Second language learners often produce language forms resembling those of children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI). At present, professionals working in language assessment and education have only limited diagnostic instruments to distinguish language impaired migrant children from those who will eventually catch up with their monolingual peers. This book presents a comprehensive set of tools for assessing the linguistic abilities of bilingual children. It aims to disentangle effects of bilingualism from those of SLI, making use of both models of bilingualism and models of language impairment. The book's methods-oriented focus will make it an essential handbook for practitioners who look for measures which could be adapted to a variety of languages in diverse communities, as well as academic researchers.

"Asian-American Education: Historical Background and Current Realities" fills a gap in the study of the social and historical experiences of Asians in U.S. schools. It is the first historical work to provide American readers with information about highly individual ethnic groups rather than viewing distinctly different groups as one vague, global entity such as "Asians." The people who populate each chapter are portrayed as active participants in their history rather than as passive victims of their culture.
Each of the twelve country-specific chapters begins with a description of the kind of education received in the home country, including how widely available it was, how equal or unequal the society was, and what were the circumstances under which the emigration of children from the country occurred. The latter part of each of these chapters deals with the education these children have received in the United States. Throughout the book, instead of dwelling on a relatively narrow range of children who perform spectacularly well, the author tries to discover the educational situation typical among average students. The order of chapters is roughly chronological in terms of when the first sizable numbers of immigrants came from a specific country.

"Asian-American Education: Historical Background and Current Realities" fills a gap in the study of the social and historical experiences of Asians in U.S. schools. It is the first historical work to provide American readers with information about highly individual ethnic groups rather than viewing distinctly different groups as one vague, global entity such as "Asians." The people who populate each chapter are portrayed as active participants in their history rather than as passive victims of their culture.
Each of the twelve country-specific chapters begins with a description of the kind of education received in the home country, including how widely available it was, how equal or unequal the society was, and what were the circumstances under which the emigration of children from the country occurred. The latter part of each of these chapters deals with the education these children have received in the United States. Throughout the book, instead of dwelling on a relatively narrow range of children who perform spectacularly well, the author tries to discover the educational situation typical among average students. The order of chapters is roughly chronological in terms of when the first sizable numbers of immigrants came from a specific country.

Despite generations of protest, activism and reform efforts, Latinos continue to be among the nation's most educationally disadvantaged and economically disenfranchised groups. Challenging static notions of culture, identity and language, Latinos and Education addresses this phenomenon within the context of a rapidly changing economy and society. This reader establishes a clear link between educational practice and the structural dimensions which shape institutional life, and calls for the development of a new language that moves beyond disciplinary and racialized categories of difference and structural inequality.

When Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Bilingual Education Act of 1968, language learning became a touchstone in the emerging culture wars. Nowhere was this more apparent than in Los Angeles, where elected officials from both political parties had supported the legislation, and where the most disruptive protests over it occurred. The city, with its diverse population of Latinos and Asian Americans, is the ideal locus for Zevi Gutfreund's study of how language instruction informed the social construction of American citizenship. Combining the history of language instruction, school desegregation, and civil rights activism as it unfolded in Japanese American and Mexican American communities in L.A., this timely book clarifies the critical and evolving role of language instruction in twentieth-century American politics. Speaking American reveals how, for generations, language instruction offered a forum for Angelino educators to articulate their responses to policies that racialized access to citizenship - from the ""national origins"" immigration quotas of the Progressive Era through Congress's removal of race from these quotas in 1965. Meanwhile, immigrant communities designed language experiments to counter efforts to limit their liberties. Gutfreund's book is the first to place the experiences of Mexican Americans and Japanese Americans side by side as they navigated debates over Americanization programs, intercultural education, school desegregation, and bilingual education. In the process, the book shows, these language experiments helped Angelino immigrants introduce competing concepts of citizenship that were tied to their actions and deeds rather than to the English language itself. Complicating the usual top-down approach to the history of racial politics in education, Speaking American recognizes the ways in which immigrant and ethnic activists, as well as white progressives and conservatives, have been deeply invested in controlling public and private aspects of language instruction in Los Angeles. The book brings compelling analytic depth and breadth to its examination of the social and political landscape in a city still at the epicenter of American immigration politics.

