This book traces the recent socio-historical trajectory of educational language policy in Arizona, the state with the most restrictive English-only implementation in the US. Chapters, each representing a case study of policy-making in the state, include: * an overview and background of the English-only movement, the genesis of Structured English Immersion (SEI), and current status of language policy in Arizona; * an in-depth review of the Flores case presented by its lead lawyer; * a look at early Proposition 203 implementation in the context of broader educational 'reform' efforts; * examples of how early state-wide mandates impacted teacher professional development; * a presentation of how new university-level teacher preparation curricula misaligns with commonly-held beliefs about what teachers of language minority students should know and understand; * an exploration of principals' concerns about enforcing top-down policies for SEI implementation; * an investigation of what SEI policy looks like in today's classrooms and whether it constitutes equity; * and finally, a discussion of what the various cases mean for the education of English learners in the state.

With over 500 private money sources for black and minority students, this indispensible guide includes information about award amounts, deadlines, contact names, addresses, and phone numbers.

'Bilingual Education: A Dialogue With The Bakhtin Circle' is the first book to make a connection between bilingual education and the theories of the Bakhtin Circle. The analysis is focused on language as a social entity from the perspective of Bakhtinian dialogic existence. The author includes a discussion of critical / radical pedagogy connected to Paulo Freire's dialogic pedagogy. Also addressed are the major laws and policies of bilingual education in the U.S. and the current debate involving English-only versus English-plus instruction.

The authors describe a new demographic phenomenon: the settlement of Latino families in areas of the United States where previously there has been little Latino presence.This New Latino Diaspora places pressures on host communities, both to develop conceptualizations of Latino newcomers and to provide needed services.These pressures are particularly felt in schools; in some New Latino Diaspora locations the percentage of Latino students in local public schools has risen from zero to 30 or even 50 percent in less than a decade.Latino newcomers, of course, bring their own language and their own cultural conceptions of parenting, education, inter-ethnic relations and the like. Through case studies of Latino Diaspora communities in Georgia, North Carolina, Maine, Colorado, Illinois, and Indiana, the eleven chapters in this volume describe what happens when host community conceptions of and policies toward newcomer Latinos meet Latinos' own conceptions. The chapters focus particularly on the processes of educational policy formation and implementation, processes through which host communities and newcomer Latinos struggle to define themselves and to meet the educational needs and opportunities brought by new Latino students.Most schools in the New Latino Diaspora are unsure about what to do with Latino children, and their emergent responses are alternately cruel, uninformed, contradictory, and inspirational.By describing how the challenges of accommodating the New Latino Diaspora are shared across many sites the authors hope to inspire others to develop more sensitive ways of serving Latino Diaspora children and families.

Language, Space, and Power describes the sociolinguistic and sociocultural life of a Spanish-English dual language classroom in which attention is given to not only the language learning processes at hand but also to how race, ethnicity, and gender dynamics interact within the language acquisition process.

Language, Space, and Power describes the sociolinguistic and sociocultural life of a Spanish-English dual language classroom in which attention is given to not only the language learning processes at hand but also to how race, ethnicity, and gender dynamics interact within the language acquisition process.

As the first volume in the series sponsored by SIG-Research on the Education of Asian and Pacific Americans of the American Educational Research Association and California Association for Asian and Pacific American Education, this book sheds important light on the educational issues and needs of Asian and Pacific American students in k- college. Each chapter illuminates the unique educational issues of Asian and Pacific Americans and provides crucial information necessary to understand how Asian and Pacific American students learn, how educational practitioners should work with Asian and Pacific students, and the outcomes we can expect from various programs in Asian and Pacific American education. This body of knowledge can inform researchers and practitioners, as well as policy makers of effective instruction for Asian and Pacific American students at all levels. The series intend to be a national voice for the education of Asian and Pacific Americans, and provide an integral view of new knowledge in the field of Asian and Pacific American education from scholarly and educational practitioners' perspectives.

