Sonography of baby hips for the diagnosis of DDH and dysplasia has grown steadily in importance in recent years. A strict standardized technique for investigation of the baby and interpretation of the sonograms has made hip ultrasound reproducible, reliable and independent of examiner skill and experience.

Graf s technique is now used worldwide, and selective or even general screening programmes for all babies are established in many European countries today.

The first part of this book includes the fundamentals of hip sonography, static as well as dynamic techniques, anatomical identification of the echograms, typing, a measurement technique and usability check.

The second part is an atlas including a summary of the essential data and demonstrating correct and incorrect sonograms in different variations. The book is indispensable for everyone dealing with DDH problems in diagnosis and therapy.

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Under the auspices of: Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Board of the European Union of Medical Specialists; Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Section of the European Union of Medical Specialists;European Society of Physical & Rehabilitation Medicine; International Society of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine; Euro-Musculus; Turkish League Against Rheumatism; Academie europeenne de medecine de readaptation; World Musculus The book "Sonographic Atlas for Common Musculoskeletal Pathologies" represents the second output of the same project that has produced "Musculoskeletal Ultrasound in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine". Musculoskeletal ultrasound is user-dependent, thus it strongly needs training with a mentor and 'maintenance' education. Accordingly, the main purpose of this second book is to provide plenty of examples concerning the most commonly scanned musculoskeletal pathologies, and thus to fill the gap of long-term supervised education. The sections of the book are organized as regions in an anatomy atlas, i.e. starting from head and neck down to ankle and foot. In each section, the subsections are arranged in accordance with the anatomical structures. There are 500 images and 20 related videos, and the text is based mainly on the long figure legends, which also include clinical/physical examination findings. Importantly, while reading the book, you will see parts referred as "Expert Note" at the bottom of many pages. These comments are, for sure, the most distinguishing part of the book, because they provide valuable, practical explanations, making the readers feel as if they are revising and discussing that particular US image with an expert sitting next to them.

Le recenti evoluzioni tecnologiche nella diagnostica per immagini hanno consentito gli cogliere le alterazioni anatomiche e funzionali che caratterizzano la fase di esordio delle artropatie degenerative ed infiammatorie. Nell'ambito di queste ultime, in particolare, l'imaging risulta non solo fondamentale nella diagnosi dello stadio early delle artriti ma anche nella definizione della loro evoluzione e della risposta al moderno trattamento terapeutico. La valutazione di una nuova semeiologia imaging, che si avvale notevolmente dell'impiego di mdc in relazione sia al power Doppler sia alla risonanza magnetica, ha consentito di restringere il gap tra istologia ed imaging nella diagnostica reumatologica.

General ultrasound in the critically ill describes a new clinical tool: ultrasound for the intensive care and emergency physician. Written by an intensivist familiar with ultrasound, it specifically details findings of immediate clinical relevance throughout its approx. 220 pages. Through a whole-body approach, this book considers new emergency applications regarding the abdomen, venous system, head, heart, and the most original topic, the lung. Flow charts are proposed to resolve daily intensive care and emergency occurrences: acute dyspnea, shock, unexplained fever, etc. The strong points and pitfalls of ultrasound are reviewed in detail. This book shows just how critical ultrasound has proven to be in satisfying a major concern in the intensive care and emergency medicine fields: speed and accuracy. With this ever-present requirement for rapid diagnosis in mind, General ultrasound in the critically ill provides a key to practicing a visual medicine, a great benefit to the critically ill patient, especially since ultrasound is noninvasive and can be done at the bedside. This volume is not only an exhaustive atlas dealing with the most variable aspects of the critically ill patient, but it is above all a guide, a permanent aid in the therapeutic decision.

This concise, portable manual provides practitioners and future practitioners with a basic guide to pediatric emergency ultrasound, enabling them to learn the fundamentals of bedside ultrasound and use these to refresh their skills prior to, or when, performing it on a patient.

