In this stimulating work, Graham Richards provides general readers and students with an authoritative introduction to the central problems currently faced by chemistry. In clear, down-to-earth language he explains how atoms join to form molecules, and explores the major challenges preoccupying chemists, including the synthesis of new substances such as drugs, plastics, detergents and dyes. The book also examines the spectacular advances that have been made in the chemical understanding of genetics and the mechanisms of living organisms-- a necessary prelude to genetic engineering--and considers the various ethical and social problems spawned by the new chemistry. Richards is a widely published author of many books and articles on chemistry.

Assuming no previous study in logic, this informal yet rigorous text covers the material of a standard undergraduate first course in mathematical logic, using natural deduction and leading up to the completeness theorem for first-order logic. At each stage of the text, the reader is given an intuition based on standard mathematical practice, which is subsequently developed with clean formal mathematics. Alongside the practical examples, readers learn what can and can't be calculated; for example the correctness of a derivation proving a given sequent can be tested mechanically, but there is no general mechanical test for the existence of a derivation proving the given sequent. The undecidability results are proved rigorously in an optional final chapter, assuming Matiyasevich's theorem characterising the computably enumerable relations. Rigorous proofs of the adequacy and completeness proofs of the relevant logics are provided, with careful attention to the languages involved. Optional sections discuss the classification of mathematical structures by first-order theories; the required theory of cardinality is developed from scratch. Throughout the book there are notes on historical aspects of the material, and connections with linguistics and computer science, and the discussion of syntax and semantics is influenced by modern linguistic approaches. Two basic themes in recent cognitive science studies of actual human reasoning are also introduced. Including extensive exercises and selected solutions, this text is ideal for students in logic, mathematics, philosophy, and computer science.

This book presents the SPH method (Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics) for fluid modelling from a theoretical and applied viewpoint. It comprises two parts that refer to each other. The first one, dealing with the fundamentals of Hydraulics, is based on the elementary principles of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian Mechanics. The specific laws governing a system of macroscopic particles are built, before large systems involving dissipative processes are explained. The continua are discussed, and a fairly exhaustive account of turbulence is given. The second part discloses the bases of the SPH Lagrangian numerical method from the continuous equations, as well as from discrete variational principles, setting out the method's specific properties of conservativity and invariance. Various numerical schemes are compared, permanently referring to the physics as dealt with in the first part. Applications to schematic instances are discussed, and, ultimately, practical applications to the dimensioning of coastal and fluvial structures are considered.
Despite the rapid growth in the SPH field, this book is the first to present the method in a comprehensive way for fluids. It should serve as a rigorous introduction to SPH and a reference for fundamental mathematical fluid dynamics. This book is intended for scientists, doctoral students, teachers, and engineers, who want to enjoy a rather unified approach to the theoretical bases of Hydraulics or who want to improve their skills using the SPH method. It will inspire the reader with a feeling of unity, answering many questions without any detrimental formalism.

The chapters in this monograph are contributions from the Advances in Quantum Monte Carlo symposium held at Pacifichem 2010, International Chemical Congress of Pacific Basin Societies. The symposium was dedicated to celebrate the career of James B. Anderson, a notable researcher in the field. Quantum Monte Carlo provides an ab initio solution to the Schroedinger equation by performing a random walk through configuration space in imaginary time. Benchmark calculations suggest that its most commonly-used variant, "fixed-node" diffusion Monte Carlo, estimates energies with an accuracy comparable to that of high-level coupled-cluster calculations. These two methods, each having advantages and disadvantages, are complementary "gold-standards" of quantum chemistry. There are challenges facing researchers in the field, several of which are addressed in the chapters in this monograph. These include improving the accuracy and precision of quantum Monte Carlo calculations; understanding the exchange nodes and utilizing the simulated electron distribution; extending the method to large and/or experimentally-challenging systems; and developing hybrid molecular mechanics/dynamics and Monte Carlo algorithms.

A principal feature of this book is the substantial care and attention devoted to explaining the basic ideas of the subject. Whenever a new theoretical concept is introduced it is carefully explained by reference to practical examples drawn mainly from the physical sciences. Subjects covered include: spectral analysis which is closely intertwined with the "time domain" approach, elementary notions of Hilbert Space Theory, basic probability theory, and practical analysis of time series data. The inclusion of material on "kalman filtering," state-space filtering," "non-linear models" and continuous time" models completes the impressive list of unique and detailed features which will give this book a prominent position among related literature. The first section -- Volume 1 -- deals with single (univariate) series, while the second -- Volume 2 -- treats the analysis of several (multivariate) series and the problems of prediction, forecasting and control.