Offers a collection of writings that bridges the social science and educational literature related to mixed heritage identity development and schooling in diverse contexts. As such, it is the first book of its kind to provide a direct focus on multiracial/ethnic identity and formal education in the United States based on the scholarship of educational researchers. The two common threads linking the chapters are: the flexible, yet situated nature of ethnic and racial identities among mixed heritage students; and the importance of theorizing social contexts when interpreting and representing identity, community, and belonging. In addition to exploring general themes of identity development, Working with Mixed Heritage Students addresses theoretical and methodological issues in conducting research on topics related to mixed heritage students, as well as implications for teacher preparation and educational practice. Ultimately, the authors brought together in this volume share a focus on recently mixed heritage students of first, or second, or third generation multiracial and multiethnic descent. This diversity of perspectives on such a complex topic creates a tension within the book,

How often are the perspectives of Puerto Rican students recognized, listened to, and taken into account? Not very often, according to this incisive study which deals with the struggles that these students confront in U.S. schools. As active participants in the shifting balances of power, in the dialectic of language, and in the battle over whose knowledge, experience, and voice are recognized and accepted, Puerto Rican students are uniquely aware of the language and power relation. Their efforts at trying to make sense out of and fashion a voice from the multiple and often contradictory realities that comprise their daily existence, however, are misinterpreted or ignored. This book challenges generally accepted perspectives and practices among teachers and calls for new pedagogies that respond to the complex needs of these students.

Special focus is placed on the effect that colonial status has had historically on the political, socioeconomic, and psychological reality of the Puerto Rican people. Through the voices of Puerto Rican children and those of Puerto Rican and other Latino adolescents, the book explores how the past and present intersect in people's lives, inform pedagogy, and shape the conditions and struggles through which students come to know.

This indispensable reference is a comprehensive guide to significant issues, policies, historical events, laws, theories, and persons related to the education of African-Americans in the United States. Through several hundred alphabetically arranged entries, the volume chronicles the history of African-American education from the systematic, long-term denial of schooling to blacks before the Civil War, to the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau and the era of Reconstruction, to Brown v. Board of Education and the civil rights reforms of the last few decades. Entries are written by expert contributors and contain valuable bibliographies, while a selected bibliography of general sources concludes the volume. The African-American population is unique in that its educational history includes as law and public policy the systematic, long-term denial of the acquisition of knowledge. In the 18th century, African-Americans were initially legally forbidden to be taught academic subjects in the South, where most African-Americans lived. This period, which ended around 1865 with the conclusion of the Civil War and the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau, was followed by the introduction of laws, policies, and practices providing for rudimentary education for 69 years under the dual-school, separate-but-equal policies established by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). These policies did not end until the Brown v. Board of Education decisions of 1954 and 1955 were reinforced by the passage of civil rights and equal opportunity legislation in the mid-1960s. The education of African-Americans has been a continuing moral, political, legal, economic, and psychological issue throughout this country's history. It continues to consume time and attention, and it remains an unresolved dilemma for the nation. Through several hundred alphabetically arranged entries, this indispensable reference offers a comprehensive overview of significant issues, policies, historical events, laws, persons, and theories related to African-American education from the early years of this country to the present day. The entries are written by expert contributors, and each entry includes a bibliography of works for further reading. A selected, general bibliography concludes the volume.

Our new series will provide an annual volume that examines some of the critical issues impacting upon the education and schooling of African American youth, from pre- through post-secondary education. Our challenge will be, not only, the scholarly production of knowledge, but the transmission of that knowledge to wider audiences. In so doing, we intend to question traditional assumptions and to analyze some of the intended and unintended consequences of those assumptions. This series will not rely upon a single paradigm or discipline to render new understandings. A multi-disciplinary approach will be utilized. Thus, research written in the tradition of law, political science, history, sociology, education, economics, public health, and psychology, among others, will be a regular feature of this series. To be sure, internal factors, that is, what goes on inside the institutional frame called schools are of signal importance to the education of African Americans. However, so too are external factors, contributing variables that originate outside of the institutional frame, that serve to impede or advance African American schooling. In this series, we will stress the centrality of race and schooling and to comprehend from both analytic and policy perspectives, the situations that increase and decrease the life chances and opportunities for African American youth.

