Solubility is fundamental to most areas of chemistry and is one of the most basic of thermodynamic properties. It underlies most industrial processes. Bringing together the latest developments and ideas, Developments and Applications in Solubility covers many varied and disparate topics. The book is a collection of work from leading experts in their fields and covers the theory of solubility, modelling and simulation, industrial applications and new data and recent developments relating to solubility. Of particular interest are sections on: experimental, calculated and predicted solubilities; solubility phenomena in 'green' quaternary mixtures involving ionic liquids; molecular simulation approaches to solubility; solubility impurities in cryogenic liquids and carbon dioxide in chemical processes. The book is a definitive and comprehensive reference to what is new in solubility and is ideal for researcher scientists, industrialists and academics

Protein folding and aggregation is the process by which newly synthesized proteins fold into the specific three-dimensional structures defining their biologically active states. It has always been a major focus of research in biochemistry and has often been seen as the unsolved second part of the genetic code. In the last 10 years we have witnessed a quantum leap in the research in this exciting area. Computational methods have improved to the extent of making possible to simulate the complete folding process of small proteins and the early stages of protein aggregation. Experimental methods have evolved to permit resolving fast processes of folding reactions and visualizing single molecules during folding. The findings from these novel experiments and detailed computer simulations have confirmed the main predictions of analytical theory of protein folding. In summary, protein folding research has finally acquired the status of a truly quantitative science, paving the way for more exciting developments in the near future. This unique book covers all the modern approaches and the many advances experienced in the field during the last 10 years. There is also much emphasis on computational methods and studies of protein aggregation which have really flourished in the last decade. It includes chapters in the areas that have witnessed major developments and are written by top experts including:computer simulations of folding, fast folding, single molecule spectroscopy, protein design, aggregation studies (both computational and experimental). Readers will obtain a unique perspective of the problems faced in the biophysical study of protein conformational behaviour in aqueous solution and how these problems are being solved with a multidisciplinary approach that combines theory, experiment and computer simulations. Protein Folding, Misfolding and Aggregation Classical Themes and Novel Approaches is essential reading for graduate students actively involved in protein folding research, other scientists interested in the recent progress of the field and instructors revamping the protein folding section of their biochemistry and biophysics courses.

Thermodynamics and information touch theory every facet of chemistry. However, the physical chemistry curriculum digested by students worldwide is still heavily skewed toward heat/work principles established more than a century ago. Rectifying this situation, Chemical Thermodynamics and Information Theory with Applications explores applications drawn from the intersection of thermodynamics and information theory-two mature and far-reaching fields. In an approach that intertwines information science and chemistry, this book covers: The informational aspects of thermodynamic state equations The algorithmic aspects of transformations-compression, expansion, cyclic, and more The principles of best-practice programming How molecules transmit and modify information via collisions and chemical reactions Using examples from physical and organic chemistry, this book demonstrates how the disciplines of thermodynamics and information theory are intertwined. Accessible to curiosity-driven chemists with knowledge of basic calculus, probability, and statistics, the book provides a fresh perspective on time-honored subjects such as state transformations, heat and work exchanges, and chemical reactions.

Physics and Chemistry of Ice is an authoritative summary of state-of the-art research contributions from the world's leading scientists. A key selection of submissions from the 11th International Conference on the Physics and Chemistry of Ice, 2006 are presented here with a foreword by Werner F. Kuhs. An invaluable resource, this book provides researchers and professionals with up-to-date coverage on a wide range of areas in ice science including: * Spectroscopic and diffraction studies * Molecular dynamics simulations * Studies of Ice Mechanics * Quantum mechanical ab initio calculations * Ice and hydrate crystal growth and inhibition studies * Bulk and surface properties of ice and gas hydrates * Snow physics and chemistry This insight into topical aspects of ice research is a key point of reference for physicists, chemists, glaciologists, cryo-biologists and professionals working in the fields of ice and hydrogen bonding.

This widely acclaimed text, now in its sixth edition and translated into many languages, continues to present a clear, simple and concise introduction to chemical thermodynamics. An examination of equilibrium in the everyday world of mechanical objects provides a starting point for an accessible account of the factors that determine equilibrium in chemical systems. This straightforward approach leads students to a thorough understanding of the basic principles of thermodynamics, which are then applied to a wide range of physical chemical systems. The book also discusses the problems of non-ideal solutions and the concept of activity, and provides an introduction to the molecular basis of thermodynamics. Over six editions, the views of teachers of the subject and their students have been incorporated. Reference to the phase rule has been included in this edition and the notation has been revised to conform to current IUPAC recommendations. Students taking courses in thermodynamics will continue to find this popular book an excellent introductory text.

