Dieses Lehrbuch wendet sich an Studenten der Physik, der Naturwissenschaften oder der Elektrotechnik ab 3. Semester. Die Atomphysik und die dazugehorige Quantenphysik bilden die Grundlage fur viele moderne Gebiete der Physik, der Chemie, Biologie wie auch der Elektrotechnik. Es fuhrt sorgfaltig und leicht verstandlich in die Ergebnisse und Methoden der empirischen Atomphysik ein. Gleichzeitig wird dem Leser das Rustzeug der Quantentheorie vermittelt, wobei die Wechselwirkung zwischen Experiment und Theorie besonders herausgearbeitet wird. Die Autoren haben die neuesten Resultate mit berucksichtigt und behandeln insbesondere auch die fur Grundlagenforschung und Anwendung gleichermassen wichtige Laserphysik und nichtlineare Spektroskopie. Verbesserungen und Erganzungen in der vorliegenden 3. Auflage beziehen sich u.a. auf die Behandlung der relativistischen Klein-Gordon und Dirac-Gleichungen, eine theoretische Ableitung der Lamb-Verschiebung, neue Entwicklungen in der Spektroskopie innerer Schalen, neue Anwendungen der NMR-Spektroskopie, z.B. Tomographie. Ausserdem enthalt diese Auflage eine grosse Anzahl von Ubungsaufgaben einschliesslich der Losungen zur Vertiefung und zum Selbststudium.

1. SYNTHESEPLANUNG ALS ERGEBNIS VON INTUITION, ZUFALLS BEFUNDEN UND BEWUBT LOGISCHER ABLEITUNG . 1 TElL A: GRUNDLAGEN 4 2. ALLGEMEINES 2.1. PLANUNG ALS PROBLEMLOSUNG 4 DER ANALOGIESCHLUB . 5 7 DIE ZWECKRICHTUNG EINER PLANUNG VERSUCHSPLANUNG . 7 OPTIMIERUNGSPROBLEME 8 9 2.2. MOTIVE UND KRITERIEN EINER SYNTHESEPLANUNG . 2.2.1. ALLGEMEINES 9 2.2.2. WICHTIGE PLANUNGSZIELE 10 DER WIRKSTOFF 10 DER FARBSTOFF 10 DAS ZWISCHENPRODUKT UND DAS REAGENZ 10 10 DER KATALYSATOR . DER HILFSSTOFF 11 DER STOFF ALS MEDIUM 11 DER STOFF ALS CHEMISCHER ENERGIESPENDER . 11 DER WERKSTOFF 11 DER STOFF ALS INFORMATION 11 12 DAS VERFAHREN ALS PLANUNGSZIEL . 12 2.3. DIE ROLLE DES COMPUTERS 3. INFORMATION UND DOKUMENTATION 15 3.1. ALLGEMEINES 15 3.2. WIEDERGABEFORMEN VON CHEMISCHER INFORMATION 16 3.2.1. STRUKTURMODELL, STRUKTURFORMEL, TOPOLOGISCHE STRUKTURVERSCHLOSSELUNG 16 3.2.2. DIE CHEMISCHE NOMENKLATUR 19 3.2.3. DIE WISWESSER LINE-NoTATION (WLN) . 19 3.2.4. DER FRAGMENTCODE GREMAS 21 3.2.5. WEITERE FORMEN DER STRUKTURBESCHREIBUNG . 23 3.2.6. THESAURI 23 3.2.7. BESCHREIBUNG VON VERFAHREN UND STOFFSYSTEMEN."

Why do molecules adopt particular shapes? What determines the physical and chemical properties of a material? Molecular Modelling and Bonding answers these questions by introducing the ideas behind molecular and quantum mechanics, using a largely non-mathematical approach. Atomic and molecular orbitals, computational chemistry and bonding in solids are also discussed. A Case Study, Molecular Modelling in Drug Design, explores ways in which computer modelling, in conjunction with experimental techniques, is used to design new drugs. The accompanying CD-ROM illustrates applications of molecular and quantum mechanics, and includes many of the structures and orbitals illustrated in the text. It provides the programs necessary to view orbitals and 3D structures. The Molecular World series provides an integrated introduction to all branches of chemistry for both students wishing to specialise and those wishing to gain a broad understanding of chemistry and its relevance to the everyday world and to other areas of science. The books, with their Case Studies and accompanying multi-media interactive CD-ROMs, will also provide valuable resource material for teachers and lecturers. (The CD-ROMs are designed for use on a PC running Windows 95, 98, ME or 2000.)