"Education Reform and Social Change" is about addressing and changing the structures, policies, and practices of schools that differentially advantage white, middle class, native English speakers over students of color for whom English may be a second or additional language. It is also about helping people to think critically about what it is schools do and to consider more democratic, participatory, and equitable approaches.
The chapters in the text provide first-hand documentation of the voices, struggles, and visions of students, parent activists, advocates, attorneys, and educators involved in educational and social change processes. It chronicles real-life efforts of people challenging the status quo and working to build a more participatory, equitable, and transformative future.
The goal of this book is twofold: first, to consider the structures, policies, and practices that shape and limit educational change, and learning and teaching; and second, to document grassroots collaborative and creative efforts to change them. It offers a critical framework both for conceptualizing and for actualizing educational change.
Organized into four sections, this book provides a theoretical and practical framework for thinking about educational reform and social change -- one that moves from the broader structural concerns that are embedded in policy, to case studies that document activism and collaborative efforts to change school, city, and state policies, to classroom-based directions and initiatives, and to the construction of personal and collective visions for a more democratic, equitable, and just education. Each section includes an overview of the chapters, necessary background information to help the reader contextualize what follows, and guiding questions to encourage reflective thought and engagement with the text and to invite personal linkages. Two resource sections are included at the end of the volume: "Radical Educational Reform, Critical Pedagogy, and Multicultural Education: Selected Readings and Resources" and "National Organization Networks and Resources with a Critical Perspective."

This book addresses the need to help all students, including English learners, improve their ability to read with understanding so that they can succeed not just in their language and literacy classes, but also in their subject area classrooms. The book brings together a group of experts representing the fields of first and second language reading, whose chapters contribute in different yet complementary ways to the goal of this book: Improve students' reading for understanding across languages with metacognitive awareness and use of reading strategies instruction.

Learn how to teach multilingual students effectively and equitably with this practical and accessible resource. The authors share real-world examples from the classrooms of ESOL teachers, unpack the teachers' thinking about their instruction, and identify six core practices that are foundational to teaching multilingual students: knowing your multilingual students, building a positive learning environment, integrating content and language instruction, supporting language and literacy development, using assessment, and developing positive relationships and engaging in advocacy. The book focuses on how K-12 teachers can use these core practices in ways that humanize their instruction-positioning students as whole human beings, valuing the assets and resources they bring to the classroom, actively involving them in rigorous instruction that draws on their experiences and knowledge, responding to each unique learning context, and disrupting traditional power dynamics in education. This text will help pre- and in-service teachers of multilingual students to center equity and justice in their practice and understand how to move humanizing mindsets into action. Book Features: Identifies and describes core practices for teaching multilingual students. Offers opportunities to analyze teachers' instruction using core practices. Includes templates and additional resources that help teachers extend the use of core practices to their own planning. Supports teacher educators in preparing teachers to move humanizing mindsets to humanizing practices. Provides access to supplementary video clips depicting teachers as they engage in these practices and discuss their use.

Grounded in authentic teaching and learning experiences, this book shows elementary school educators how to create spaces that more respectfully and humanely address the needs of emergent bilinguals with disabilities. While the fields of bilingual education and disability studies have been traditionally kept separate, Martinez-Alvarez argues that many of the constructs researchers and educators employ in their respective fields can be combined to improve instruction. This book establishes a dialogue among important constructs such as issues of assimilation and ableism, and the expansion of identity, agency, and humanistic pedagogies. It then looks at how these constructs can be used to better understand children who have been assigned inflexible labels that do not cohesively represent their bilingual/bicultural identities and their varied ways of learning. The text explores the limitations of categorizing children into "boxes," particularly those of minoritized backgrounds, and focuses on actual practices that will engage and empower learners. Book Features: Combines the fields of bilingual education and disability studies so that bilingual students with disabilities can be understood and taught from a strengths-based perspective. Includes activity invitations to help teachers create high-quality learning spaces. Provides sample work from diverse elementary school-aged children, as well as children's responses to the learning activity. Proposes curriculum to expand what identity and agency look like in schools embracing more humanistic pedagogies.

