The central issue of this volume is how to meet the linguistic and academic needs of the increasing numbers of English learners (ELs). At the center of educational turns is the role of school professionals in this Common Core Standards era. Teacher education programs and professional development, or pre-service and in-service programs for teachers of ELs, are currently being reframed to reflect the new demands placed on all teachers in light of the new standards. The expectation is that ELs can learn, and their teachers possess the expertise to teach, both discipline content and academic English at the same time. The large numbers of ELs across the country have created a wide gap between what teachers have been trained to do and the skills they need to teach and reach them effectively. This practical handbook brings together research, policy and practice on teacher effectiveness, pre-service and in-service programs in the context of student linguistic and cultural diversity. Key features include: Clearly articulated teacher training and professional development programs; Coverage of Common Core curriculum and a variety of instructional programs and practices with research-based tools to implement them; Policies to equitably and effectively prepare ELs academically and linguistically.

With the English as Additional Language (EAL) population growing rapidly, it is essential that settings and schools meet individual learner needs and provide an inclusive culture where different languages, cultures and religions are accepted and celebrated. Packed with essential information on key theories and best practice, and written in a highly readable style this book aims to raise awareness of main issues and offer practical support for practitioners working with children with EAL. Covering a wide range of topic such as new arrivals, working with parents, assessment, planning, resourcing, play, communication and language, each chapter clearly lays out the key concepts, ideas and strategies alongside examples of good practice. Encouraging a reflective approach, the book features: Checklists, diagrams, chapter objectives and summaries and suggestions for further reading Case studies to illustrate practice Reflective activities to develop critical thinking Challenging many assumptions and stereotypes about EAL learners, this invaluable text will support students and practitioners in meeting the individual needs of all the children in their care.

With over 500 private money sources for black and minority students, this indispensible guide includes information about award amounts, deadlines, contact names, addresses, and phone numbers.

This book analyzes how Arabic teachers develop the cultural awareness of their high school students. Featuring face-to-face conversations with educators about integrating Arabic culture into the language classroom, this study highlights the complexities that characterize Arabic cultural awareness in a post-9/11 world. This book proves that increasing cultural awareness in the classroom facilitates the Arab language learning process.

Education professionals interested in understanding student writing will want to read this book. It describes "Generous Reading," a novel method of approaching the writing of culturally and linguistically diverse students. This book addresses the increasing diversity present throughout schools across the U.S. and in other countries. Drawing from current research and theory in linguistics and composition, Spence has developed a way for teachers to tap into the cultural worlds of students and draw upon their linguistic understandings in order to help them improve their writing. The book is based on research projects conducted in the southwest and southeast regions of the United States. The chapters on language variation, culturally relevant instruction, and language transfer will also be of interest to writing teachers. Spence has presented the Generous Reading method across the nation and internationally where audiences have been eager to try out the methods in their classrooms with students of all ages. University professors have used Generous Reading in teacher education courses. This methodology has potential to change teachers' perspectives on student writing and illuminate writing strengths previously overlooked.

A volume in Literacy, Language, and Learning Series Editors Claudia Finkbeiner, University of Kassel; Althier M. Lazar, Saint Joseph's University and Wen Ma, Le Moyne College This book is about the learner sideof the teaching and learning equilibrium, centering on the educational experiences and perspectives ofChinese students in the United States. These students ranged from kindergarteners, adolescents, undergraduate, graduate, toadult learners, across the educational spectrum. Because Chinese students are the largest cohort among all international students in the U.S., and their prior educational experiences and perspectives in China are so different fromthose in the U.S., exploring who they are, what their learning experiences have been, and how their learning needs can be met, may notonly help us better understandthese culturally different students, but also allow U.S. educators to teach them more effectively. The chapters in the book examine the constructs of learner privilege and responsibilityin the teaching and learning equation, cultural and linguistic challenges and transitional adjustments, self-concept, learning strategies, comparison and contrast of differences and similarities between Chinese and American students, and/orcritical reflections on significant issues confronting Chinese learners. While each chapter is situated in its own research literature and connects with its own teaching and learning practices, all of them are united around the overarching themes of the book: the experiences and perspectives of diverse learners from Chinese backgrounds in the United States. The chapters also flesh out some of the larger theoretical/ pedagogical issues between education in China and in the United States, provide useful lenses for rethinking about and better understanding their differences and similarities, as well as offer pertinent suggestions about how the educational communities in both countries may benefit from learning about and from each other.