Dieses Buch entstand wahrend eines Versuchs, Studenten der Universitat von Colorado mit einigen Aspekten der Quantenmechanik, Spektroskopie und der Struktur von Atomen und MolekUlen vertraut zu machen. Der Autor ist der Uberzeugung, daB Studenten anderer Gebiete der Chemie gegeniiber Physiko- chemikern lange den Vorteil hatten, nach einem einjahrigen Grundkurs For- schungsliteratur lesen zu konnen. In der physikalischen Chemie war jede adaquate Diskussion von Quantenphanomenen gewohnlich Fortgeschrittenen vorbehalten, und folglich entging vielen Studenten wahrend ihres Grundstudiums die Faszination der Bereiche der physikalischen Chemie, die sich mit Quantenmechanik befassen. AuBerdem benotigten die Studenten, die an der Forschung auf den Gebieten der Quantenmechanik und Molekiilstruktur interessiert waren, ein bis zwei Jahre dazu, sich das notwendige Grundwissen anzueignen. Eine moglichst vollstandige Einfiihrung in Quantenphiinomene wahrend des Grundstudiums ermoglicht einen friiheren Beginn der Forschung. Sie bietet den zusatzlichen Vorteil, daB Studenten wahrend des Hauptstudiums an einem Forschungsprojekt auf diesen Gebieten teilnehmen konnen. Die Behandlung von Quantenproblemen im Grund- kurs der physikalischen Chemie erfordert die Auslassung bestimmter Bereiche der klassischen physikalischen Chemie. Die Diskussion, ob solch ein Vorgehen zu rechtfertigen sei oder nicht, wird sicherlich noch einige Zeit fortdauern. Der Autor vertritt jedoch die Meinung, daB es ein zwingendes Argument fiir die Ein- beziehung von Quantenphanomenen gibt. Jede Diskussion iiber Quantenmechanik erfordert ein extensives neues Vokabular und eine neue Symbolik.

The Nature of the Chemical Bond provides a general treatment, essentially nonmathematical, of present (as of 1960) knowledge about the structure of molecules and crystals and the nature of the chemical bond. Among the new features in the third edition are a detailed resonating-valence-bond theory of electron-deficient substances, such as the boranes and ferrocene; a chemical theory of the electronic structure of metals and intermetallic compounds; a discussion of the role of the hydrogen bond in the structures of proteins and nucleic acids; the electroneutrality principle; and other new principles of molecular structure.

In der Lehrbuchliteratur gibt es schon eine Reihe von elemen taren Einfiihrungen in die Theorie der chemischen Bindung, die den Studenten der Chemie mit diesem Kernstiick des theoretischen Tells seiner Wissenschaft bekannt machen sollen. Die hier vorgelegte Ausarbeitung von V orlesungen, die ich in Frankfurt gehalten habe, ware lediglich eine Parallelerscheinung zu diesen Biichern im Bereich der deutschen Literatur (in der bisher ein Buch mit gleicher Absicht fehlt), wenn sie sich nicht im Aufbau merklich von den mir bekanntenDarstellungen unterscheiden wiirde. Die bekannten Biicher fiihren die unumganglichen Elemente der Quantenphysik in der Regel in korpuskularer Sprache ein. Da bei Verwendung dieser Sprache chemische Bindung erst auf den hoheren Stufen der Theorie verstanden werden kann, verliert del' Leser so meistens den Zusammenhang der Bindungsphanomene mit den im System der Quantentheorie erfaf3ten experimentellen Grundtatsachen aus dem Auge. Da nun auf3erdem bei der iiblichen Beschrankung auf die Diskussion des Einkorperproblems ("mole cular orbitals") gerade diejenigen Teile der Theorie sowieso wieder iiber Bord geworfen werden, deren Einfiihrung zunachst so gro13e Schwierigkeiten gemacht (bzw. unklare Vorstellungen erzeugt) hat, schlen es mir mehr Sinn zu haben, den Weg zur Quantentheorie vom klassischen Feldblld her zu nehmen, die korpuskulare also durch die undulatorische Sprache zu ersetzen. Chemische Bindung ist, so gesehen, ein schon klassisch verstandliches Phanomen, eine Tat sache, deren didaktische Bedeutung bisher nach meiner Meinung unterschatzt worden ist. Denjenigen, die mich durch Kritik unterstiitzt haben, mochte ich auch an dieser Stelle herzlich danken."