Gain a firm foundation for sonography practice! Corresponding to the chapters in Hedrick's Technology for Diagnostic Sonography, this study guide focuses on basic concepts to help you master sonography physics and instrumentation. It includes laboratory exercises designed to teach you how to operate a scanner, and comprehensive review questions allow you to assess your knowledge. Not only will you learn the theoretical knowledge that is the basis for ultrasound scanning, but also the practical skills necessary for clinical practice. Laboratory exercises teach you the function of operator controls and how to optimize image quality and practice ALARA, and include step-by-step instructions for scanner operation, for hands-on application and practice. 250 review questions help you assess your understanding of sonography physics and instrumentation, and identify areas of knowledge that may need further study. Key Points at the beginning of each chapter emphasize the most important sonography principles that you need to understand and apply.

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ESWT) is a new method for the treatment of numerous chronic disorders of the musculos- keletal system: Calcific tendinitis of the shoulder joint - Lateral epicondylitis - Medial epicondylitis - Plantar fas- ciitis - Pseudarthrosis. Other indications are being investigated either in clinical studies or as empirical therapeutic possibilities of ESWT. This book gives a clear overview of the present status of ESWT and ultrasound imaging in the management of musculoske- letal disorders.

Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound, first introduced more than a decade ago, has steadily evolved into a dynamic, reliable, reproducible, and practical diagnostic tool. Clinical neuroscientists have found TCD to be an indispensable technique in the management of many types of patients. This book is designed to provide basic instruction in the perfor mance and interpretation of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography for technologists, nurses, and physicians. The information included in the text is critical for the development of a strong knowledge base. It is not intended to be all inclusive, and the TCD novice is likely to use it as the platform upon which to build his/her experience in the application of TCD. This book is organized as a step-guided approach for the performance of TCD, and it includes specific guidelines for interpretation of the TCD save forms. We hope that the reader finds it useful during what we think is the most difficult phase of this technique-the learning curve. John P. McCartney, R.V.T. Kathleen M. Thomas-Lukes, R.N., M.N."

This book is a complete guide to the use of ultrasound in critical care. Beginning with an overview of ultrasound and its applications, the next chapters discuss basic physics of ultrasound, modes of ultrasonography, and Doppler imaging. The following sections cover the use of ultrasound in different critical care situations including for vascular access, in acute respiratory distress syndrome, for cardiac evaluation, in neurocritical care, in the ICU, and more. The book concludes with clinical case scenarios and guidance on infection control and legal issues in ICU sonography. The comprehensive text is further enhanced by more than 300 ultrasound images, figures and tables to assist learning. Key points Comprehensive guide to the use of ultrasound in critical care Includes discussion on basic physics and modes of ultrasound Provides clinical case scenarios and guidance on infection control Features more than 300 ultrasound images, figures and tables

Every bone fracture must be held rigid and, because of the long healing process, infringes on the individual's life-style. Treatment with ultrasound, however, may reduce the healing time 30-50% since the piezoelectric effect of ultrasound acts as a callus stimulator. This book documents more than twenty years of clinical experience with ultrasound treatment of fractures. The authors give statistical evidence and show numerous X-rays to document their success. They also include a summary of experimental studies. The method is described in detail so that the practicing physician can easily learn how to apply it.

The measurement of the cerebral circulation in children, particularly in newborns and young infants, has for a long time been high on the list of needs in clinical and scientific pediatrics. The methods available to date have either been too unreliable or unsuitable for use on children. In the course of a research project at the Department of Pediatrics of the Uni versity of Freiburg, Dr. Harald Bode has made the first systematic ex amination of the cerebral circulation of children using transcranial Doppler sonography. Over 500 children with ages between 0 and 18 years were included in this exhaustive study, documenting Doppler measurements in about 3,000 basal cerebral arteries. Basic reference values were obtained which involved adapting the methodology and available equipment to the special re quirements of the pediatrician. Moreover, the influence of biological and physiological factors on these Doppler values has also been considered in addition to those of disease and therapy. The result is an impressive record of the many applications of trans cranial Doppler sonography during childhood. It is not difficult to predict that this methodology will be of lasting value and capable of further de velopment. I hope this book receives the attention it undoubtedly deserves and that the author is able to continue in realizing his fruitful scientific ideas in clinical pediatric practice."