This volume identifies resources, models, and specific practices for improving teacher preparation for work with second language learners. It shows how faculty positioned themselves to learn from resources, experts, preservice teachers, their own practice, and each other. The teacher education professionals leverage their experience to offer theoretical and practical insights regarding how other faculty could develop their own knowledge, improve their courses, and understand their influence on the preservice teachers they serve. The book addresses challenges others are likely to experience while improving teacher preparation, including preservice teacher resistance, the challenge of adding to already-packed courses, the difficulty of recruiting and retaining busy faculty members, and the question of how to best frame the larger issues. The authors also address options for integrating the work of improving teacher preparation for linguistic diversity into a variety of different teacher education program designs. Finally, the book demonstrates a data-driven approach that makes this work consistent with many institutions' mandate to produce research and to collect evidence supporting accreditation.

Tools for Teaching in an Educationally Mobile World examines the challenges that undergraduate and postgraduate teachers often encounter when working with students from different national and cultural backgrounds. It focuses on the consequences for interactive teaching and for course design in a world where students, ideas and courses are mobile, using examples and experiences from a wide range of disciplines and national contexts. It not only considers Anglophone countries, including the USA, Canada, the UK, Australia and New Zealand, but also the use of English as a language of instruction in countries where neither teachers nor students are native English speakers. This book offers ideas for adjusting and adapting teaching approaches for culturally and linguistically diverse student groups. Students may cross national boundaries to seek accreditation, or the courses may be 'transnational', being designed in one country and delivered in another using local as well as 'fly-in' faculty. It draws upon growing good practice recommendations using tried and tested methods alongside the extensive and varied experience of the author. The book is structured around a selection of the most common issues and statements of belief held by educators, with key topics including: the impact of educational mobility on teaching and learning; teachers as mediators between academic cultural differences; learning and teaching in English; inclusive teaching and learning; encouraging student participation; assessing diverse students. With a wealth of practical tips and tools that help deal with these issues, this book will be of value to any educator working with students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds. It will also interest those involved in the design of curriculum and pedagogy.

Rising enrollments of students for whom English is not a first language mean that every teacher - whether teaching kindergarten or high school algebra - is a language teacher. This book explains what teachers need to know about language in order to be more effective in the classroom, and it shows how teacher education might help them gain that knowledge. It focuses especially on features of academic English and gives examples of the many aspects of teaching and learning to which language is key. This second edition reflects the now greatly expanded knowledge base about academic language and classroom discourse, and highlights the pivotal role that language plays in learning and schooling. The volume will be of interest to teachers, teacher educators, professional development specialists, administrators, and all those interested in helping to ensure student success in the classroom and beyond.

In an era of accountability and increased demand of literacy competency, this book provides examples of how teacher educators and teachers have come together to learn from each other and from English learners. The chapters in this book follow a teacher learning framework that highlights joint work, features inquiry into practice and integrates disciplinary content knowledge with culturally and linguistically responsive teaching. While the chapters feature different venues for teacher learning, they all depict the process of teachers and teacher educators striving to integrate English learner instruction into mainstream teacher education. This book will be a resource for faculty in teacher education programs and for administrative personnel in school districts to illustrate the process of building authentic collaborations that can improve teacher learning and understanding about English learner instruction.

Engage diverse learners in your classroom with culturally responsive instruction! This second edition includes new or expanded coverage of Latino students, ELLs, immigrant students, race, and racial identity, and new coverage of standards-based, culturally responsive lesson planning and instruction, differentiated instruction, RTI, and the Common Core State Standards. This book helps all educators tailor instruction to their unique student population and: Reflect on their cultures and how this shapes their views of the world Cultivate a deeper understanding of race and racism in the U.S. Create culturally responsive instruction Understand how culture affects learning

Second language writers and the teaching of writing at the secondary level have received little attention compared with other skills such as reading. Addressing this gap, this volume uniquely looks at both adolescent L2 writing and the preparation of secondary teachers to work with this population of students. Part I, on adolescent L2 writers, includes case studies looking at their literacy identities, their trajectories in mainstream content area classes, and their transition from high school to college. Part II looks at academic issues. The focus in Part III is L2 writing teacher education. Taking a theoretically eclectic approach that can support a variety of pedagogies, this book contributes significantly to understanding adolescent second language writers and to educating teachers to address these students' specific needs.