Acquire knowledge of quantum chemistry concepts, the postulates of quantum mechanics, and the foundations of quantum computing, and execute illustrations made with Python code, Qiskit, and open-source quantum chemistry packages Key Features Be at the forefront of a quest for increased accuracy in chemistry applications and computing Get familiar with some open source quantum chemistry packages to run your own experiments Develop awareness of computational chemistry problems by using postulates of quantum mechanics Book DescriptionExplore quantum chemical concepts and the postulates of quantum mechanics in a modern fashion, with the intent to see how chemistry and computing intertwine. Along the way you'll relate these concepts to quantum information theory and computation. We build a framework of computational tools that lead you through traditional computational methods and straight to the forefront of exciting opportunities. These opportunities will rely on achieving next-generation accuracy by going further than the standard approximations such as beyond Born-Oppenheimer calculations. Discover how leveraging quantum chemistry and computing is a key enabler for overcoming major challenges in the broader chemical industry. The skills that you will learn can be utilized to solve new-age business needs that specifically hinge on quantum chemistry What you will learn Understand mathematical properties of the building blocks of matter Run through the principles of quantum mechanics with illustrations Design quantum gate circuit computations Program in open-source chemistry software packages such as Qiskit (R) Execute state-of-the-art-chemistry calculations and simulations Run companion Jupyter notebooks on the cloud with just a web browser Explain standard approximations in chemical simulations Who this book is forProfessionals interested in chemistry and computer science at the early stages of learning, or interested in a career of quantum computational chemistry and quantum computing, including advanced high school and college students. Helpful to have high school level chemistry, mathematics (algebra), and programming. An introductory level of understanding Python is sufficient to read the code presented to illustrate quantum chemistry and computing

Quantum mechanics embraces the behavior of all known forms of matter, including the atoms and molecules from which we, and all living organisms, are composed. Molecular Quantum Mechanics leads us through this absorbing yet challenging subject, exploring the fundamental physical principles that explain how all matter behaves.
With the clarity of exposition and extensive learning features that have established the book as a leading text in the field, Molecular Quantum Mechanics takes us from the foundations of quantum mechanics, through quantum models of atomic, molecular, and electronic structure, and on to discussions of spectroscopy, and the electronic and magnetic properties of molecules. Lucid explanations and illuminating artworks help to visualise the many abstract concepts upon which the subject is built.
Fully updated to reflect the latest advances in computational techniques, and enhanced with more mathematical support and worked examples than ever before, Molecular Quantum Mechanics remains the ultimate resource for those wishing to master this important subject.
Online Resource Centre
For students:
Interactive worksheets to help students master mathematical concepts through hands-on learning
Solutions to selected exercises and problems
For registered adopters of the book:
Figures in electronic format
Solutions to all exercises and problems

The Handbook of Materials Modeling, 2nd edition is a six-volume major reference serving a steadily growing community at the intersection of two mainstreams of global research: computational science and materials science and technology. This extensively expanded new edition reflects the significant developments in all aspects of computational materials research over the past decade, featuring progress in simulations at multiple scales and increasingly more realistic materials models. Thematically separated into two mutually dependent sets - "Methods: Theory and Modeling (MTM)" and "Applications: Current and Emerging Materials (ACE)" - the handbook runs the entire gamut from theory and methods to simulations and applications. Readers benefit from its in-depth coverage of a broad methodological spectrum extending from advanced atomistic simulations of rare events to data-driven artificial intelligence strategies for materials informatics in the set MTM, as well as forefront emphasis on materials of far-ranging societal importance such as photovoltaics and energy-relevant oxides, and cutting-edge applications to materials for spintronic devices, graphene, cement, and glasses in the set ACE. The thorough, interconnected coverage of methods and applications, together with a line-up of internationally acclaimed editors and authors, will ensure the Handbook of Material Modeling's standing as an enduring source of learning and inspiration for a global community of computational materials scientists.

