The area in which people speak Urdu as their mother tongue includes east and west Pakistan (where, with Bangali, it functions as the official language of the land) and northern India. The language in this volume is based on the Urdu dialect of the educated population of Pakistan. The purpose of the book is to provide the basic grammatical equipment and vocabulary necessary to conduct oneself in areas of Pakistan and India in which Urdu is the language of communication. Developed over a period of fifteen years, it is designed for students who have little or nor linguistic training.

Specially designed for students of Arabic, this textbook presents a selection of authentic Arabian Night stories in simplified language providing learners of Modern Standard Arabic access to this classic of Arabic literature. Each story is fully supported by a range of comprehension, vocabulary-building, grammar reinforcement activities and exercises as well as an audio version of the story, which can be accessed at www.routledge.com/9781138948228. Ideal for class-use or self-study, students will enhance their reading, listening, and writing skills while developing the ability to analyze literary texts, reason critically, and broaden their understanding and appreciation of different layers of Arab culture.

Optische Instrumente des 17. Jahrhunderts aus Augsburg sind kaum erhalten. Auch die fruhen Optiker sind nahezu volligem Vergessen anheimgefallen. Mit ihrer Arbeit uber Johann Wiesel und seine Nachfolger schliesst die Verfasserin daher nicht nur eine Lucke in der Handwerksgeschichte Augsburgs, sondern erbringt auch einen Beitrag zur Fruhgeschichte der optischen Instrumente. Die Autorin, die als Expertin ihres Forschungsgebietes internationale Anerkennung geniesst, hat eine aussergewohnliche Rekonstruktionsleistung vollbracht. Was Inge Keil in ihrer Monographie erstmals und akribisch untersucht, ist eine bislang kaum bekannte Verknupfung von Augsburger Leistungen mit der europaischen Entwicklung. Obwohl die Hauptperson, um die es in der Darstellung geht, mit der Signatur "Augustanus Opticus" ihre Stadtzugehorigkeit betonte, handelte es sich um einen zeitgenossisch europaweit bekannten und vernetzten Erfinder und Hersteller fortgeschrittener optischer Technologie. Fur eine bestimmte Phase stellten Gerate aus Augsburger Fertigung weltweit fuhrende Spitzenprodukte dar, stand also die oberdeutsche Reichsstadt und Zentrale sudmitteleuropaischen Austausches auch in dieser Hinsicht im Mittelpunkt der einschlagigen Welt."

The Routledge Intermediate Brazilian Reader is a comprehensive reader aimed at intermediate level students of Brazilian Portuguese. The aim is to provide a structured language teaching resource that is enjoyable and stimulating for learners, but that also provides meaningful cultural contexts. This Brazilian Reader consists of twenty readings graded on the basis of complexity of vocabulary, grammar and syntax. It presents a range of different text types which give a good representation of contemporary Brazilian writing, including fiction and non-fiction by some of Brazil's most prominent and popular authors. Key features include: vocabulary lists for quick reference reading comprehension questions exercises to learn and review important vocabulary focus on idiomatic expressions full answer key to vocabulary and idiom exercises Portuguese-English glossary at the back Suitable for both class use and independent study, The Routledge Intermediate Brazilian Reader is an essential tool for facilitating vocabulary learning and increasing reading proficiency.

* Interesting and varied range of topics that present students with the contemporary issues shaping the modern Hispanic world. * All texts included are authentic and drawn from a diverse pool of authors of different genders, ages, generations, geographic areas, and schools of thought * Exercises help students develop their reading, writing, speaking, and critical thinking skills as they learn about the most contemporary issues shaping the Hispanic world.

Although his audacious, erotic, and satirical verses survived the Middle Ages in only a single copy, Catullus has become in our time a canonical author, ranking in popularity and importance with Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. And for students and teachers of Latin, Daniel H. Garrison's "The Student's Catullus" is a definitive introductory text. This fourth edition, thoroughly revised, makes Catullus' famous poems more accessible than ever.
A comprehensive reference, "The Student's Catullus" includes the following features:
- A brief overview of Catullus's life and artistic persona
- A fresh recension of all 113 poems
- A commentary in English on each poem, explaining difficult points of Latin and salient aspects of Catullus' artistry
- A Who's Who of the people in Catullus' poems
- An explanation of Catullan meters
- A glossary of literary terms used in the commentary
- A complete Latin-English Catullan vocabulary
- Six reference maps
New to this fourth edition are dozens of additional notes to aid comprehension, more nuanced definitions in the vocabulary list, and amplified information in the appendices. In addition, Garrison has expanded his introduction to include tips for students and teachers. Drawing on years of classroom experience, Garrison urges readers to avoid rote translation and instead engage thoroughly with the poet's delightful language, syntax, structure, and rhythm.

Reading Hindi: Novice to Intermediate is an innovative collection of graded readings that are both accessible in language and engaging in content, specifically designed for adult learners of Hindi. Ideal for those just starting out in Hindi, the texts provide culturally rich content written in simple, level-appropriate language, with a range of activities to reinforce learning. The graded readings support the learner as they build their confidence with the language, gradually encountering a wider range of grammar constructions and vocabulary as the book progresses. Reading Hindi can be used alongside a main textbook and is ideal for both class-use and independent study.