Over the past few years bilingualism has come to be seen not as a hindrance, but as an asset which, properly nurtured, will benefit children's linguistic awareness, cultural sensitivity and cognitive functioning. Bilingualism in the Primary School gives primary teachers a window on the experience of the bilingual children in their care. It helps them to make the most of what the children and their parents have to offer, giving those children a good start in the National Curriculum. The book covers three main areas: first, the ways in which bilingual children in school can learn English and at the same time have their first languages incorporated naturally into the curriculum; second, various approaches to the assessment of oral language (including children's mother tongue) and finally the bilingual experience of children, teachers and parents within the wider community. Many of the contributors to the book are themselves bilingual and are thus able to understand the children's experience from within, but they are also particularly careful to show monolingual teachers how to make use of children's mother tongue experience.

To reach all, we must reach each Every classroom is filled with amazing individuals who vary wildly in who they are as people. This includes BIPOC students, LGBTQIA+ students, and students who are new to the language of instruction, have learning differences, are experiencing poverty, need behavioral supports, have had poor previous instruction, or have endured trauma. This diversity is an asset that educators can leverage when we ensure our instruction is tailored to the strengths and needs of each student. That's where Universal Design for Learning (UDL) comes in. UDL ensures all students succeed by enabling educators to remove barriers to learning. Supported by neurological and education research, the tenets of UDL challenge educators to engage students and sustain their interest, represent instruction in accessible ways, and support students to demonstrate their learning in multiple ways. This guide shows how UDL can serve as a pathway to equitable learning outcomes through Practical advice for creating safe, affirming learning environments that encourage belonging Demonstration of how to represent content, concepts, and skills in different ways to provide students with multiple modes of expression Tables for planning and reflection Graphics illustrating multiple means of expression By applying UDL principles, educators can anticipate potential barriers to learning and adjust from the start, driving the accessibility of learning for all students by meeting the needs of each student.

Given the National Curriculum Council's failure to issue any formal guidance on the subject, multicultural education is becoming increasingly marginalized and left to individual schools. This book provides guidance and advice to schools on issues of racial equality and cultural diversity. It helps teachers, managers and governors implement the requirements and expectations of new educational legislation since the 1988 Education Reform Act and its associated non-statutory advice and guidance.; Within a whole school curriculum framework, chapters provide analysis and practical guidance for each subject area of the National Curriculum. With responsibility for multicultural education resting largely on individual schools, this book sets out to aid schools of all kinds, primary, secondary, grant maintained and LEA, to ensure that issues of racial equality and cultural diversity are addressed throughout the whole curriculum.; It is aimed at teachers at all levels, Heads of Education Departments, Mentors, Governors, Advisers, INSET course tutors, students on PGCE, BEd.MEd. courses and those doing a BA in Education.

A serious but highly accessible look at recent work on the issues of gender and race. Gender and Ethnicity in Schools raises crucial educational and political issues, paying particular attention to the pupils' experience of school.

Teachers often find that materials get between learners and learning for a variety of reasons. Because learning materials play a significant part in lessons, it is important they fit for purpose. Mann and Copland have elicited and included comments and suggestions from several teachers, teacher educators, and coursebook experts to illustrate theirdiscussions and to bring the practitioner voice into play. They provide principles and approaches for adapting material to suit a variety of contexts and show how teachers can work successfully with limited resources. The authors are also concerned with the choices teachers and learners have with regard to the timing and location of learning, and include a discussion of homework, virtual learning environments, and the flipped classroom.