The education system should be in the forefront of the battle to combat racial inequality. The contributors to this book, however, argue that, far from reducing racial inequality, the education system in the UK systematically generates, maintains and reproduces it. Through careful consideration of the complex and pervasive nature of racism (and the practices it gives rise to) the contributors draw attention to the failure of the contemporaneous multicultural education theories and policies. The contributors' concerns are with: the role of the state in sustaining and legitimating racial inequalities in education; black students' experiences of racism in schools and post-school training schemes; and proposals for the realization of genuine and effective antiracist education principles.

This book reports an ethnographic study of thirty teachers from eighteen schools who participated in a staff development programme in multicultural education. The study examines how multicultural education was actually presented to teachers, and areas in which their classroom teaching and perception of students changed over the two-year period. Although most of the teachers reported learning a good deal, changes in their teaching and their discussions of teaching were fairly limited. After reporting the data, the book examines why changes were limited, analyzing three areas: the nature of staff development and how multicultural education was packaged; the structure of schools as institutions; and the identities and life experiences of teachers as White women, often from working class backgrounds.

Biliteracy - the use of two or more languages in and around writing - is an inescapable feature of lives and schools worldwide, yet one which many educational policies and practices continue to ignore. The study of the continua of biliteracy in the present volume seeks to offer a comprehensive yet flexible model to guide educators, researchers and policy-makers in designing, carrying out and evaluating educational programmes for the development of bilingual and multilingual learners, each programme adapted to its own specific context, media and contents.

This research anthology is the fourth volume in a series sponsored by the Special Interest Group Research on the Education of Asian and Pacific Americans (SIGREAPA) of the American Educational Research Association and National Association for Asian and Pacific American Education. This series explores and explains the lived experiences of Asian and Americans as they acculturate to American schools, develop literacy, and claim their place in U.S. society, and blends the work of well established Asian American scholars with the voices of emerging researchers and examines in close detail important issues in Asian American education and socialization. Scholars and educational practitioners will find this book to be an invaluable and enlightening resource.

Working with Mixed Heritage Students offers a collection of writings that bridges the social science and educational literature related to mixed heritage identity development and schooling in diverse contexts. As such, it is the first book of its kind to provide a direct focus on multiracial/ethnic identity and formal education in the United States based on the scholarship of educational researchers. The two common threads linking the chapters are: the flexible, yet situated nature of ethnic and racial identities among mixed heritage students; and the importance of theorizing social contexts when interpreting and representing identity, community, and belonging. In addition to exploring general themes of identity development, Working with Mixed Heritage Students addresses theoretical and methodological issues in conducting research on topics related to mixed heritage students, as well as implications for teacher preparation and educational practice. Ultimately, the authors brought together in this volume share a focus on recently mixed heritage students of first, or second, or third generation multiracial and multiethnic descent. This diversity of perspectives on such a complex topic creates a tension within the book, one that naturally emerges through interdisciplinary collaboration. But it is hoped that this tension is just one of many that will lead to further reflection, dialogue, and action by researchers and educators working with like populations.

Dual language education is a programme that combines language minority and language majority students for instruction through two languages. This book provides the conceptual background for the programme and discusses major implementation issues. Research finding summarize language proficiency and achievement outcomes from 8000 students at 20 schools, along with teacher and parent attitudes.

Bilingualism is a reality that many Americans still find difficult to accept; hence the prominence of English-only activism in U.S. politics. This collection of essays analyzes the sources of the anti-bilingual movement, its changing directions, and its impact on education policy. The book also explores efforts to resist the English-only trend, including projects to revitalize Native American languages.

The sociopolitical dimensions of English language teaching are central to the English language professional. These dimensions include language policies, cultural expectations, and the societal roles of languages. This book aims to present these issues to practicing and aspiring teachers in order to raise awareness of the sociopolitical nature of English language teaching.

