One of the ways in which topology has influenced other branches of mathematics in the past few decades is by putting the study of continuity and convergence into a general setting. This new edition of Wilson Sutherland's classic text introduces metric and topological spaces by describing some of that influence. The aim is to move gradually from familiar real analysis to abstract topological spaces, using metric spaces as a bridge between the two. The language of metric and topological spaces is established with continuity as the motivating concept. Several concepts are introduced, first in metric spaces and then repeated for topological spaces, to help convey familiarity. The discussion develops to cover connectedness, compactness and completeness, a trio widely used in the rest of mathematics.
Topology also has a more geometric aspect which is familiar in popular expositions of the subject as rubber-sheet geometry', with pictures of Mobius bands, doughnuts, Klein bottles and the like; this geometric aspect is illustrated by describing some standard surfaces, and it is shown how all this fits into the same story as the more analytic developments.
The book is primarily aimed at second- or third-year mathematics students. There are numerous exercises, many of the more challenging ones accompanied by hints, as well as a companion website, with further explanations and examples as well as material supplementary to that in the book."

Analysis (sometimes called Real Analysis or Advanced Calculus) is a core subject in most undergraduate mathematics degrees. It is elegant, clever and rewarding to learn, but it is hard. Even the best students find it challenging, and those who are unprepared often find it incomprehensible at first. This book aims to ensure that no student need be unprepared. It is not like other Analysis books. It is not a textbook containing standard content. Rather, it is designed to be read before arriving at university and/or before starting an Analysis course, or as a companion text once a course is begun. It provides a friendly and readable introduction to the subject by building on the student's existing understanding of six key topics: sequences, series, continuity, differentiability, integrability and the real numbers. It explains how mathematicians develop and use sophisticated formal versions of these ideas, and provides a detailed introduction to the central definitions, theorems and proofs, pointing out typical areas of difficulty and confusion and explaining how to overcome these. The book also provides study advice focused on the skills that students need if they are to build on this introduction and learn successfully in their own Analysis courses: it explains how to understand definitions, theorems and proofs by relating them to examples and diagrams, how to think productively about proofs, and how theories are taught in lectures and books on advanced mathematics. It also offers practical guidance on strategies for effective study planning. The advice throughout is research based and is presented in an engaging style that will be accessible to students who are new to advanced abstract mathematics.

This book gathers together a novel collection of problems in mathematical analysis that are challenging and worth studying. They cover most of the classical topics of a course in mathematical analysis, and include challenges presented with an increasing level of difficulty. Problems are designed to encourage creativity, and some of them were especially crafted to lead to open problems which might be of interest for students seeking motivation to get a start in research. The sets of problems are comprised in Part I. The exercises are arranged on topics, many of them being preceded by supporting theory. Content starts with limits, series of real numbers and power series, extending to derivatives and their applications, partial derivatives and implicit functions. Difficult problems have been structured in parts, helping the reader to find a solution. Challenges and open problems are scattered throughout the text, being an invitation to discover new original methods for proving known results and establishing new ones. The final two chapters offer ambitious readers splendid problems and two new proofs of a famous quadratic series involving harmonic numbers. In Part II, the reader will find solutions to the proposed exercises. Undergraduate students in mathematics, physics and engineering, seeking to strengthen their skills in analysis, will most benefit from this work, along with instructors involved in math contests, individuals who want to enrich and test their knowledge in analysis, and anyone willing to explore the standard topics of mathematical analysis in ways that aren't commonly seen in regular textbooks.

Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis explores real and functional analysis with a substantial component on topology. The three leading chapters furnish background information on the real and complex number fields, a concise introduction to set theory, and a rigorous treatment of vector spaces. Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis is an extensive study of metric spaces, including the core topics of completeness, compactness and function spaces, with a good number of applications. The later chapters consist of an introduction to general topology, a classical treatment of Banach and Hilbert spaces, the elements of operator theory, and a deep account of measure and integration theories. Several courses can be based on the book. This book is suitable for a two-semester course on analysis, and material can be chosen to design one-semester courses on topology or real analysis. It is designed as an accessible classical introduction to the subject and aims to achieve excellent breadth and depth and contains an abundance of examples and exercises. The topics are carefully sequenced, the proofs are detailed, and the writing style is clear and concise. The only prerequisites assumed are a thorough understanding of undergraduate real analysis and linear algebra, and a degree of mathematical maturity.