This Primer presents an introduction to molecular symmetry and point groups with an emphasis on their applications. The author has adopted a non-mathematical approach as far as possible. The text is based on a successful course given by the author.

Self-propelled objects (particles, droplets) are autonomous agents that can convert energy from the environment into motion. These motions include nonlinear behaviour such as oscillations, synchronization, bifurcation, and pattern formation. In recent years, there has been much interest in self-propelled objects for their potential role in mass transport or their use as carriers in confined spaces. An improved understanding of self-organized motion has even allowed researchers to design objects for specific motion. This book gives an overview of the principles of self-propelled motion in chemical objects (particles, droplets) far from their thermodynamic equilibrium, at various spatial scales. Theoretical aspects, the characteristics of the motion and the design procedures of such systems are discussed from the viewpoint of nonlinear dynamics and examples of applications for these nonlinear systems are provided. This book is suitable for researchers and graduate students interested in physical and theoretical chemistry as well as soft matter.

Chemical modelling covers a wide range of hot topics and active areas in computational chemistry and related fields. With the increase in volume, velocity and variety of information, researchers can find it difficult to keep up to date with the literature in these areas. Containing both comprehensive and critical reviews, this book is the first stop for any materials scientist, biochemist, chemist or molecular physicist wishing to acquaint themselves with major developments in the applications and theory of chemical modelling.

This book provides the reader with a unified understanding of the rapidly expanding field of molecular materials and devices: electronic structures and bonding, magnetic, electrical and photo-physical properties, and the mastering of electrons in molecular electronics. This revised edition includes updates and additions on hot topics such as molecular spintronics (the role of spin in electron transport) and molecular machines (how electrons can generate molecular motions). Chemists will discover how to understand the relations between electronic structures and properties of molecular entities and assemblies, and to design new molecules and materials. Physicists and engineers will realize how the molecular world fits in with their need for systems flexible enough to check theories or provide original solutions to exciting new scientific and technological challenges. The non-specialist will find out how molecules behave in electronics at the most minute, sub-nanosize level.

This book provides non-specialists with a basic understanding ofthe underlying concepts of quantum chemistry. It is both a text for second or third-year undergraduates and a reference for researchers who need a quick introduction or refresher. All chemists and many biochemists, materials scientists, engineers, and physicists routinely user spectroscopic measurements and electronic structure computations in their work. The emphasis of Quantum Chemistry on explaining ideas rather than enumerating facts or presenting procedural details makes this an excellent foundation text/reference. The keystone is laid in the first two chapters which deal with molecular symmetry and the postulates of quantum mechanics, respectively. Symmetry is woven through the narrative of the next three chapters dealing with simple models of translational, rotational, and vibrational motion that underlie molecular spectroscopy and statistical thermodynamics. The next two chapters deal with the electronic structure of the hydrogen atom and hydrogen molecule ion, respectively. Having been armed with a basic knowledge of these prototypical systems, the reader is ready to learn, in the next chapter, the fundamental ideas used to deal with the complexities of many-electron atoms and molecules. These somewhat abstract ideas are illustrated with the venerable Huckel model of planar hydrocarbons in the penultimate chapter. The book concludes with an explanation of the bare minimum of technical choices that must be made to do meaningful electronic structure computations using quantum chemistry software packages.

Chemical modelling covers a wide range of disciplines and with the increase in volume, velocity and variety of information, researchers can find it difficult to keep up to date with the literature in this field. This book is the first stop for any materials scientist, biochemist, chemist or molecular physicist wishing to acquaint themselves with major developments in the applications and theory of chemical modelling. Containing both comprehensive and critical reviews, its coverage includes materials for energy storage, nanoflakes, chemical modelling of fluidics near surfaces and organic solar cells.

This book describes atomic orbitals at a level suitable for undergraduates in chemistry. The mathematical treatment is brought to life by many illustrations rendered from mathematical functions (no artists' impressions), including three-dimensional plots of angular functions, showing orbital phase, and contour plots of the wavefunctions that result from orbital hybridisation.Orbitals extends the key fundamental quantum properties to many-electron atoms, linear combinations of atomic orbitals, simple molecules, delocalised systems and atomic spectroscopy. By focusing on simple model systems, use of analogies and avoiding group theory the results are obtained from initial postulates without the need for sophisticated mathematics.