Electrolytes and salt solutions are ubiquitous in chemical industry, biology and nature. This unique compendium introduces the elements of the solution properties of ionic mixtures. In addition, it also serves as a bridge to the modern researches into the molecular aspects of uniform and non-uniform charged systems. Notable subjects include the Debye-Huckel limit, Pitzer's formulation, Setchenov salting-out, and McMillan-Mayer scale. Two new chapters on industrial applications - natural gas treating, and absorption refrigeration, are added to make the book current and relevant.This textbook is eminently suitable for undergraduate and graduate students. For practicing engineers without a background in salt solutions, this introductory volume can also be used as a self-study.

This English translation of a well-known Japanese book covers interfacial physicochemistry in materials science, especially for iron- and steelmaking processes. Interfacial Physical Chemistry of High-Temperature Melts bridges the gap between the basics and applications of physicochemistry. The book begins with an overview of the fundamentals of interfacial physical chemistry and discusses surface tension, describing the derivation of important equations to guide readers to a deep understanding of the phenomenon. The book then goes on to introduce interfacial properties of high-temperature melts, especially the Marangoni effect, and discusses applications to materials processing at high temperature focusing on recent research results by the author and the co-workers. This book is aimed at researchers, graduate students, and professionals in materials processing. Video clips of in-situ observation including experiments under microgravity condition and x-ray observation are available for download on the publisher's website to allow for a deeper understanding.

This unique monograph investigates the synthesis, properties and processing of energetic materials and propellant compositions. The thermal decomposition of energetic compounds, such as aliphatic and aromatic nitrocompounds, nitramines, nitroethers, organic azides and difluoroamines, polynitrous heterocycles, and onium salts of different acids, the most important components of modern propellants, are given. The kinetics and mechanisms of chemical reactions for both real and model compounds are presented and the classic problem of the dependence of explosive activity on molecular structure is examined.

New methods for a formal kinetic description of decay of condensed substances, the determination of the energy of bond rupture in polyfunctional compounds and the theory of solid-phase reactions are also given. Applications to problems of predicting the stability, compatibility, and the stabilization of explosives and propellant components are included.

The book will be of interest to graduate students, researchers and professionals in industry interested in chemical kinetics and the combustion of energetic materials.

There is increasing recognition that low-cost, high capacity processes for the conversion of biomass into fuels and chemicals are essential for expanding the utilization of carbon neutral processes, reducing dependency on fossil fuel resources, and increasing rural income. While much attention has focused on the use of biomass to produce ethanol via fermentation, high capacity processes are also required for the production of hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass. In this context, this book provides an up-to-date overview of the thermochemical methods available for biomass conversion to liquid fuels and chemicals. In addition to traditional conversion technologies such as fast pyrolysis, new developments are considered, including catalytic routes for the production of liquid fuels from carbohydrates and the use of ionic liquids for lignocellulose utilization. The individual chapters, written by experts in the field, provide an introduction to each topic, as well as describing recent research developments.

This book contains a concise and systematic exposition of fundamental problems of hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and physicochemical hydrodynamics, which constitute the theoretical basis of chemical engineering in science. Areas covered include: fluid flows; processes of chemical engineering; mass and heat transfer in plane channels, tubes and fluid films; problems of mass and heat transfer; the motion and mass exchange of power-law and viscoplastic fluids through tubes, channels, and films and the basic concepts and properties of very specific technological media, namely foam systems.
Topics are arranged in increasing order of difficulty, with each section beginning with a brief physical and mathematical statement of the problem considered, followed by final results, usually given for the desired variables in the form of final relationships and tables.

Companion to Chemical Thermodynamics accompanies the newly published Chemical Thermodynamics, 6th Edition, a well-known upper-division undergraduate/graduate text on classical thermodynamics.

This long-awaited, revised and updated reference/text combines a thorough description of the origin and application of fundamental chemical kinetics through an assessment of realistic reactor problems with an expanded discussion of kinetics and its relation to chemical thermodynamics. Provides exercises of gradiating difficulty that range from simple applications of equations and concepts developed in the text to open-ended situations drawing on creative thinking Adds a host of worked-out illustrations and a notation list after each chapter, reinforcing important concepts Retaining the careful organization and logical progression of ideas that characterized the first edition, the Second Edition of Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design clarifies chain and polymerization reactions in greater depth contains new material on microbial and enzyme kinetics and adsorption-desorption theory streamlines the presentation of the derivations arising from the kinetic theory of gases addresses transport effect in catalytic reactions explains gas-solid noncatalytic reactions covers the development of two-phase reactor theory based on plug flow, mixing cell, and dispersion models introduces theory and design of fluid slurry and trickle beds examines catalyst deactivation phenomena, ion exchange, and chromatographic reactors and more Including over 1450 equations for developing rational chemical reactor designs and analysis models, the Second Edition of Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Design is an excellent reference for chemical, mechanical, petroleum, plant, process, civil, and design engineers, and an ideal text for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Laser approaches to combustion diagnostics are of considerable interest due to their remote, non-intrusive and in-situ character, unlimited temperature capability, and potential for simultaneous temporal and spatial resolution. This book aims to make these powerful and important new tools in combustion research understandable. Focuses on spectroscopically-based, spatially-precise, laser techniques for temperature and chemical composition measurements in reacting and non-reacting flows. Following introductory chapters on basic spectroscopy, laser physics, experimental methods and practical considerations, treats each of the major techniques in some detail, replete with measurement examples and references. Concludes with a treatment of field methods which employs the various techniques to perform measurements simultaneously over a two-dimensional slice of the medium being probed.