Transcutaneous ultrasonography is an established procedure for diagnosis and therapy in gastroenterology. However, ultrasonic images can often be hampered by pulmonary and intestinal gas and by bony and adipose tissue. In 1956 Wild and Reid reported the first results of transrectal ultrasound of the prostate [1]. In 1976 Lutz introduced an A-mode ultrasonic probe which could be introduced via the biopsy channel of an endoscope [2]. In 1978 and 1980 Hisanaga performed echocardiography using an ultrasonic transducer attached to the tip of a flexible instrument [3, 4]. In animal studies and later on in humans Di Magno has used an echoendoscope in which a small transducer was attached at the tip of a fiberoptic endoscope [5, 6]. The purpose was to overcome the limitations of transcutaneous ultrasonography by directly approaching target lesions with a high-frequency ultrasound source via the gastroin testinallumen. SJlbsequently, the first series of endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) examinations were reported during the European congress in Stockholm [7]. The purpose of this book is: 1. To evaluate the technique and the equipment for endoscopic ultrasonography 2. To evaluate in detail the endosonographic pattern of the normal and abnormal wall structure 3. To analyze a large consecutive series of various gastrointestinal malignancies in order to determine the usefulness and accuracy of EUS in the detection, staging, and therapy of malignant diseases 4. To compare EUS with other imaging techniques References 1.

This book, the seventh in the series Exercises in Radiological Diagnosis, deals with sonography, an imaging procedure in which the ability of the radiologist plays an exceptionally important role. The author, Catherine Roy, has very extensive experience in the clinical use of sonography. She has selected the images, which are of excellent quality, with great care to illustrate a wide range of conditions and has supplemented them by commentaries and discussions which are easy to comprehend. The systematic use of schematic drawings to interpret the images makes it possible for the reader to follow the author's approach without any difficulty. Schematic drawings are par ticularly important in sonography because the relationship be tween the details in the images and the anatomy may be very weak. Images, schematic drawings, and text (both commentaries and interpretations) are three didactic elements which Cathe rine Roy has skill-fully combined in these exercises into an excellent whole. A. WACKENHEIM v Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Iconography, Commentary with Corresponding Schemata. . 2 Subject Index 203 VII Introduction Ultrasound imaging of the abdomen has now become a routine investi gation. It has brought about changes in the procedure of additional investigations and even rendered part of conventional radiology redun dant, particularly that concerning the bile ducts. These exercises are meant for students or physicians who already have basic knowledge of ultrasound diagnosis. It has not been possible to cover the entire spectrum of abdominal pathology, especially trauma, with 114 cases.

Operative ultrasound, which permits direct We have divided the material into three placement of the probe on the organ to be principal sections: hepatic surgery, biliary studied during surgery, has been in existence surgery, and the surgery of portal hyperten for over 20 years. Early experiences with its sion. Our experience with operative ultra use in urologic [15] and biliary surgery [7, 8, sound in pancreatic disease is not adequate 9] were limited by technical difficulties but for discussion in this manual, although many the evolution of B-mode, real-time ultra useful applications have been suggested. sound has made possible the broad applica Each chapter includes an anatomical review tion of ultrasound in the operating room. and a presentation of the basic sonographic The goal of operative ultrasound is to signs to clarify the diagnosis and therapy of provide the surgeon with information about a pathologic conditions. Emphasis has been solid organ which is not obvious from its ex placed on the practical applications of opera ternal morphology. What is the nature of the tive ultrasound. lesion? What is its precise localization within With most of the ultrasound images (all the organ? What vascular and anatomical are presented on a black background) two constraints limit its surgical treatment? Mod schematic diagrams are shown: ern ultrasound technology, which produces The first indicates the position of the probe an image faithful to the true anatomy, per on anterior and lateral projections.