This edited collection provides examples of indigenous community-based initiatives from around the world. Examples include programmes among Maori in Aotearoa/New Zealand, Sami in Norway, Aboriginal People in Australia, Innu in Canada, and native Americans in the mainland US, Hawai'i, Canada and South America. Contributions include indigenous educational practitioners, and indigenous and non-indigenous academics long associated with the study of indigenous education.

Ideally, dual-language programs enable students from two language backgrounds to become bilingual, achieve academically through two languages, and develop improved intergroup understanding and relations. However, there is very little research that demonstrates how an actual dual-language program functions at the local level. This book provides a case study of dual-language planning and implementation at Oyster Bilingual School, a 'successful' Spanish-English public elementary school program in Washington, DC. The first three chapters provide important background for understanding how Oyster's dual-language program interacts with the larger sociopolitical context of minority education in the United States. Chapters 4-10 provide a detailed analysis of how the alternative educational system at Oyster Bilingual School challenges mainstream US educational programs and practices that discriminate against minority students. The case study demonstrates how Oyster's dual-language policy, multicultural curriculum content, student-centered organization of classroom interaction, and performance-based assessment practices together function to provide more opportunities to language minority and language majority students than are traditionally available in mainstream US schools. Rather than expecting language minority students to become monolingual in standard English and to assimilate to white middle-class norms, Oyster's educational program encourages all students to become bilingual in Spanish and English and to expect, tolerate, and respect linguistic and cultural diversity at school and in society. This socializing discourse enables language minority and language majority students to participate and achieve more or less equally at school. The book concludes with a discussion of implications for research and practice in other school and community contexts.

Many educators in urban areas are faced with the challenge of educating students who have recently arrived from other countries, or are the children of immigrants; in addition, there is increasing concern about the educational needs of historical 'minority groups'. Written in a clear and straightforward style, this book outlines the relevant theoretical background and provides detailed practical advice for teachers and school administrators in schools serving culturally diverse communities. Topics include: - immigrant resettlement and adjustment; - the role of the school in welcoming newcomers and integrating them into the life of the school; - how to provide an inclusive school and classroom environment; - how to develop a curriculum that includes many cultural perspectives; - how to develop an inclusive instructional style; - how to assess student progress and achievement in the multicultural school.

An increasingly popular approach to second and foreign language education, this book focuses on incidental learning: how students learn words from reading. Despite its popularity, some researchers have questioned this theory that students can learn new words by inferring meanings based on a text they are reading. So, why does the incidental method not work for some students? What are the conditions for naturalistic learning to occur? What do students need to be able to do while reading in order to learn words successfully? Tackling these questions head-on, this book provides researchers and educators with a more specific account of the processes behind the seemingly naturalistic method. Clarifying the connection between reading and word learning processes, Megumi Hamada proposes a new model, the Cognitive Model of Word-Meaning Inference, to describe how we obtain and use word-form and contextual information for learning words and the pedagogical applications of this. A significant new contribution to research in the field, Learning Words from Reading provides a cognitive perspective on how students learn new words from reading in a second or foreign language.

In many parts of the world, language minority children are educated through a second language. In these contexts, it has often been thought appropriate to teach such children separately until they are fluent enough in the medium of instruction to join in mainstream schooling. More recent experience and research shows that it is both socially more just and educationally more effective to integrate language minority pupils into mainstream education as early as possible. In this book, ESL and mainstream teachers from primary and secondary schools in Australia, Canada, the USA and the United Kingdom, describe how they go about 'mainstreaming'. Well-supplied with examples of teaching materials and pupils' work, their narratives are practical and detailed. At the same time they raise vital questions of school policy which the whole school community must address when launching initiatives of this kind. This book will be of very practical use to ESL and mainstream teachers, as well as to principals, advisers and those at all levels of the education service who work in multilingual communities. It will also serve as a handbook for teacher-educators and student teachers of any subject who are preparing to work in linguistically diverse classrooms.