A uniquely accessible book for general measure and integration, emphasizing the real line, Euclidean space, and the underlying role of translation in real analysis

"Measure and Integration: A Concise Introduction to Real Analysis" presents the basic concepts and methods that are important for successfully reading and understanding proofs. Blending coverage of both fundamental and specialized topics, this book serves as a practical and thorough introduction to measure and integration, while also facilitating a basic understanding of real analysis.

The author develops the theory of measure and integration on abstract measure spaces with an emphasis of the real line and Euclidean space. Additional topical coverage includes:

Measure spaces, outer measures, and extension theorems

Lebesgue measure on the line and in Euclidean space

Measurable functions, Egoroff's theorem, and Lusin's theorem

Convergence theorems for integrals

Product measures and Fubini's theorem

Differentiation theorems for functions of real variables

Decomposition theorems for signed measures

Absolute continuity and the Radon-Nikodym theorem

Lp spaces, continuous-function spaces, and duality theorems

Translation-invariant subspaces of L2 and applications

The book's presentation lays the foundation for further study of functional analysis, harmonic analysis, and probability, and its treatment of real analysis highlights the fundamental role of translations. Each theorem is accompanied by opportunities to employ the concept, as numerous exercises explore applications including convolutions, Fourier transforms, and differentiation across the integral sign.

Providing an efficient and readable treatment of this classical subject, "Measure and Integration: A Concise Introduction to Real Analysis" is a useful book for courses in real analysis at the graduate level. It is also a valuable reference for practitioners in the mathematical sciences.

This is a text that develops calculus 'from scratch', with complete rigorous arguments. Its aim is to introduce the reader not only to the basic facts about calculus but, as importantly, to mathematical reasoning. It covers in great detail calculus of one variable and multivariable calculus. Additionally it offers a basic introduction to the topology of Euclidean space. It is intended to more advanced or highly motivated undergraduates.

Thorough introduction to an important area of mathematics Contains recent results Includes many exercises

This book provides a comprehensive, in-depth overview of elementary mathematics as explored in Mathematical Olympiads around the world. It expands on topics usually encountered in high school and could even be used as preparation for a first-semester undergraduate course. This first volume covers Real Numbers, Functions, Real Analysis, Systems of Equations, Limits and Derivatives, and much more. As part of a collection, the book differs from other publications in this field by not being a mere selection of questions or a set of tips and tricks that applies to specific problems. It starts from the most basic theoretical principles, without being either too general or too axiomatic. Examples and problems are discussed only if they are helpful as applications of the theory. Propositions are proved in detail and subsequently applied to Olympic problems or to other problems at the Olympic level. The book also explores some of the hardest problems presented at National and International Mathematics Olympiads, as well as many essential theorems related to the content. An extensive Appendix offering hints on or full solutions for all difficult problems rounds out the book.

This textbook is designed for a year-long course in real analysis taken by beginning graduate and advanced undergraduate students in mathematics and other areas such as statistics, engineering, and economics. Written by one of the leading scholars in the field, it elegantly explores the core concepts in real analysis and introduces new, accessible methods for both students and instructors. The first half of the book develops both Lebesgue measure and, with essentially no additional work for the student, general Borel measures for the real line. Notation indicates when a result holds only for Lebesgue measure. Differentiation and absolute continuity are presented using a local maximal function, resulting in an exposition that is both simpler and more general than the traditional approach. The second half deals with general measures and functional analysis, including Hilbert spaces, Fourier series, and the Riesz representation theorem for positive linear functionals on continuous functions with compact support. To correctly discuss weak limits of measures, one needs the notion of a topological space rather than just a metric space, so general topology is introduced in terms of a base of neighborhoods at a point. The development of results then proceeds in parallel with results for metric spaces, where the base is generated by balls centered at a point. The text concludes with appendices on covering theorems for higher dimensions and a short introduction to nonstandard analysis including important applications to probability theory and mathematical economics.

