Intended for a one- or two-semester course, this text applies basic, one-variable calculus to analyze the motion both of planets in their orbits as well as interplanetary spacecraft in their trajectories. The remarkable spacecraft missions to the inner and outermost reaches of our solar system have been one of the greatest success stories of modern human history. Much of the underlying mathematical story is presented alongside the astonishing images and extensive data that NASA's Voyager, NEAR-Shoemaker, Cassini, and Juno missions have sent back to us. First and second year college students in mathematics, engineering, or science, and those seeking an enriching independent study, will experience the mathematical language and methods of single variable calculus within their application to relevant conceptual and strategic aspects of the navigation of a spacecraft. The reader is expected to have taken one or two semesters of the basic calculus of derivatives, integrals, and the role that limits play. Additional prerequisites include knowledge of coordinate plane geometry, basic trigonometry, functions and graphs, including trig, inverse, exponential, and log functions. The discussions begin with the rich history of humanity's efforts to understand the universe from the Greeks, to Newton and the Scientific Revolution, to Hubble and galaxies, to NASA and the space missions. The calculus of polar functions that plays a central mathematical role is presented in a self-contained way in complete detail. Each of the six chapters is followed by an extensive problem set that deals with and also expands on the concerns of the chapter. The instructor has the flexibility to engage them with greater or lesser intensity. "I have been an aerospace engineer for 39 years and honestly, it would be hard for me to overstate how valuable I believe this book will be to numerous scientific and engineering disciplines and in particular to the future of aerospace engineering ... This book is perfectly crafted to motivate, educate, and prepare the scientists and engineers who wish to reach for the sky and beyond." -Dr. Mario Zoccoli, Aerospace Engineer, NASA and Lockheed Martin

A uniquely accessible book for general measure and integration, emphasizing the real line, Euclidean space, and the underlying role of translation in real analysis

"Measure and Integration: A Concise Introduction to Real Analysis" presents the basic concepts and methods that are important for successfully reading and understanding proofs. Blending coverage of both fundamental and specialized topics, this book serves as a practical and thorough introduction to measure and integration, while also facilitating a basic understanding of real analysis.

The author develops the theory of measure and integration on abstract measure spaces with an emphasis of the real line and Euclidean space. Additional topical coverage includes:

Measure spaces, outer measures, and extension theorems

Lebesgue measure on the line and in Euclidean space

Measurable functions, Egoroff's theorem, and Lusin's theorem

Convergence theorems for integrals

Product measures and Fubini's theorem

Differentiation theorems for functions of real variables

Decomposition theorems for signed measures

Absolute continuity and the Radon-Nikodym theorem

Lp spaces, continuous-function spaces, and duality theorems

Translation-invariant subspaces of L2 and applications

The book's presentation lays the foundation for further study of functional analysis, harmonic analysis, and probability, and its treatment of real analysis highlights the fundamental role of translations. Each theorem is accompanied by opportunities to employ the concept, as numerous exercises explore applications including convolutions, Fourier transforms, and differentiation across the integral sign.

Providing an efficient and readable treatment of this classical subject, "Measure and Integration: A Concise Introduction to Real Analysis" is a useful book for courses in real analysis at the graduate level. It is also a valuable reference for practitioners in the mathematical sciences.

This volume presents in a unified manner both classic as well as modern research results devoted to trigonometric sums. Such sums play an integral role in the formulation and understanding of a broad spectrum of problems which range over surprisingly many and different research areas. Fundamental and new developments are presented to discern solutions to problems across several scientific disciplines. Graduate students and researchers will find within this book numerous examples and a plethora of results related to trigonometric sums through pure and applied research along with open problems and new directions for future research.

This book deals with the development of Diophantine problems starting with Thue's path breaking result and culminating in Roth's theorem with applications. It discusses classical results including Hermite-Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem, Gelfond-Schneider theorem, Schmidt's subspace theorem and more. It also includes two theorems of Ramachandra which are not widely known and other interesting results derived on the values of Weierstrass elliptic function. Given the constantly growing number of applications of linear forms in logarithms, it is becoming increasingly important for any student wanting to work in this area to know the proofs of Baker's original results. This book presents Baker's original results in a format suitable for graduate students, with a focus on presenting the content in an accessible and simple manner. Each student-friendly chapter concludes with selected problems in the form of "Exercises" and interesting information presented as "Notes," intended to spark readers' curiosity.