Rising enrollments of students for whom English is not a first language mean that every teacher - whether teaching kindergarten or high school algebra - is a language teacher. This book explains what teachers need to know about language in order to be more effective in the classroom, and it shows how teacher education might help them gain that knowledge. It focuses especially on features of academic English and gives examples of the many aspects of teaching and learning to which language is key. This second edition reflects the now greatly expanded knowledge base about academic language and classroom discourse, and highlights the pivotal role that language plays in learning and schooling. The volume will be of interest to teachers, teacher educators, professional development specialists, administrators, and all those interested in helping to ensure student success in the classroom and beyond.

The growing numbers of English language learners (ELLs) in our schools pose increasing challenges and opportunities for U.S. educators and policy makers. A generation or two ago, the achievement of children who came to school knowing little or no English was not a prominent national issue. Today it is. This comprehensive resource explores the research on promoting academic success among ELLs. It provides educators with a firm basis for making decisions related to adopting or developing effective policies and programmes for ELLs. Promoting Academic Achievement Among English Learners provides illustrative scenarios throughout to accompany research-based discussions about: - What we know about using ELLs' home language in their academic programme and findings about bilingual education - ELLs learning to speak English and simultaneously learning academic content, a vital aspect of their educational agenda - School- and district-level factors that affect ELLs' achievement - Sociocultural factors, including the influence of parents and families - A broad framework for improving the academic achievement of students who come to school not speaking English well or not speaking English at all.

School Social Workers in the Multicultural Environment is a new approach for creating diversity in classroom and field curricula. The contributing authors offer practical advice for the effective teaching of multicultural content, which is now a requirement in the Curriculum Standards of the Council on Social Work Education. The authors address existing fears some readers may have regarding the teaching of multicultural content in social work and provide educators and field instructors with a model for overcoming these fears and for creating classroom excellence. Multicultural Education offers educators a chance to explore how to implement the required material effectively.While offering guidance to educators, School Social Workers in the Multicultural Environment focuses on fundamental and controversial approaches to multicultural social work education by answering these questions: Do educators know how to teach multicultural social work content? Where should multicultural content be taught? Should schools offer courses or workshops to facilitate faculty development? How should schools monitor multicultural outcomes? In what way should content be evaluated--peer evaluation, formal teaching observations, or other methods?School Social Workers in the Multicultural Environment, written by experienced educators, field instructors, and practitioners, provides advice on the teaching of multicultural social work content in both urban and rural areas and among many different populations. The book examines in depth the unspoken myths and fears encountered in teaching multiculturalism to students and helps educators and curriculum planners avoid common, unfortunate mistakes often made in multicultural classrooms and field instruction. Topics discussed include: Student Learning Processes for Multicultural Content Classroom-Tested Teaching Strategies for Cultural Competence in Practice Classes A Model for Measuring Multicultural Outcomes Perceived Racism and Minority Student Retention Differing Student and Educator Perceptions in Field Instruction Field Instruction Strategies for Successfully Teaching Cultural, Ethnic, Gender, Class, and Age Characteristics Rural Diversity Education Strategies American Indian Social Work Student Issues Human services educators and curriculum planners, who must effectively teach and implement multiculturalism in their programs, will find School Social Workers in the Multicultural Environment leads the way in creating classroom excellence. It stresses the importance of creating a new model for teaching and practice, for students and educators.

This book is a major new investigation into the issues of 'race', ethnicity and education, following the educational reforms during the late 1980s. It provides an up-to-date and critical introduction to current issues and major research findings in the field, exploring the teacher-pupil relationship through a detailed account of life in an inner-city comprehensive. It reveals the influence of different racist stereotypes and highlights the especially disadvantaged position of Afro- Caribbean pupils within a school. Features: * Draws on a wide variety of research projects in ethnic schools to examine: achievement; curriculum content; language use; assessment and testing under the National Curriculum * Uses material collected during two years of research to consider young people's school experiences and issues relating to classroom discipline.