Every few years a dissertation comes to the area of clinical application of medical technology which carries us forward as on a magic carpet into new regions of understanding and patient care. This book is such a magic carpet. It brings together, in a clear and incisive fashion, important hemodynamic principles with a simple noninvasive method of application to a part of the cerebral vasculature which has been relatively inaccessible. To the lucky and perceptive person who reads this book, a feeling of excitement and hope for progress is engendered. The diligent application of the potentials of transcranial Doppler ultrasound brings new power to our efforts in understanding the cerebral circulation and the causes, treatment and prevention of cerebrovascular disorders. Merrill P. Spencer, M. D. Director Institute of Applied Physiology and Medicine Seattle, Wash. , July 1986 Acknowledgements I am greatly indebted to Prof. He1ge Nornes, Oslo, who introduced me to the fascinating study of cerebral hemodynamics in the early 1970's and since then continually encouraged my interest in this field. It was through his pioneering work on the cerebral circulation-using peroperative electromagnetic flowmetry and Doppler techniques-that the basis was laid for the noninvasive trans cranial approach to the circle of Willis described in this book. I also gratefully acknowledge the stimulating case discussions with Prof. Peter Huber, Berne, at the very early introduction of trans cranial Doppler, the inspiring exchange of ideas with Dr. Merrill P.

In 1981, the Norwegian physiologist and cyberneticist, Rune Aaslid, developed a device which made it possible to apply the transcranial Doppler sonographic technique in man. In 1983, Dr. Albrecht Harders took on the project of working out a clinically practicable method that would allow atraumatic measurements to be made of the blood flow velocity in the large branches ofthe circle of Willis. The technique has now become a competitor of the conventional methods of measuring the intracranial hemodynamics, including angiography and the xenon method of cerebral blood flow measurement. Harders proceeded from the assumption that the measurement of the blood flow velocity is more relevant for clinical diagnoses than the usual volume flow measurements. He stresses the very valuable application of the technique in detecting cerebral vasospasm before and after aneurysm surgery. The changes in the blood flow velocities measured by transcranial Doppler sonography in the individual vessel segments of the circle of Willis are interpreted with respect to the various factors that can effect such changes (collateral circulation in the circle of Willis, diameter of the vessel, vascular resistance, the general cardiovascular situation, arterial partial CO pressure, autoregulatory factors, position of body). The rate of 2 complications associated with angiography has thus been reduced, since the best time both for angiography and for surgery can be determined, and continuous TCD examinations show when the patient is out of a critical phase of cerebral vasospasm.

Modern sonography makes possible the detection of small and subtle changes in the normal echo pattern. These may represent significant pathological changes which can not al ways be fully revealed by the echo pattern alone. There is, therefore, an increasing need for the supplement of the ultra sonically guided percutaneous puncture, which can be per formed with great accuracy and with virtually no risk. Also, ultrasonically guided puncture has proven invaluable for a wide variety of therapeutic purposes. The first percutaneous puncture guided by ultrasonic scanning using a specifically designed transducer was per formed in 1969 at the ultrasonic laboratory in Gentofte, now Herlev, Hospital, Copenhagen. The idea was based on a punc ture transducer described and used by Kratochwill for punc ture under the guidance of the ultrasonic A-presentation tech nique. The development in the field formed the basis of the First International Conference on Ultrasonically Guided Puncture at Herlev Hospital in 1978 sponsored by The Danish Society of Diagnostic Ultrasound. The knowledge and experience of the speakers at that conference was compiled in the book "Ultrasonically Guided Puncture Technique" published in 1980. Since then the Society has sponsored a conference at the same place in 1980 and 1983, the latest conference being termed "Third International Conference on lnterventional Ultrasound.""

This book is written by an author whose knowledge of the subject is based on vast surgical experience. A reliable assessment of the success or failure of a micro- vascular anastomosis or an aneurysm operation has until now been possible only postoperatively by angiography and transcutaneous Doppler sonography. Of particular impor- tance are the stenoses and occlusions which can occur dur- ing the operation, but which are frequently not detected un- til after surgery. This induced the neurosurgeons in Freiburg, as well as those in several other hospitals, to carry out a rou- tine control with postoperative transcutaneous Doppler fol- lowing extracranial-intracranial bypass operations and an- giography while still under anesthesia following aneurysm operations. The stenoses and occlusions detected were often not apparent intraoperatively. The reasons for this are that from the outside we see only the surface - and not the lu- men - of a v~ssel, and that stenoses caused by thrombosis, indentation of the vessel wall during anastomosis or by plaque on the vessel wall are not externally obvious. Even arterial pulsation is no guarantee of patency. The necessity to be able to detect stenoses during the op- eration is obvious. The microvascular Doppler sonography adopted by Dr. Gilsbach provides an expedient and safe method of recognizing such lumen narrowings.