While most texts on real analysis are content to assume the real numbers, or to treat them only briefly, this text makes a serious study of the real number system and the issues it brings to light. Analysis needs the real numbers to model the line, and to support the concepts of continuity and measure. But these seemingly simple requirements lead to deep issues of set theory-uncountability, the axiom of choice, and large cardinals. In fact, virtually all the concepts of infinite set theory are needed for a proper understanding of the real numbers, and hence of analysis itself. By focusing on the set-theoretic aspects of analysis, this text makes the best of two worlds: it combines a down-to-earth introduction to set theory with an exposition of the essence of analysis-the study of infinite processes on the real numbers. It is intended for senior undergraduates, but it will also be attractive to graduate students and professional mathematicians who, until now, have been content to "assume" the real numbers. Its prerequisites are calculus and basic mathematics. Mathematical history is woven into the text, explaining how the concepts of real number and infinity developed to meet the needs of analysis from ancient times to the late twentieth century. This rich presentation of history, along with a background of proofs, examples, exercises, and explanatory remarks, will help motivate the reader. The material covered includes classic topics from both set theory and real analysis courses, such as countable and uncountable sets, countable ordinals, the continuum problem, the Cantor-Schroeder-Bernstein theorem, continuous functions, uniform convergence, Zorn's lemma, Borel sets, Baire functions, Lebesgue measure, and Riemann integrable functions.

Assuming minimal background on the part of students, this text gradually develops the principles of basic real analysis and presents the background necessary to understand applications used in such disciplines as statistics, operations research, and engineering. The text presents the first elementary exposition of the gauge integral and offers a clear and thorough introduction to real numbers, developing topics in n-dimensions, and functions of several variables. Detailed treatments of Lagrange multipliers and the Kuhn-Tucker Theorem are also presented. The text concludes with coverage of important topics in abstract analysis, including the Stone-Weierstrass Theorem and the Banach Contraction Principle.

This book studies the large deviations for empirical measures and vector-valued additive functionals of Markov chains with general state space. Under suitable recurrence conditions, the ergodic theorem for additive functionals of a Markov chain asserts the almost sure convergence of the averages of a real or vector-valued function of the chain to the mean of the function with respect to the invariant distribution. In the case of empirical measures, the ergodic theorem states the almost sure convergence in a suitable sense to the invariant distribution. The large deviation theorems provide precise asymptotic estimates at logarithmic level of the probabilities of deviating from the preponderant behavior asserted by the ergodic theorems.

Regression analysis of cause effect relationships is increasingly the core of medical and health research. This work is a 2nd edition of a 2017 pretty complete textbook and tutorial for students as well as recollection / update bench and help desk for professionals. It came to the authors' attention, that information of history, background, and purposes, of the regression methods addressed were scanty. Lacking information about all of that has now been entirely covered. The editorial art work of the first edition, however pretty, was less appreciated by some readerships, than were the original output sheets from the statistical programs as used. Therefore, the editorial art work has now been systematically replaced with original statistical software tables and graphs for the benefit of an improved usage and understanding of the methods. In the past few years, professionals have been flooded with big data. The Covid-19 pandemic gave cause for statistical software companies to foster novel analytic programs better accounting outliers and skewness. Novel fields of regression analysis adequate for such data, like sparse canonical regressions and quantile regressions, have been included.

A typical source of mistakes that frequently lead to a wrong or incomplete solution for the antiderivative of a given real function of one real variable is a misuse of the technique of change of variable. The increasing implementation of software in apparently mechanic tasks such as the calculation of antiderivatives has not improved the situation, yet those software packages issue generic warnings such as "the answer's is not guaranteed to be continuous" or "the solution might be only valid for parts of the function". The practical meaning of those vague machine messages is clearly envisaged in this book, which shows how to handle the technique of change of variable in order to provide correct solutions. This book is monographically focused on elementary antidifferentiation and reasonably self-contained, yet it is written in a "hand-book" style: it has plenty of examples and graphics in an increasing level of difficulty; the most standard changes of variable are studied and the hardest theoretic parts are included in a final Appendix. Each practical chapter has a list of exercises and solutions. This book is intended for instructors and university students of Mathematics of first and second year.