Quantum tunnelling is one of the strangest phenomena in chemistry, where we see the wave nature of atoms acting in "impossible" ways. By letting molecules pass through the kinetic barrier instead of over it, this effect can lead to chemical reactions even close to the absolute zero, to atypical spectroscopic observations, to bizarre selectivity, or to colossal isotopic effects. Quantum mechanical tunnelling observations might be infrequent in chemistry, but it permeates through all its disciplines producing remarkable chemical outcomes. For that reason, the 21st century has seen a great increase in theoretical and experimental findings involving molecular tunnelling effects, as well as in novel techniques that permit their accurate predictions and analysis. Including experimental, computational and theoretical chapters, from the physical and organic to the biochemistry fields, from the applied to the academic arenas, this new book provides a broad and conceptual perspective on tunnelling reactions and how to study them. Quantum Tunnelling in Molecules is the obligatory stop for both the specialist and those new to this world.

This invaluable book provides a balanced and integrated introduction to the quantum world of atoms and molecules. The underlying basis of quantum mechanics is carefully developed, with respect for the historical tradition and from a molecular angle. The fundamental concepts in the theory of atomic and molecular structure are thoroughly discussed, as are the central techniques needed in quantum-chemical applications. Special attention is paid to exposing and clarifying the common ground of Hartree-Fock theory and density-functional theory. Throughout the text, the discussion is pedagogically obliging and aims at simplicity and mathematical clarity, while avoiding the use of advanced mathematics. End-of-chapter problems supplement the main text.

Ions are ubiquitous in chemical, technological, ecological and biological processes. Characterizing their role in these processes in the first place requires the evaluation of the thermodynamic parameters associated with the solvation of a given ion. However, due to the constraint of electroneutrality, the involvement of surface effects and the ambiguous connection between microscopic and macroscopic descriptions, the determination of single-ion solvation properties via both experimental and theoretical approaches has turned out to be a very difficult and highly controversial problem. This unique book provides an up-to-date, compact and consistent account of the research field of single-ion solvation thermodynamics that has over one hundred years of history and still remains largely unsolved. By reviewing the various approaches employed to date, establishing the relevant connections between single-ion thermodynamics and electrochemistry, resolving conceptual ambiguities, and giving an exhaustive data compilation (in the context of alkali and halide hydration), this book provides a consistent synthesis, in depth understanding and clarification of a large and sometimes very confusing research field. The book is primarily aimed at researchers (professors, postgraduates, graduates, and industrial researchers) concerned with processes involving ionic solvation properties (these are ubiquitous, eg. in physical/organic/analytical chemistry, electrochemistry, biochemistry, pharmacology, geology, and ecology). Because of the concept definitions and data compilations it contains, it is also a useful reference book to have in a university library. Finally, it may be of general interest to anyone wanting to learn more about ions and solvation. Key features: - discusses both experimental and theoretical approaches, and establishes the connection between them - provides both an account of the past research (covering over one hundred years) and a discussion of current directions (in particular on the theoretical side) - involves a comprehensive reference list of over 2000 citations - employs a very consistent notation (including table of symbols and unambiguous definitions of all introduced quantities) - provides a discussion and clarification of ambiguous concepts (ie. concepts that have not been defined clearly, or have been defined differently by different authors, leading to confusion in past literature) - encompasses an exhaustive data compilation (in the restricted context of alkali and halide hydration), along with recommended values (after critical analysis of this literature data) - is illustrated by a number of synoptic colour figures, that will help the reader to grasp the connections between different concepts in one single picture

The book consists of two parts: A summary and critical examination of chemical theory as it developed from early beginnings through the dramatic events of the twentieth century, and a reconstruction based on a re-interpretation of the three seminal theories of periodicity, relativity and quantum mechanics in chemical context.

Anticipating the final conclusion that matter and energy are special configurations of space-time, the investigation starts with the topic of relativity, the only theory that has a direct bearing on the topology of space-time and which demonstrates the equivalence of energy and matter and a reciprocal relationship between matter and the curvature of space.