This practical guide covers all aspects of gynaecological ultrasound, focusing on good technique, the ultrasound machine and reporting. Written by experts with a strong reputation for training in the field, this book takes a 'tips and tricks' approach. Chapters cover topics such as equipment familiarization, principles of transvaginal ultrasound, the awkward uterus, the difficult ovary, and ART-related procedures. The authors discuss the use of both basic ultrasound and 3D machines, and provide tips on how to optimize the image and gain useful clinical information even in the most challenging of assessments. With a multitude of images included to train the eye to identify normal anatomy and common pathologies, chapter summary boxes and case-based examples also provide an easy reference for assessing conditions and lesions. This book will greatly improve the scanning technique of trainees in obstetrics and gynaecology, sonographers, reproductive medicine practitioners, and gynaecologists of any level.

This book of diagnostic exercises cannot be used to good advantage without a good grasp of elementary sonoanatomy and the most common pathologic l images . We have tried to follow a pedagogical progression from the simple to the complicated for each group of clinical situations. We recommend that the sonograms at the beginning of each case study be thoroughly analysed before proceeding to the commentaries which explain the grounds for the final diagnosis. These explanatory remarks are accompanied by the same sonograms, but with arrows and letters added so as to pinpoint the details referred to as the diagnosis progresses. In reading the commentaries it will therefore be a good idea to cover over the figures in which the details are picked out for you, uncovering them one by one as required. 1 Which the reader may obtain from our previous books: Ed., 1982) Ultrasonography of Digestive Diseases (Mosby Publ., 2nd Renal Sonography (Springer Verlag, 1981) 1 Chapter 1 In Which the Reader is Invited to Clean His Glasses 1.1. Mrs. Beech, 75 years, has the complexion of a young girl, but she is losing weight and complains of epigastric pain. She has undergone a whole series of conventional radiological procedures; this may be good news for the film manufacturers, but it has not aided in the diagnosis. Finally, she is referred for an ultrasound examination. Look first at ultrasonic cuts 1.1a, b (transverse), then LId (sagittal).