The human pathogens Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are exquisitely adapted to life within the human mucosa, their only natural niche. N. meningitidis is the causative agent of rapidly transmissible meningitis and septic shock. Vaccines developed to control this pathogen can be rendered ineffective by the pathogen's ability to undergo antigenic variation. In contrast, there are no current vaccination prospects for N. gonorrhoeae, the causative agent of sexually transmitted gonorrhoea. Historically, infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae were treated with antibiotics. However, the recent advent of new strains with resistance to all known antibiotics is causing such treatment regimes to fail, necessitating the need for new and more effective control strategies. In this book, leading Neisseria authorities review the most important research on pathogenic Neisseria to provide a timely overview of the field. The topics covered include: the link between pathogenesis and important metabolic pathways * vaccine development * antibiotic resistance * transcriptomics of regulatory networks * regulatory small RNAs * interactions with neutrophils * advances in humanized mouse models. An essential guide for research scientists, advanced students, clinicians, and other professionals working with Neisseria, the book is a recommended text for all microbiology libraries.

Structural crystallographic studies can determine not only the full stereochemistry of chemical species but also their details of arrangement in the crystal. Such geometrical data provide an essential basis for the interpretation of chemical, physical, and biological properties of chemical species. This volume contains key papers presented at the seventh symposium on organic crystal chemistry at Poznan in Poland. Among the themes discussed were factors influencing molecular conformation and polymorphism, chemical and biological activity, intermolecular interactions, crystal chemistry of polymers and molecular modelling.

Primary sexual traits, those structures and processes directly involved in reproduction, are some of the most diverse, specialized, and bizarre in the animal kingdom. Moreover, reproductive traits are often species-specific, suggesting that they evolved very rapidly. This diversity, long the province of taxonomists, has recently attracted broader interest from evolutionary biologists, especially those interested in sexual selection and the evolution of reproductive strategies.
Primary sexual characters were long assumed to be the product of natural selection, exclusively. A recent alternative suggests that sexual selection explains much of the diversity of "primary" sexual characters. A third approach to the evolution of reproductive interactions after copulation or insemination has been to consider the process one of sexual conflict. That is, the reproductive processes of a species may reflect, as does the mating system, evolution acting on males and on females, but in different directions.
In this volume, authors explore a wide variety of primary sexual characters and selective pressures that have shaped them, from natural selection for offspring survival to species-isolating mechanisms, sperm competition, cryptic female choice and sexual arms races. Exploring diverse reproductive adaptations from a theoretical and practical perspective, The Evolution of Primary Sexual Characters will provide an unparalleled overview of sexual diversity in many taxa and an introduction to the issues in sexual selection that are changing our view of sexual processes.

Inspired by the opportunities and challenges presented by rapid advances in the fields of retrieval of chemical and other scientific information, several speakers presented at a symposium, The History of the Future of Chemical Information, on Aug. 20, 2012, at the 244th Meeting of the American Chemical Society in Philadelphia, PA. Storage and retrieval is of undeniable value to the conduct of chemical research. The participants believe that past practices in this field have not only contributed to the increasingly rapid evolution of the field but continue to do so, hence the somewhat unusual title. Even with archival access to several of the presentations, a number of the presenters felt that broader access to this information is of value. Thus, the presenters decided to create an ACS Symposium book based on the topic, with the conviction that it would be valuable to chemists of all disciplines. The past is a moving target depending on the vagaries of technology, economics, politics and how researchers and professionals choose to build on it. The aim of The History of the Future of Chemical Information is to critically examine trajectories in chemistry, information and communication as determined by the authors in the light of current and possible future practices of the chemical information profession. Along with some additional areas primarily related to present and future directions, this collection contains most of the topics covered in the meeting symposium. Most of the original authors agreed to write chapters for this book. Much of the historical and even current material is scattered throughout the literature so the authors strived to gather this information into a discrete source. Faced with the rapid evolution of such aspects as mobile access to information, cloud computing, and public resource production, this book will be not only of interest but provide valuable insight to this rapidly evolving field, both to practitioners within the field of chemical information and chemists everywhere whose need for current and accurate information on chemistry and related fields is increasingly important.

This volume is a systematic treatment of the additive number theory of polynomials over a finite field, an area possessing deep and fascinating parallels with classical number theory. In providing asymptomatic proofs of both the Polynomial Three Primes Problem (an analog of Vinogradov's theorem) and the Polynomial Waring Problem, the book develops the various tools necessary to apply an adelic "circle method" to a wide variety of additive problems in both the polynomial and classical settings. A key to the methods employed here is that the generalized Riemann hypothesis is valid in this polynomial setting. The authors presuppose a familiarity with algebra and number theory as might be gained from the first two years of graduate course, but otherwise the book is self-contained. Starting with analysis on local fields, the main technical results are all proved in detail so that there are extensive discussions of the theory of characters in a non-Archimidean field, adele class groups, the global singular series and Radon-Nikodyn derivatives, L-functions of Dirichlet type, and K-ideles.