This thoroughly revised and updated edition of Teaching Language Arts to English Language Learners provides readers with the comprehensive understanding of both the challenges that face ELLs and ways in which educators might address them in the language arts classroom. The authors offer proven techniques that teachers can readily use to teach reading, writing, grammar, and vocabulary as well as speaking, listening, and viewing skills. A complete section is also devoted to ways teachers can integrate all five strands of the language arts curriculum into a comprehensive unit of study with meaningful accommodations for ELLs. An annotated list of web and print resources completes the volume, making this a valuable reference for language arts teachers to meet the challenges of including all learners in effective instruction. New features to this edition include: An updated and streamlined Part 1, which provides an essential overview of ELL theory in a language arts specific context. Additional practical examples of language arts exercises, all of which are closely aligned with the Common Core State Standards. New pedagogical elements in Part 3, including tips on harnessing new technologies, discussion questions and reflection points. Updates to the web and print resources in Part 4

Second language writers and the teaching of writing at the secondary level have received little attention compared with other skills such as reading. Addressing this gap, this volume uniquely looks at both adolescent L2 writing and the preparation of secondary teachers to work with this population of students. Part I, on adolescent L2 writers, includes case studies looking at their literacy identities, their trajectories in mainstream content area classes, and their transition from high school to college. Part II looks at academic issues. The focus in Part III is L2 writing teacher education. Taking a theoretically eclectic approach that can support a variety of pedagogies, this book contributes significantly to understanding adolescent second language writers and to educating teachers to address these students' specific needs.

This thoroughly revised and updated edition of Teaching Language Arts to English Language Learners provides readers with the comprehensive understanding of both the challenges that face ELLs and ways in which educators might address them in the language arts classroom. The authors offer proven techniques that teachers can readily use to teach reading, writing, grammar, and vocabulary as well as speaking, listening, and viewing skills. A complete section is also devoted to ways teachers can integrate all five strands of the language arts curriculum into a comprehensive unit of study with meaningful accommodations for ELLs. An annotated list of web and print resources completes the volume, making this a valuable reference for language arts teachers to meet the challenges of including all learners in effective instruction. New features to this edition include: An updated and streamlined Part 1, which provides an essential overview of ELL theory in a language arts specific context. Additional practical examples of language arts exercises, all of which are closely aligned with the Common Core State Standards. New pedagogical elements in Part 3, including tips on harnessing new technologies, discussion questions and reflection points. Updates to the web and print resources in Part 4

Compensatory education for alienated students at risk of dropping out is a recognized part of the educational landscape. This is the first ethnographic study of such a program. It focuses on students and staff at two state-supported sites-one composed of white students, the other being predominantly African American. Participants are paid to attend, and are given academic remediation, counseling, and job assignments in the community. The author found that, unknown to the staff or the state, the program is unsuccessful in its main goal of reintegrating adolescents into their schools. He associates this failure with the program's perception of its students, the trivial curriculum, and the lack of student involvement in planning. ^L ^L Coming from the perspective of critical theory, the author challenges the mainstream view that this program compensates for deficiencies that individual students bring with them to the classroom. His findings support the idea that the program legitimates stratification by giving potentially disruptive students mixed messages. Operating from an ideology of hope, the program tells students that they should challenge themselves to aspire to become middle class profesionals. At the same time, however, it ignores institutional barriers and fails to give its students the tools they need to succeed in school. This study has implications for all educators attempting to reach at-risk youth.

While exploring your nearby history, you will find that your community's schools have helped to shape its traditions and culture. Yet, how do you go about digging into your educational past? Fortunately, Local Schools provides this information, aiding you in your search. Prompting questions concerning educational experiences in your community and pointing you toward places to find answers, Local Schools will help you figure out what the schools in your community do and how they fit into the social and cultural context of your area. Local Schools is Volume 1 in The Nearby History Series.

The authentic, storytelling process gives students the opportunity to include their heritage language and culture into the learning process at school. Often, students separate their heritage language and culture from the school culture. They do this in order to survive the complexity of living in dual worlds or perspectives (Belenky et al., 1986). When teachers integrate the heritage language, such as storytelling, into the authentic literacy processes, students find that their heritage language and culture has value. They discover that their teachers encourage the traditional storytelling of their own heritage stories in the classrooms among their classmates. This brings the dual perspective of living in two distinct worlds together. The culturally responsive teachers help to merge both the home and school culture together through authentic literacy. This book describes how culturally responsive teachers learn to navigate between the heritage languages of their students and the dominant language of their curriculum and instruction. They know to ask questions such as, "Who are the storytellers in your home and what stories do they tell you?" This form of questioning opens up the thinking process that shows literacy comes in more forms and processes than just a book. As culturally responsive teachers invite different forms of literacy to be shared in the classroom, they bring the authentic lives of storytellers into their classroom. The students can retell the stories that they were told by their storytellers. Through this storytelling process both the culturally responsive teachers and the students informs them about who they are, how they are connect with others, and how they interdependent on others. Students tell stories that inform them about who they are and how they are connected with others, so they will know that they are human. They can live in a world of possibilities where they are interconnected with literacy and interdependent with each other in order to be human. They are describing what Greene (1995) described as looking into each other's eyes in order to encourage them to tell their stories about who they are and who they hope to be.