This volume combines data obtained by a values projective technique over a period of more than 30 years, data obtained from census records, and ethnographic data obtained by the authors in fieldwork in several different places in the USA. Special attention is paid to schooling as a means of cultural transmission. The concept of "hinterland" (the great areas of the United States in between the metropolitan sectors) is developed and contrasted to metropolitan culture. The purpose of the book is to deal with a process in which all Americans, old and new, and of all ethnic groups and minorities, are caught up - the American cultural dialogue. This dialogue, centering on values such as individuality, freedom, community, equality and success transcends class and region.

The Hmong people, with a total population of about 5 million, have a long history of statelessness and migration. About 90,000 Hmong have entered America as war refugees in the last 15 years. This study looks at the history and plight of the Hmong and the way in which such a minority fits into the American dream. More specifically the book examines the problems faced by the children of a small group of Hmong who have settled in La Playa, in East Central California. The study looks at the alienation and culture conflict faced by children in such minorities in the USA.

Children's success in literacy is largely dependent on the active and systematic communications between parents and teachers. In this study the essence of literacy is observed in the Portillo Community when working class Mexican-American parents empowered each other by sharing their experiences to help their children in school. Utilizing their ability to read and interpret their reality the families collectively organized to transform their children's educational opportunities.

To help both new and seasoned teachers to become more effective with their students from diverse backgrounds, Becoming Multicultural Educators edited by Geneva Gay, offers fourteen compelling stories from different regions, cultures, ethnic groups, and stages of professional and personal growth in developing multicultural awareness, knowledge, and skills. One contributing author declares community participation and social activism are the keys to his professional growth. For another, multicultural understanding comes when she learns to unveil the masks of insidious negative stereotypes. Through these stories, we share their struggles as these educators come to understand diversity among ethnic groups and cultures, resolve conflicts between curricular and multicultural goals, and find authentic models and mentors for their students. But most important, we learn how this laudatory group of educators has come to realize that they need to know themselves if they are to truly know their students. Well-grounded in education theory, Becoming Multicultural Educators is both personal and inspiring. This is the book that will help teachers, and those who prepare them, blossom as educators and human beings.

This highly focused collection of papers, commissioned by the National Urban League, offers a candid and courageous portrait of black education in transition. This is a period, as the editors note in their opening remarks, that is characterized by a huge shift from federal responsibility for minority education to authority and autonomy being lodged at the local government level. Further, many institutions that once worked well, no longer do so. Many ambitious social programs and policies that originally promised much, have been abandoned, have failed, or just faded away. Pivotal to these times and changes is the question of the extent to which the American educational system has been, or still is, capable of being responsive to incorporating and even instigating equity and excellence for black Americans. This volume asks the hard questions: is the educational system geared up for the maintenance of anything other than mainstream values? can it adapt to minority youth requirements? when, why, and how do educational policies of majorities and minorities clash? How are priorities to be established--on the basis of wealth or need? The legal statutes and administrative enforcement of equal educational opportunities are explored in depth and with a deep compassion for all parties involved.

Critiquing the positioning of children from non-dominant groups as linguistically deficient, this book aims to bridge the gap between theorizing of language in critical sociolinguistics and approaches to language in education. Carolyn McKinney uses the lens of linguistic ideologies-teachers' and students' beliefs about language-to shed light on the continuing problem of reproduction of linguistic inequality. Framed within global debates in sociolinguistics and applied linguistics, she examines the case of historically white schools in South Africa, a post-colonial context where political power has shifted but where the power of whiteness continues, to provide new insights into the complex relationships between language and power, and language and subjectivity. Implications for language curricula and policy in contexts of linguistic diversity are foregrounded. Providing an accessible overview of the scholarly literature on language ideologies and language as social practice and resource in multilingual contexts, Language and Power in Post-Colonial Schooling uses the conceptual tools it presents to analyze classroom interaction and ethnographic observations from the day-to-day life in case study schools and explores implications of both the research literature and the analyses of students' and teachers' discourses and practices for language in education policy and curriculum.