Engineering Analysis of Fires and Explosions demonstrates how professional forensic engineers apply basic concepts and principles from engineering and scientific disciplines to analyze fires and explosions. It describes how forensic engineers use a "reverse design" process to determine the original cause of a fire or explosion. This guide incorporates practices and lessons learned from the first-hand experiences of the author and his colleagues. It is an exciting introduction to the multidisciplinary subject of fire and explosion analysis and its legal ramifications. The author's straightforward language and style make the concepts easy to understand.

The CRC Handbook of Thermophysical and Thermochemical Data is an interactive software and handbook package that provides an invaluable source of reliable data embracing a wide range of properties of chemical substances, mixtures, and reacting systems. Use the handbook and software together to quickly, and easily generate property values at any desired temperature, pressure, or mixture composition.

Handbook of Thermal Conductivity of Liquids and Gases covers practically all of the data available on the thermalconductivity of pure liquids and gases. Thermal conductivity data included in the book is based on original experimental measurements and correlations recommended or adopted as a standard by the National Standard Reference Data Service of the Russian Federation. New tabulations of thermal conductivity data on high-molecular organic fluids and the alkali metals in both liquid and gaseous states are featured as well. This book will be an important reference for all researchers working in thermodynamics.

This textbook covers chemical thermodynamics in materials science from basic to advanced level, especially for iron and steel making processes. To improve a process by applying knowledge of thermodynamics or to assess the calculation results of thermodynamic software, an accurate and systematic understanding of thermodynamics is required. For that purpose, books from which one can learn thermodynamics from the basic to the advanced level are needed, but such books are rarely published. This book bridges the gap between the basics, which are treated in general thermodynamic books, and their application, which are only partially dealt with in most specialized books on a specific field. This textbook can be used to teach the basics of chemical thermodynamics and its applications to beginners. The basic part of the book is written to help learners acquire robust applied skills in an easy-to-understand manner, with in-depth explanations and schematic diagrams included. The same book can be used by advanced learners as well. Those higher-level readers such as post-graduate students and researchers may refer to the basic part of the book to get down to the basic concepts of chemical thermodynamics or to confirm the basic concepts. Abundant pages are also devoted to applications designed to present more advanced applied skills grounded in a deep understanding of the basics. The book contains some 50 examples and their solutions so that readers can learn through self-study.

Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics provides undergraduate chemistry students with a grounding in both classical and statistical thermodynamics. Thermodynamic quantities and relationships are introduced and developed in a coherent way, enabling students to apply thermodynamic analysis to chemical problems with confidence. Each stage in the development is well illustrated with examples. The text aims to help students understand energy, its different forms and transformations, and the key role of entropy, as applied to chemical systems, addressing questions such as: (i) How much work is performed, and how much heat transfer occurs, during chemical processes and reactions, and how do they depend on temperature? (ii) How is it possible for endothermic processes to occur spontaneously, and will a given reaction occur spontaneously? (iii) What determines the equilibrium between phases? (iv) How do temperature and pressure affect equilibrium? (v) What is the meaning of entropy? (vi) How are macroscopic thermodynamic properties related to microscopic energy levels? Ideal for the needs of undergraduate chemistry students, Tutorial Chemistry Texts is a major series consisting of short, single topic or modular texts concentrating on the fundamental areas of chemistry taught in undergraduate science courses. Each book provides a concise account of the basic principles underlying a given subject, embodying an independent-learning philosophy and including worked examples.