Low-Energy Nuclear Reactions and New Energy is a summary of selected experimental and theoretical research performed over the last 19 years that gives profound and unambiguous evidence for low energy nuclear reaction (LENR), historically known as cold fusion.
In 1989, the subject was announced with great fanfare, to the chagrin of many people in the science community. However, the significant claim of its discoverers, Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons, excess heat without harmful neutron emissions or strong gamma radiation, involving electrochemical cells using heavy water and palladium, has held strong.
In recent years, LENR, within the field of condensed matter nuclear science, has begun to attract widespread attention and is regarded as a potential alternative and renewable energy source to confront climate change and energy scarcity. The aim of the research is to collect experimental findings for LENR in order to present reasonable explanations and a conclusive theoretical and practical working model.
The goal of the field is directed toward the fabrication of LENR devices with unique commercial potential demonstrating an alternative energy source that does not produce greenhouse gases, long-lived radiation or strong prompt radiation. The idea of LENR has led to endless discussions about the kinetic impossibility of intense nuclear reactions with high coulomb barrier potential. However, recent theoretical work may soon shed light on this mystery.
Understanding this process is one of the most challenging and perhaps important issues in the scientific world. This book includes previously unpublished studies, new and controversial theories to approach LENR with access to new sources and experimental results. The book offers insight into this controversial subject and will help readers re-evaluate their perspective on LENR as a possible alternative energy source.

Multivariate Analysis deals with observations on more than one variable where there is some inherent interdependence between the variables. With several texts already available in this area, one may very well enquire of the authors as to the need for yet another book. Most of the available books fall into two categories, either theoretical or data analytic. The present book not only combines the two approaches but it also has been guided by the need to give suitable matter for the beginner as well as illustrating some deeper aspects of the subject for the research worker. Practical examples are kept to the forefront and, wherever feasible, each technique is motivated by such an example.

Students taught with inquiry-based methods have been shown to make significant progress in their ability to formulate hypotheses, make proper assumptions, design and execute investigations, understand variables, record data, and synthesize new knowledge. are taught with it. This text presents a series of experiments that are intended to serve as the solid basis for a first-year chemistry or physical sciences course, using an inquiry based approach. Each provides: 1)instructions for an experiment; 2) in-depth teachers notes and 3) a sample lab report.

The UK's most trusted A level Mathematics resources With over 900,000 copies sold (plus 1.3 million copies sold of the previous edition), Pearson's own resources for Pearson Edexcel are the market-leading and most trusted for AS and A level Mathematics. This book can be used alongside the Year 1 book to cover all the content needed for the compulsory Edexcel A level Core Pure Mathematics exams Enhanced focus on problem-solving and modelling, as well as supporting the large data set and calculators Packed with worked examples with guidance, lots of exam-style questions, practice papers, and plenty of mixed and review exercises Full worked solutions to every question available free and online for quick and easy access. Plus free additional online content with GeoGebra interactives and Casio calculator tutorials Practice books also available offering the most comprehensive and flexible AS/A level Maths practice with over 2000 extra questions Includes access to an online digital edition (valid for 3 years once activated) Pearson Edexcel A level Further Mathematics Core Pure Mathematics Book 2 Textbook + e-book matches the Pearson Edexcel exam structure and is fully integrated with Pearson Edexcel's interactive scheme of work. All of the books in this series focus on problem-solving and modelling, as well as supporting the large data set and calculators. They are packed with worked examples with guidance, lots of exam-style questions, practice papers, and plenty of mixed and review exercises. There are full worked solutions to every question available free and online for quick and easy access. You will also have access to lots of free additional online content with GeoGebra interactives and Casio calculator tutorials. There are separate Pure and Applied textbooks for AS and A level Maths, and a textbook per option for AS and A level Further Maths. Practice books are also available offering the most comprehensive and flexible AS/A level Maths practice with over 2000 extra questions. Pearson's revision resources are the smart choice for those revising for Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics - there is a Revision Workbook for exam practice and a Revision Guide for classroom and independent study. Practice Papers Plus+ books contain additional full length practice papers, so you can practice answering questions by writing straight into the book and perfect your responses with targeted hints, guidance and support for every question, including fully worked solutions.