Mathematical analysis serves as a common foundation for many research areas of pure and applied mathematics. It is also an important and powerful tool used in many other fields of science, including physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, finance, and economics. In this book, some basic theories of analysis are presented, including metric spaces and their properties, limit of sequences, continuous function, differentiation, Riemann integral, uniform convergence, and series.After going through a sequence of courses on basic calculus and linear algebra, it is desirable for one to spend a reasonable length of time (ideally, say, one semester) to build an advanced base of analysis sufficient for getting into various research fields other than analysis itself, and/or stepping into more advanced levels of analysis courses (such as real analysis, complex analysis, differential equations, functional analysis, stochastic analysis, amongst others). This book is written to meet such a demand. Readers will find the treatment of the material is as concise as possible, but still maintaining all the necessary details.

This book offers to the reader a self-contained treatment and systematic exposition of the real-valued theory of a nonabsolute integral on measure spaces. It is an introductory textbook to Henstock-Kurzweil type integrals defined on abstract spaces. It contains both classical and original results that are accessible to a large class of readers.It is widely acknowledged that the biggest difficulty in defining a Henstock-Kurzweil integral beyond Euclidean spaces is the definition of a set of measurable sets which will play the role of 'intervals' in the abstract setting. In this book the author shows a creative and innovative way of defining 'intervals' in measure spaces, and prove many interesting and important results including the well-known Radon-Nikodym theorem.

The book contains a rigorous exposition of calculus of a single real variable. It covers the standard topics of an introductory analysis course, namely, functions, continuity, differentiability, sequences and series of numbers, sequences and series of functions, and integration. A direct treatment of the Lebesgue integral, based solely on the concept of absolutely convergent series, is presented, which is a unique feature of a textbook at this level. The standard material is complemented by topics usually not found in comparable textbooks, for example, elementary functions are rigorously defined and their properties are carefully derived and an introduction to Fourier series is presented as an example of application of the Lebesgue integral.The text is for a post-calculus course for students majoring in mathematics or mathematics education. It will provide students with a solid background for further studies in analysis, deepen their understanding of calculus, and provide sound training in rigorous mathematical proof.

This second edition introduces an additional set of new mathematical problems with their detailed solutions in real analysis. It also provides numerous improved solutions to the existing problems from the previous edition, and includes very useful tips and skills for the readers to master successfully. There are three more chapters that expand further on the topics of Bernoulli numbers, differential equations and metric spaces.Each chapter has a summary of basic points, in which some fundamental definitions and results are prepared. This also contains many brief historical comments for some significant mathematical results in real analysis together with many references.Problems and Solutions in Real Analysis can be treated as a collection of advanced exercises by undergraduate students during or after their courses of calculus and linear algebra. It is also instructive for graduate students who are interested in analytic number theory. Readers will also be able to completely grasp a simple and elementary proof of the Prime Number Theorem through several exercises. This volume is also suitable for non-experts who wish to understand mathematical analysis.

This second edition introduces an additional set of new mathematical problems with their detailed solutions in real analysis. It also provides numerous improved solutions to the existing problems from the previous edition, and includes very useful tips and skills for the readers to master successfully. There are three more chapters that expand further on the topics of Bernoulli numbers, differential equations and metric spaces.Each chapter has a summary of basic points, in which some fundamental definitions and results are prepared. This also contains many brief historical comments for some significant mathematical results in real analysis together with many references.Problems and Solutions in Real Analysis can be treated as a collection of advanced exercises by undergraduate students during or after their courses of calculus and linear algebra. It is also instructive for graduate students who are interested in analytic number theory. Readers will also be able to completely grasp a simple and elementary proof of the Prime Number Theorem through several exercises. This volume is also suitable for non-experts who wish to understand mathematical analysis.

