. In this way the theoretical background for state of the art experiments with strong and short laser pulses is given. The text is augmented by more than thirty exercises, whose worked-out solutions are given in the last chapter. Some detailed calculations are performed in the appendices. Furthermore, each chapter ends with references to more specialized literature."

This 14th volume in the PUILS series presents up-to-date reviews of advances in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science, an interdisciplinary research field spanning atomic and molecular physics, molecular science, and optical science, which has been stimulated by the rapid developments in ultrafast laser technologies. Each chapter begins with an overview of the topics to be discussed, so that researchers unfamiliar to the subfield, as well as graduate students, can grasp the importance and appeal of the respective subject matter; this is followed by reports on cutting-edge discoveries. This volume covers a broad range of topics from this interdisciplinary field, e.g. atoms and molecules interacting in intense laser fields, laser-induced filamentation, high-order harmonics generation, and high-intensity lasers and their applications.

Evry SCHATZMAN Radio-Astronomie, E. N. S. , Paris, France The recent developments of the Supernova theory and numerical relativity can lead in the near future to an understanding of gravitational collapse and to a reliable prediction of the amplitude of the gravitational waves generated during neutron star formation. These prospects explain the great interest which has developed in the international scientific community for the workshop. We were financially limited in the number of guests and participants and we apologize for not having been able to gather all the specialists actually involved in research programs relevant to gravitational collapse and numerical relativity. This limitation took place despite all the financial assistance which we have received from various institutions, first the C. N. R. S. (Centre National de 1a Recherche Scientifique) which has supported the request of Dr. Monique SIGNORE of organizing a workshop. Furhter help was obtained from I. N. A. G. (Institut National d'Astronomie et de Geophysique), Toulouse University (Universite "Paul Sabatier" or "Toulouse III"), the Toulouse section of C. N. E. S. (Centre National d'Etudes Spatia1es), the Department of theoretical physics of the C. E. A. , the Department of Astrophysique of the C. E. A. (Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires, Saclay), D. R. E. T. (Direction des Recherches Etudes et Techniques) and last but not least an important grant from NATO, whose scientific Committee recognized the international significance of the workshop. The meeting was organized by Professor D.

This thesis focuses on ULF (Ultra-low-frequency) waves' interaction with plasmasphere particles and ring current ions in the inner magnetosphere. It first reports and reveals mutual effect between ULF waves and plasmasphere using Van Allen Probes data. The differences and similarities of different ring current ions interacting with ULF waves are extensively explored using Cluster data, which provides a potential explanation for O+-dominated ring current during the magnetic storms. Furthermore, this thesis finds a method to study the phase relationship between ULF waves and drift-bounce resonant particles, and proposes that the phase relationship can be used to diagnose the parallel structure of standing wave electric field and energy transfer directions between waves and particles. The findings in this thesis can significantly promote our understanding of ULF waves' role in the dynamics of inner magnetosphere.

This text closes the gap between traditional textbooks on structural dynamics and how structural dynamics is practiced in a world driven by commercial software, where performance-based design is increasingly important. The book emphasizes numerical methods, nonlinear response of structures, and the analysis of continuous systems (e.g., wave propagation). Fundamentals of Structural Dynamics: Theory and Computation builds the theory of structural dynamics from simple single-degree-of-freedom systems through complex nonlinear beams and frames in a consistent theoretical context supported by an extensive set of MATLAB codes that not only illustrate and support the principles, but provide powerful tools for exploration. The book is designed for students learning structural dynamics for the first time but also serves as a reference for professionals throughout their careers.

Features Introduces the physics of accelerators, lasers, and plasma in tandem with the industrial methodology of inventiveness. Outlines a path from idea to practical implementation of scientific and technological innovation. Contains more than 380 illustrations and numerous end-of-chapter exercises.

This book presents a sequential representation of the electrodynamics of conducting media with dispersion. In addition to the general electrodynamic formalism, specific media such as classical nondegenerate plasma, degenerate metal plasma, magnetoactive anisotropic plasma, atomic hydrogen gas, semiconductors, and molecular crystals are considered. The book draws on such classics as Electrodynamics of plasma and plasma-like media (Silin and Rukhadze) and Principles of Plasma Electrodynamics (Alexandrov, Bogdankevich, and Rukhadze), yet its outlook is thoroughly modern-both in content and presentation, including both classical and quantum approaches. It explores such recent topics as surface waves on thin layers of plasma and non-dispersive media, the permittivity of a monatomic gas with spatial dispersion, and current-driven instabilities in plasma, among many others. Each chapter is equipped with a large number of problems with solutions that have academic and practical importance. This book will appeal to graduate students as well as researchers and other professionals due to its straight-forward yet thorough treatment of electrodynamics in conducting dispersive media.