This book aims to establish a foundation for fractional derivatives and fractional differential equations. The theory of fractional derivatives enables considering any positive order of differentiation. The history of research in this field is very long, with its origins dating back to Leibniz. Since then, many great mathematicians, such as Abel, have made contributions that cover not only theoretical aspects but also physical applications of fractional calculus. The fractional partial differential equations govern phenomena depending both on spatial and time variables and require more subtle treatments. Moreover, fractional partial differential equations are highly demanded model equations for solving real-world problems such as the anomalous diffusion in heterogeneous media. The studies of fractional partial differential equations have continued to expand explosively. However we observe that available mathematical theory for fractional partial differential equations is not still complete. In particular, operator-theoretical approaches are indispensable for some generalized categories of solutions such as weak solutions, but feasible operator-theoretic foundations for wide applications are not available in monographs. To make this monograph more readable, we are restricting it to a few fundamental types of time-fractional partial differential equations, forgoing many other important and exciting topics such as stability for nonlinear problems. However, we believe that this book works well as an introduction to mathematical research in such vast fields.

This book presents a compact and self-contained introduction to the theory of measure and integration. The introduction into this theory is as necessary (because of its multiple applications) as difficult for the uninitiated. Most measure theory treaties involve a large amount of prerequisites and present crucial theoretical challenges. By taking on another approach, this textbook provides less experienced readers with material that allows an easy access to the definition and main properties of the Lebesgue integral. The book will be welcomed by upper undergraduate/early graduate students who wish to better understand certain concepts and results of probability theory, statistics, economic equilibrium theory, game theory, etc., where the Lebesgue integral makes its presence felt throughout. The book can also be useful to students in the faculties of mathematics, physics, computer science, engineering, life sciences, as an introduction to a more in-depth study of measure theory.

This text provides the fundamental concepts and techniques of real analysis for students in all of these areas. It helps one develop the ability to think deductively, analyse mathematical situations and extend ideas to a new context. Like the first three editions, this edition maintains the same spirit and user-friendly approach with addition examples and expansion on Logical Operations and Set Theory. There is also content revision in the following areas: introducing point-set topology before discussing continuity, including a more thorough discussion of limsup and limimf, covering series directly following sequences, adding coverage of Lebesgue Integral and the construction of the reals, and drawing student attention to possible applications wherever possible.

Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis explores real and functional analysis with a substantial component on topology. The three leading chapters furnish background information on the real and complex number fields, a concise introduction to set theory, and a rigorous treatment of vector spaces. Fundamentals of Mathematical Analysis is an extensive study of metric spaces, including the core topics of completeness, compactness and function spaces, with a good number of applications. The later chapters consist of an introduction to general topology, a classical treatment of Banach and Hilbert spaces, the elements of operator theory, and a deep account of measure and integration theories. Several courses can be based on the book. This book is suitable for a two-semester course on analysis, and material can be chosen to design one-semester courses on topology or real analysis. It is designed as an accessible classical introduction to the subject and aims to achieve excellent breadth and depth and contains an abundance of examples and exercises. The topics are carefully sequenced, the proofs are detailed, and the writing style is clear and concise. The only prerequisites assumed are a thorough understanding of undergraduate real analysis and linear algebra, and a degree of mathematical maturity.

Even the simplest singularities of planar curves, e.g. where the curve crosses itself, or where it forms a cusp, are best understood in terms of complex numbers. The full treatment uses techniques from algebra, algebraic geometry, complex analysis and topology and makes an attractive chapter of mathematics, which can be used as an introduction to any of these topics, or to singularity theory in higher dimensions. This book is designed as an introduction for graduate students and draws on the author's experience of teaching MSc courses; moreover, by synthesising different perspectives, he gives a novel view of the subject, and a number of new results.

Theories, methods and problems in approximation theory and analytic inequalities with a focus on differential and integral inequalities are analyzed in this book. Fundamental and recent developments are presented on the inequalities of Abel, Agarwal, Beckenbach, Bessel, Cauchy-Hadamard, Chebychev, Markov, Euler's constant, Grothendieck, Hilbert, Hardy, Carleman, Landau-Kolmogorov, Carlson, Bernstein-Mordell, Gronwall, Wirtinger, as well as inequalities of functions with their integrals and derivatives. Each inequality is discussed with proven results, examples and various applications. Graduate students and advanced research scientists in mathematical analysis will find this reference essential to their understanding of differential and integral inequalities. Engineers, economists, and physicists will find the highly applicable inequalities practical and useful to their research.