The main subject of the monograph is the fractional calculus in the discrete version. The volume is divided into three main parts. Part one contains a theoretical introduction to the classical and fractional-order discrete calculus where the fundamental role is played by the backward difference and sum. In the second part, selected applications of the discrete fractional calculus in the discrete system control theory are presented. In the discrete system identification, analysis and synthesis, one can consider integer or fractional models based on the fractional-order difference equations. The third part of the book is devoted to digital image processing.

Real analysis provides the fundamental underpinnings for calculus, arguably the most useful and influential mathematical idea ever invented. It is a core subject in any mathematics degree, and also one which many students find challenging. A Sequential Introduction to Real Analysis gives a fresh take on real analysis by formulating all the underlying concepts in terms of convergence of sequences. The result is a coherent, mathematically rigorous, but conceptually simple development of the standard theory of differential and integral calculus ideally suited to undergraduate students learning real analysis for the first time.This book can be used as the basis of an undergraduate real analysis course, or used as further reading material to give an alternative perspective within a conventional real analysis course.

This classic book is a text for a standard introductory course in real analysis, covering sequences and series, limits and continuity, differentiation, elementary transcendental functions, integration, infinite series and products, and trigonometric series. The author has scrupulously avoided any presumption at all that the reader has any knowledge of mathematical concepts until they are formally presented in the book. One significant way in which this book differs from other texts at this level is that the integral which is first mentioned is the Lebesgue integral on the real line. There are at least three good reasons for doing this. First, this approach is no more difficult to understand than is the traditional theory of the Riemann integral. Second, the readers will profit from acquiring a thorough understanding of Lebesgue integration on Euclidean spaces before they enter into a study of abstract measure theory. Third, this is the integral that is most useful to current applied mathematicians and theoretical scientists, and is essential for any serious work with trigonometric series. The exercise sets are a particularly attractive feature of this book. A great many of the exercises are projects of many parts which, when completed in the order given, lead the student by easy stages to important and interesting results. Many of the exercises are supplied with copious hints. This new printing contains a large number of corrections and a short author biography as well as a list of selected publications of the author.

Part 1 begins with an overview of properties of the real numbers and starts to introduce the notions of set theory. The absolute value and in particular inequalities are considered in great detail before functions and their basic properties are handled. From this the authors move to differential and integral calculus. Many examples are discussed. Proofs not depending on a deeper understanding of the completeness of the real numbers are provided. As a typical calculus module, this part is thought as an interface from school to university analysis.Part 2 returns to the structure of the real numbers, most of all to the problem of their completeness which is discussed in great depth. Once the completeness of the real line is settled the authors revisit the main results of Part 1 and provide complete proofs. Moreover they develop differential and integral calculus on a rigorous basis much further by discussing uniform convergence and the interchanging of limits, infinite series (including Taylor series) and infinite products, improper integrals and the gamma function. In addition they discussed in more detail as usual monotone and convex functions.Finally, the authors supply a number of Appendices, among them Appendices on basic mathematical logic, more on set theory, the Peano axioms and mathematical induction, and on further discussions of the completeness of the real numbers. Remarkably, Volume I contains ca. 360 problems with complete, detailed solutions.

This book presents a unified treatise of the theory of measure and integration. In the setting of a general measure space, every concept is defined precisely and every theorem is presented with a clear and complete proof with all the relevant details. Counter-examples are provided to show that certain conditions in the hypothesis of a theorem cannot be simply dropped. The dependence of a theorem on earlier theorems is explicitly indicated in the proof, not only to facilitate reading but also to delineate the structure of the theory. The precision and clarity of presentation make the book an ideal textbook for a graduate course in real analysis while the wealth of topics treated also make the book a valuable reference work for mathematicians.The book is also very helpful to graduate students in statistics and electrical engineering, two disciplines that apply measure theory.

"A course in real analysis" discusses important topics of undergraduate real analysis course like Uniform Convergence, Multiple Integrals, Surface Integrals in detail. The book is self-contained and all concepts are introduced with motivation and explained through a large number of solved examples. A good number of thought provoking problems are included at the end of each chapter so that students can master the ideas and concepts given. Exhaustive bibliography is added to enhance further reading.