Re-examination of the first quantitative model of the atom, proposed by Bohr, reveals that this theory was abandoned before it had received the attention it deserved. It provided a natural explanation of the Balmer formula that firmly established number as a fundamental parameter in science, rationalized the interaction between radiation and matter, defined the unit of electronic magnetism and produced the fine-structure constant. These are not accidental achievements and in reworking the model it is shown, after all, to be compatible with the theory of angular momentum, on the basis of which it was first rejected with unbecoming haste.

The Sommerfeld extension of the Bohr model was based on more general quantization rules and, although more successful at the time, is demonstrated to have introduced the red herring of tetrahedrally directed elliptic orbits, which still haunts most models of chemical bonding. The gestation period between Bohr and the formulation of quantum mechanics was dominated by the discovery and recognition of wave phenomena in theories of matter, to the extent that all formulations of the quantum theory developed from the same classical-mechanical background and the Hamiltonian description of multiply-periodic systems. The reasons for the fierce debates on the interpretation of phenomena such as quantum jumps and wave models of the atom are discussed in the context of later developments. The successful, but unreasonable, suppression of the Schrodinger, Madelung and Bohm interpretations of quantum theory is shown not to have served chemistry well. The inflated claims about uniqueness of quantum systems created a mystique that continues to frighten students of chemistry. Unreasonable models of electrons, atoms and molecules have alienated chemists from their roots, paying lip service to borrowed concepts such as measurement problems, quantum uncertainty, lack of reality, quantum logic, probability density and other ghostlike phenomena without any relevance in chemistry. In fact, classical and non-classical systems are closely linked through concepts such as wave motion, quantum potential and dynamic variables.

The second part of the book re-examines the traditional concepts of chemistry against the background of physical theories adapted for chemistry. An alternative theory is formulated from the recognition that the processes of chemistry happen in crowded environments that promote activated states of matter. Compressive activation, modelled by the methods of Hartree-Fock-Slater atomic structure simulation, leads to an understanding of elemental periodicity, the electronegativity function and covalence as a manifestation of space-time structure and the golden ratio. Molecular structure and shape are related to orbital angular momentum and chemical change is shown to be dictated by the quantum potential. The empirical parameters used in computer simulations such as molecular mechanics and dynamics are shown to derive in a fundamental way from the relationship between covalence and the golden ratio, which also explains the physical basis of Pauli s exclusion principle for the first time."

This is currently the only book available on the development of knowledge-based, and related, expert systems in chemistry and toxicology. Written by a pioneer in the field, it shows how computers can work with qualitative information where precise numerical methods are not satisfactory. An underlying theme is the current concern in society about the conflicts between basing decisions on reasoned judgements and wanting precise decisions and measurable effectiveness. As well as explaining how the computer programs work, the book provides insights into how personal and political factors influence scientific progress. The introduction of regulations such as REACH in Europe and modifications to UN and OECD Guidelines on assessment of chemical hazard mean that the use of toxicity prediction is at a turning point. They put a heavy burden on the chemical industry but, for the first time, allow for the use of computer prediction to support or replace in vivo and in vitro experiments. There is increasing recognition among scientists and regulators that qualitative computer methods have much to offer and that in some circumstances they may be more reliable and informative than quantitative methods. This excellent introduction to a field where employment opportunities are growing is aimed at students, scientists and academics with a knowledge of chemistry.

Written by one of the world's foremost authorities in the chemical bond, this textbook is ideal for courses on chemical bonding in chemistry departments at the senior/first year graduate level and can also be used to supplement inorganic survey courses needing an increased focus on bonding. The ideal course will contain the word "Bonding" in the course title, e.g. Chemical Bonding. The text starts with the basic principles of bonding and proceeds to advanced level topics in the same volume. It provides undergraduate (and 1st year graduate) students with an introduction to models and theories of chemical bonding and geometry as applied to the molecules of the main group elements. It gives students an understanding of how the concept of the the chemical bond has developed from its earliest days, through Lewis' brillant concept of the electron pair bond, up until the present day. The texts also elucidates the relationships between these various models and theories. Particular emphasis is placed on the valence-shell electron pair (VSEPR) and ligand close packing (LCP) models as well as the analysis of electron density distributions by the atoms in molecules (AIM) theory. The book is ideal for courses specifically devoted to bindng or to supplement inorganic chemistry courses at both the intermediate and adavanced levels.