This textbook offers a comprehensive undergraduate course in real analysis in one variable. Taking the view that analysis can only be properly appreciated as a rigorous theory, the book recognises the difficulties that students experience when encountering this theory for the first time, carefully addressing them throughout.Historically, it was the precise description of real numbers and the correct definition of limit that placed analysis on a solid foundation. The book therefore begins with these crucial ideas and the fundamental notion of sequence. Infinite series are then introduced, followed by the key concept of continuity. These lay the groundwork for differential and integral calculus, which are carefully covered in the following chapters. Pointers for further study are included throughout the book, and for the more adventurous there is a selection of "nuggets", exciting topics not commonly discussed at this level. Examples of nuggets include Newton's method, the irrationality of , Bernoulli numbers, and the Gamma function. Based on decades of teaching experience, this book is written with the undergraduate student in mind. A large number of exercises, many with hints, provide the practice necessary for learning, while the included "nuggets" provide opportunities to deepen understanding and broaden horizons.

This beginners' course provides students with a general and sufficiently easy to grasp theory of the Kurzweil-Henstock integral. The integral is indeed more general than Lebesgue's in RN, but its construction is rather simple, since it makes use of Riemann sums which, being geometrically viewable, are more easy to be understood. The theory is developed also for functions of several variables, and for differential forms, as well, finally leading to the celebrated Stokes-Cartan formula. In the appendices, differential calculus in RN is reviewed, with the theory of differentiable manifolds. Also, the Banach-Tarski paradox is presented here, with a complete proof, a rather peculiar argument for this type of monographs.

Calculus Without Derivatives expounds the foundations and recent advances in nonsmooth analysis, a powerful compound of mathematical tools that obviates the usual smoothness assumptions. This textbook also provides significant tools and methods towards applications, in particular optimization problems. Whereas most books on this subject focus on a particular theory, this text takes a general approach including all main theories. In order to be self-contained, the book includes three chapters of preliminary material, each of which can be used as an independent course if needed. The first chapter deals with metric properties, variational principles, decrease principles, methods of error bounds, calmness and metric regularity. The second one presents the classical tools of differential calculus and includes a section about the calculus of variations. The third contains a clear exposition of convex analysis.

This new, revised edition covers all of the basic topics in calculus of several variables, including vectors, curves, functions of several variables, gradient, tangent plane, maxima and minima, potential functions, curve integrals, Green's theorem, multiple integrals, surface integrals, Stokes' theorem, and the inverse mapping theorem and its consequences. It includes many completely worked-out problems.

This up-to-date introduction to Griffiths' theory of period maps and period domains focusses on algebraic, group-theoretic and differential geometric aspects. Starting with an explanation of Griffiths' basic theory, the authors go on to introduce spectral sequences and Koszul complexes that are used to derive results about cycles on higher-dimensional algebraic varieties such as the Noether-Lefschetz theorem and Nori's theorem. They explain differential geometric methods, leading up to proofs of Arakelov-type theorems, the theorem of the fixed part and the rigidity theorem. They also use Higgs bundles and harmonic maps to prove the striking result that not all compact quotients of period domains are Kahler. This thoroughly revised second edition includes a new third part covering important recent developments, in which the group-theoretic approach to Hodge structures is explained, leading to Mumford-Tate groups and their associated domains, the Mumford-Tate varieties and generalizations of Shimura varieties.

This book provides a self-contained and rigorous introduction to calculus of functions of one variable, in a presentation which emphasizes the structural development of calculus. Throughout, the authors highlight the fact that calculus provides a firm foundation to concepts and results that are generally encountered in high school and accepted on faith; for example, the classical result that the ratio of circumference to diameter is the same for all circles. A number of topics are treated here in considerable detail that may be inadequately covered in calculus courses and glossed over in real analysis courses.

This thorough work presents the fundamental results of modular function theory as developed during the nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. It features beautiful formulas and derives them using skillful and ingenious manipulations, especially classical methods often overlooked today. Starting with the work of Gauss, Abel, and Jacobi, the book then discusses the attempt by Dedekind to construct a theory of modular functions independent of elliptic functions. The latter part of the book explains how Hurwitz completed this task and includes one of Hurwitz's landmark papers, translated by the author, and delves into the work of Ramanujan, Mordell, and Hecke. For graduate students and experts in modular forms, this book demonstrates the relevance of these original sources and thereby provides the reader with new insights into contemporary work in this area.

This book is about the rise and supposed fall of the mean value theorem. It discusses the evolution of the theorem and the concepts behind it, how the theorem relates to other fundamental results in calculus, and modern re-evaluations of its role in the standard calculus course. The mean value theorem is one of the central results of calculus. It was called "the fundamental theorem of the differential calculus" because of its power to provide simple and rigorous proofs of basic results encountered in a first-year course in calculus. In mathematical terms, the book is a thorough treatment of this theorem and some related results in the field; in historical terms, it is not a history of calculus or mathematics, but a case study in both. MVT: A Most Valuable Theorem is aimed at those who teach calculus, especially those setting out to do so for the first time. It is also accessible to anyone who has finished the first semester of the standard course in the subject and will be of interest to undergraduate mathematics majors as well as graduate students. Unlike other books, the present monograph treats the mathematical and historical aspects in equal measure, providing detailed and rigorous proofs of the mathematical results and even including original source material presenting the flavour of the history.