This book examines the topics of magnetohydrodynamics and plasma oscillations, in addition to the standard topics discussed to cover courses in electromagnestism, electrodynamics, and fundamentals of physics, to name a few. This textbook on electricity and magnetism is primarily targeted at graduate students of physics. The undergraduate students of physics also find the treatment of the subject useful. The treatment of the special theory of relativity clearly emphasises the Lorentz covariance of Maxwell's equations. The rather abstruse topic of radiation reaction is covered at an elementary level, and the Wheeler-Feynman absorber theory has been dwelt upon briefly in the book.

2 The linearized ideal MHO equations. . . . . . . . . . . . 204 3 Spectral problems corresponding to evolutionary problems . . 211 4 Stability of equilibrium configurations and the Energy Principle 215 5 Alternative forms of the plasma potential energy 220 6 Minimization of the potential energy with respect to a parallel displacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 7 Classification of ideal MHO instabilities . 224 8 The linearized non-ideal MHO equations . 226 Chapter 6. Homogeneous and discretely structured plasma oscillations 229 I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 2 Alfven waves in an incompressible ideal plasma 230 3 Cold ideal plasma oscillations. . . . 233 4 Compressible hot plasma oscillations 236 5 Finite resistivity effects . . . . . . . 239 6 Propagation of waves generated by a local source 240 7 Stratified plasma oscillations . . . . . . . . . 247 8 Oscillations of a plasma slab . . . . . . . . . 254 9 Instabilities of an ideal stratified gravitating plasma 256 10 Instabilities of a resistive stratified gravitating plasma. 262 Chapter 7. MHO oscillations of a gravitating plasma slab 265 I Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 2 Gravitating slab equilibrium . . . . . . . . 266 3 Oscillations of a hot compressible plasma slab 267 4 Investigation of the slab stability via the Energy Principle 270 5 On the discrete spectrum of the operator Kk . . . . . . 274 6 On the essential spectrum of the operator Kk . . . . . . 279 7 On the discrete spectrum embedded in the essential spectrum 282 8 The eigenfunction expansion formula . . . . . . . . . . 285 9 Excitation of plasma oscillations by an external power source . 288 10 The linearized equations governing resistive gravitating plasma slab oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 II Heuristic investigation of resistive instabilities. . . . . . . . . .

This second volume of "Progress in Photon Science - Recent Advances" presents the latest achievements made by world-leading researchers in Russia and Japan. Thanks to recent advances in light source technologies; detection techniques for photons, electrons, and charged particles; and imaging technologies, the frontiers of photon science are now being expanding rapidly. Readers will be introduced to the latest research efforts in this rapidly growing research field through topics covering bioimaging and biological photochemistry, atomic and molecular phenomena in laser fields, laser-plasma interaction, advanced spectroscopy, electron scattering in laser fields, photochemistry on novel materials, solid-state spectroscopy, photoexcitation dynamics of nanostructures and clusters, and light propagation.

This monograph is dedicated to the derivation and analysis of fluid models occurring in plasma physics. It focuses on models involving quasi-neutrality approximation, problems related to laser propagation in a plasma, and coupling plasma waves and electromagnetic waves. Applied mathematicians will find a stimulating introduction to the world of plasma physics and a few open problems that are mathematically rich. Physicists who may be overwhelmed by the abundance of models and uncertain of their underlying assumptions will find basic mathematical properties of the related systems of partial differential equations. A planned second volume will be devoted to kinetic models.

First and foremost, this book mathematically derives certain common fluid models from more general models. Although some of these derivations may be well known to physicists, it is important to highlight the assumptions underlying the derivations and to realize that some seemingly simple approximations turn out to be more complicated than they look. Such approximations are justified using asymptotic analysis wherever possible. Furthermore, efficient simulations of multi-dimensional models require precise statements of the related systems of partial differential equations along with appropriate boundary conditions. Some mathematical properties of these systems are presented which offer hints to those using numerical methods, although numerics is not the primary focus of the book.