Many scientists and engineers do not realize that, under certain conditions, friction can lead to the formation of new structures at the interface, including in situ tribofilms and various patterns. In turn, these structures-usually formed by destabilization of the stationary sliding regime-can lead to the reduction of friction and wear. Friction-Induced Vibrations and Self-Organization: Mechanics and Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics of Sliding Contact combines the mechanical and thermodynamic methods in tribology, thus extending the field of mechanical friction-induced vibrations to non-mechanical instabilities and self-organization processes at the frictional interface. The book also relates friction-induced self-organization to novel biomimetic materials, such as self-lubricating, self-cleaning, and self-healing materials. Explore Friction from a Different Angle-as a Fundamental Force of Nature The book begins with an exploration of friction as a fundamental force of nature throughout the history of science. It then introduces general concepts related to vibrations, instabilities, and self-organization in the bulk of materials and at the interface. After presenting the principles of non-equilibrium thermodynamics as they apply to the interface, the book formulates the laws of friction and highlights important implications. The authors also analyze wear and lubrication. They then turn their attention to various types of friction-induced vibration, and practical situations and applications where these vibrations are important. The final chapters consider various types of friction-induced self-organization and how these effects can be used for novel self-lubricating, self-cleaning, and self-healing materials. From Frictional Instabilities to Friction-Induced Self-Organization Drawing on the authors' original research, this book presents a new, twenty-first century perspective on friction and tribology. It shows how friction-induced instabilities and vibrations can lead to self-organized structures, and how understanding the structure-property relationships that lead to self-organization is key to designing "smart" biomimetic materials.

This book deals with the formulation of the thermodynamics of chemical and other systems far from equilibrium. It contains applications to non-equilibrium stationary states and approaches to such states, systems with multiple stationary states, stability and equi-stability conditions, reaction diffusion systems, transport properties, and electrochemical systems. The theoretical treatment is complemented by experimental results to substantiate the formulation.

From the basics of thermodynamics to solutions for modern dynamical problems —the complete beginner's guide to statistical mechanics.

Unlike most books on statistical mechanics, this one is written for advanced students in chemistry, chemical engineering, biophysics, and related fields. It targets readers with no prior exposure to statistical mechanics and provides a complete introduction to all the important principles, concepts, and equations, while maintaining a level of mathematical sophistication that most advanced chemistry students will find manageable. The emphasis is on finding solutions to common problems in chemistry. Topics covered include:

• The Maxwell-Boltzmann velocity distribution for molecules in a gas, partition functions, and calculation of thermodynamic properties
• Ensembles (including the grand canonical ensemble), independent particles, and thermodynamic properties of atoms and molecules
• Practical introductions to quantum statistical mechanics and classical statistical mechanics
• Applications to electrons in metals and semiconductors; bosons and fermions; imperfect gases; transport properties; dipole moments in electric and magnetic fields; and distribution functions and correlation functions in fluids
• Time-dependent techniques for handling both simple and modern dynamical problems —the Liouville equation, time-correlation functions, and the Langevin equation.

Clearly written, and with a minimum of theory, Statistical Mechanics for Chemists takes you step by step through mathematical manipulations and explains the physical and chemical bases for each procedure. It is a valuable resource for advanced students in chemistry, chemical engineering, biophysics, and related fields.

The introductory textbook provides an update on electrolyte thermodynamics with a molecular perspective. It is eminently suited as an introduction to the solution thermodynamics of ionic mixtures at the undergraduate and graduate level. It is also invaluable for the understanding and design in the engineering of natural gas treating and adsorption refrigeration with electrolytes.

Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Modeling of Solutions provides readers with an understanding of thermodynamics and phase equilibria that is required to make full and efficient use of these tools. The book systematically discusses phase diagrams of all types, the thermodynamics behind them, their calculations from thermodynamic databases, and the structural models of solutions used in the development of these databases. Featuring examples from a wide range of systems including metals, salts, ceramics, refractories, and concentrated aqueous solutions, Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Modeling of Solutions is a vital resource for researchers and developers in materials science, metallurgy, combustion and energy, corrosion engineering, environmental engineering, geology, glass technology, nuclear engineering, and other fields of inorganic chemical and materials science and engineering. Additionally, experts involved in developing thermodynamic databases will find a comprehensive reference text of current solution models.

Momentum, heat and mass transport phenomena can be found everywhere in nature. A solid understanding of the principles of these processes is essential for chemical and process engineers. The second edition of Transport Phenomena builds on the foundation of the first edition which presented fundamental knowledge and practical application of momentum, heat and mass transfer processes in a form useful to engineers. This revised edition includes revisions of the original text in addition to new applications providing a thoroughly updated edition. This updated text includes;

• An introduction to physical transport analysis including units, dimensional analysis and conservation laws.
• A systematic treatment of fluid flow and heat and mass transport, their similarities and dissimilarities.
• Theoretical and semi-empirical equations and a condensed overview of practical data.
• Illustrative problems showing practical applications.
• A problem section at the end of each chapter with answers and explanations.

Pinch Technology explains the principles of process integration, the use of pinch technology as well as energy recycling in oil, gas, petrochemical and industrial processes. It gives an complete overview of all relevant and similar references in the fi eld of energy recovery in oil, gas and petrochemicals.