Open publication This volume brings together contributors from cognitive psychology, theoretical and applied linguistics, as well as computer science, in order to assess the progress made in statistical learning research and to determine future directions. An important objective is to critically examine the role of statistical learning in language acquisition. While most contributors agree that statistical learning plays a central role in language acquisition, they have differing views. This book will promote the development of the field by fostering discussion and collaborations across disciplinary boundaries.

The contribution of this book is to synthesize important common themes and highlight the unique features, findings, and lessons learned from three systematic, ongoing research and professional learning projects for supporting English learners in science. Each project, based in a different region of the U.S. and focused on different age ranges and target populations, actively grapples with the linguistic implications of the three-dimensional learning required by the Framework for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards. Each chapter provides research-based recommendations for improving the teaching of science to English learners. Offering insights into teacher professional learning as well as strategies for measuring and monitoring how well English learners are learning science and language, this book tells a compelling and inclusive story of the challenges and the opportunities of teaching science to English learners.

In the current political climate of the U.S., newcomer immigrant and refugee students seeking an education and a better life for themselves face their most uncertain future yet. Particularly, English learners who have experienced interrupted or limited schooling in their home country and language face challenges in adjusting to a new environment. They deserve differentiated support to succeed both in school and in their new communities. What sets this book apart are the student stories which shed light on the significant resilience they exhibit despite many obstacles faced during all stages of migration. This includes immigration hurdles, housing instability, negative stereotyping and, for some students, the difficult experience of crossing the border as an unaccompanied minor. In Creating Responsive Classroom Communities for Newcomers, readers will hear from educators, counselors and students in a study of 4 high schools across New York State. They will learn what is being done to develop classrooms and schools that can be culturally and linguistically responsive to the needs of diverse newcomer students with interrupted schooling. The book shares observations and details of a SIFE-centered English Language Arts curriculum developed with these students' needs in mind, including best practices in both academic instruction and in cultivating a welcoming classroom culture that builds upon student strengths and background knowledge. Readers will come away with a deeper understanding not only of the challenges these students face but also ideas for strategies to better serve them by transforming and improving their own school communities.

What is assessment and how is it a cultural practice? How does failure to account for linguistic and cultural variation among students jeopardize assessment validity? What is required to achieve cultural validity in assessment? This resource for practicing and prospective teachers as well as others concerned with fair and valid assessment provides a thorough grounding in relevant theory, research, and practice. The book lays out criteria for culturally valid assessment and recommends specific strategies that teachers can use to design and implement culturally valid classroom assessments.

Assessment plays a powerful role in the process of education in the US and has a disproportionately negative impact on students who do not come from mainstream, middle-class backgrounds. Given the significance of testing in education today, cultural validity in assessment is an urgent issue facing educators. This book is essential reading for addressing this important, relevant topic.

This book provides a comprehensive assessment of how well our educational system--from kindergarten through college--serves disadvantaged minority students, and offers a wealth of ideas for strengthening the entire educational pipeline.

Books in the Teaching English Language Learners (ELLs) across the Curriculum Series are written specifically for pre- and in- service teachers who may not have been trained in ELL techniques, but still find themselves facing the realities and challenges of today's diverse classrooms and learners. Each book provides simple and straightforward advice on how to teach ELLs through a given subject area, and how to teach content to ELLs who are at different levels of English language proficiency than the rest of their class. Authored by both language and content area specialists, each volume arms readers with practical, teacher-friendly strategies, and subject-specific techniques.

Teaching Science to English Language Learners offers science teachers and teacher educators a straightforward approach for engaging ELLs learning science, offering examples of easy ways to adapt existing lesson plans to be more inclusive. The practical, teacher-friendly strategies and techniques included here are proven effective with ELLs, and many are also effective with all students. The book provides context-specific strategies for the full range of the secondary sciences curriculum, including physical science, life science, earth and space science, science as inquiry, and history and nature of science and more. A fully annotated list of web and print resources completes the book, making this a one volume reference to help science teachers meet the challenges of including all learners in effective instruction.

Special features:

• practical examples of science exercises make applying theory to practice simple when teaching science to ELLs
• an overview of the National Science Education Standards offers useful guidelines for effective instructional and assessment practices for ELLs in secondary grades
• graphs, tables, and illustrations provide additional access points to the text in clear, meaningful ways.