This textbook covers the main results and methods of real analysis in a single volume. Taking a progressive approach to equations and transformations, this book starts with the very foundations of real analysis (set theory, order, convergence, and measure theory) before presenting powerful results that can be applied to concrete problems. In addition to classical results of functional analysis, differential calculus and integration, Analysis discusses topics such as convex analysis, dissipative operators and semigroups which are often absent from classical treatises. Acknowledging that analysis has significantly contributed to the understanding and development of the present world, the book further elaborates on techniques which pervade modern civilization, including wavelets in information theory, the Radon transform in medical imaging and partial differential equations in various mechanical and physical phenomena. Advanced undergraduate and graduate students, engineers as well as practitioners wishing to familiarise themselves with concepts and applications of analysis will find this book useful. With its content split into several topics of interest, the book's style and layout make it suitable for use in several courses, while its self-contained character makes it appropriate for self-study.

These lecture notes provide a self-contained introduction to regularity theory for elliptic equations and systems in divergence form. After a short review of some classical results on everywhere regularity for scalar-valued weak solutions, the presentation focuses on vector-valued weak solutions to a system of several coupled equations. In the vectorial case, weak solutions may have discontinuities and so are expected, in general, to be regular only outside of a set of measure zero. Several methods are presented concerning the proof of such partial regularity results, and optimal regularity is discussed. Finally, a short overview is given on the current state of the art concerning the size of the singular set on which discontinuities may occur. The notes are intended for graduate and postgraduate students with a solid background in functional analysis and some familiarity with partial differential equations; they will also be of interest to researchers working on related topics.

This undergraduate textbook is based on lectures given by the author on the differential and integral calculus of functions of several real variables. The book has a modern approach and includes topics such as: *The p-norms on vector space and their equivalence *The Weierstrass and Stone-Weierstrass approximation theorems *The differential as a linear functional; Jacobians, Hessians, and Taylor's theorem in several variables *The Implicit Function Theorem for a system of equations, proved via Banach's Fixed Point Theorem *Applications to Ordinary Differential Equations *Line integrals and an introduction to surface integrals This book features numerous examples, detailed proofs, as well as exercises at the end of sections. Many of the exercises have detailed solutions, making the book suitable for self-study. Several Real Variables will be useful for undergraduate students in mathematics who have completed first courses in linear algebra and analysis of one real variable.

Volume III sets out classical Cauchy theory. It is much more geared towards its innumerable applications than towards a more or less complete theory of analytic functions. Cauchy-type curvilinear integrals are then shown to generalize to any number of real variables (differential forms, Stokes-type formulas). The fundamentals of the theory of manifolds are then presented, mainly to provide the reader with a "canonical'' language and with some important theorems (change of variables in integration, differential equations). A final chapter shows how these theorems can be used to construct the compact Riemann surface of an algebraic function, a subject that is rarely addressed in the general literature though it only requires elementary techniques. Besides the Lebesgue integral, Volume IV will set out a piece of specialized mathematics towards which the entire content of the previous volumes will converge: Jacobi, Riemann, Dedekind series and infinite products, elliptic functions, classical theory of modular functions and its modern version using the structure of the Lie algebra of SL(2,R).

This brief explores the Krasnosel'skii-Man (KM) iterative method, which has been extensively employed to find fixed points of nonlinear methods.

The transition from studying calculus in schools to studying mathematical analysis at university is notoriously difficult. In this third edition of Numbers and Functions, Professor Burn invites the student reader to tackle each of the key concepts in turn, progressing from experience through a structured sequence of more than 800 problems to concepts, definitions and proofs of classical real analysis. The sequence of problems, of which most are supplied with brief answers, draws students into constructing definitions and theorems for themselves. This natural development is informed and complemented by historical insight. Carefully corrected and updated throughout, this new edition also includes extra questions on integration and an introduction to convergence. The novel approach to rigorous analysis offered here is designed to enable students to grow in confidence and skill and thus overcome the traditional difficulties.

This text is a rigorous, detailed introduction to real analysis that presents the fundamentals with clear exposition and carefully written definitions, theorems, and proofs. It is organized in a distinctive, flexible way that would make it equally appropriate to undergraduate mathematics majors who want to continue in mathematics, and to future mathematics teachers who want to understand the theory behind calculus. The Real Numbers and Real Analysis will serve as an excellent one-semester text for undergraduates majoring in mathematics, and for students in mathematics education who want a thorough understanding of the theory behind the real number system and calculus.