Echocardiography has become an essential tool for good practice of cardiology. Intro duction of 2-D echocardiography has opened a new em of cardiac imaging and investigation. The rapid progress in the field of echocardiography has created an extreme need, now more than ever, for a practical book which is concise, yet complete, well illustrated with good quality tracings and which provides the latest information on the state of the art of combined M-Mode and 2-D) echocardiography. In this book " The Essentials in Echocardiogra phy " Drs. Laurenceau and Malergue have done an excellent job of accomplishing above goals as they discuss the basics of ultrasound, normal examination, and features of various diseases of the heart. The format of presentation, the quality of illustrations and the clarity of discussion point to the thorough and broad echographic experience of these authors. By sharing their experience with us in the form of this well-conceived book, they have done the field of echocardiography a great service. A. J. TAJIK, M. D. FACC Consultant in Cardiovascular Diseases and Pediatric Cardiology Director of Echocardiographic Laboratories Mayo Clinic TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 PART I CHAPTER 1: PHYSICS OF ULTRASOUND AND INSTRUMENTATION********************** . . . 11 1. 1. History of echocardiography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. 2. Physical properties of ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 1. 2. 1. ~finition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1. 2. 2. Acoustic impedal1ce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1. 2. 3. Resolution and penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. 2. 4. Properties of ultrasonic transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1. 2. 5. Reflection and divergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Vidicor 3. Anacor 4. Digicor 5. Magnetic Recording of the Videosignal VI. GEOMETRIC MODEL I. Introduction 2. Survey of Models 3. Preparation of Casts 4. Index of Irregularity 5. In Vitro Tests VII. DETECTION OF THE VENTRICULAR CONTOUR I. Introduction 2. Semi-automatic Methods 3. The Influence of the Trained Operator 4. Conclusions VIII. DATA CONVERSION 1. Introduction 2. Light-pen System and Contour Memory 3. Digicor 4. Evaluation Procedure 5. Data Presentation IX. SOFTWARE SYSTEM 1. Introduction 2. Modular Structure 3. Data Conversion 4. Volume Calculation 5. Data Presentation 6. Special Programs X. IN VIVO TESTS 1. Introduction 2. Materials and Methods 3. Results XI. UNCERTAINTY ANALYSIS I. Introduction 2. Uncertainty Intervals for Relevant Variables Propagation 3. of Uncertainty 4. Uncertainty Interval in the Result XII. DISCUSSION XIII. APPENDIX 1. Glossary 2. Dedvations 3. Results XIV. REFERENCES 1. Literature 2. Internal Reports ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VIII Illustrations Figure Block-diagram of Instrumentation 12 1. 1 Central Synchronization 17 2. 1 2. 2 Effect of Scattered Radiation (Biplane) 18 Block-diagram of X-ray/TV-system 2. 3 21 2. 4 Test-object for OTF-measurement 25 Spatial Responses and Optical Transfer Functions 2. 5 26 Deviation from Isoplanasy and Influence of Additional Equipment 2. 6 28 2. 7 Temporal Modulation Transfer Function Curves 31 2. 8 Biplane Projections 33 2. 9 X-ray Aiming Device 36 2. 10 Calibration Curve 37 3. 1 Concentration vs. Tube Voltage Curves 45 3. 2 Markers and Applicators 48 3. 3.

Master sonographic examination protocols and techniques! The market-leading ultrasound text and reference, Textbook of Diagnostic Sonography, 9th Edition provides an in-depth understanding of general/abdominal and obstetric/gynecologic sonography. More than 3,100 ultrasound images and full-color anatomy illustrations help you recognize normal anatomy and abnormal pathology. Organized primarily by body system, coverage includes vascular sonography and echocardiography, and in the obstetrics section features a chronologic, trimester approach to ultrasound during pregnancy. Written by expert medical sonography educator and clinician Sandra L. Hagen-Ansert, this resource serves as ideal preparation for board exams and as a reference for practitioners in many different clinical settings. Comprehensive coverage includes sections on the foundations of ultrasound imaging and patient care, the abdomen, superficial structures of the body, pediatrics, the thoracic cavity and echocardiography, cerebrovascular evaluation, gynecology, and obstetrics. More than 3,100 images and full-color illustrations include high-resolution ultrasound pictures, detailed line drawings with need-to-know anatomic information, color photographs of gross pathology, and color Doppler illustrations. Key Terms open each chapter, focusing your attention on the vocabulary that you are required to know and understand. Key Pearls highlight the important concepts in each chapter. Pathology tables summarize clinical findings, laboratory findings, sonographic findings, and differential considerations. Sonographic Findings icon makes it easy to locate clinical information on particular pathologic conditions. Imaging information in each chapter includes normal anatomy, normal physiology, laboratory data and values, pathology, sonographic evaluation of an organ, pitfalls in sonography, clinical findings, and differential considerations. Condensed bibliography at the end of each chapter lists essential references for further research and study. Resources on the Evolve website include review questions for students and PowerPoint (R) slides, an image collection, and a test bank with 1,625 questions for instructors. NEW! Updated images depict the latest advances in the field of sonography and help you prepare for ARDMS boards and for clinicals. NEW! Updated content reflects the newest curriculum standards so you gain the knowledge and expertise required to pass the boards.

This practical, user-friendly book is the ultimate bedside/machine-side how-to manual. Intended for beginner to intermediate US emergency ultrasound users, the picture-rich text provides clear and concise guidance on everything from ultrasound s use in evaluating trauma and shock to ultrasound-guided nerve blocks and special pediatric applications. Each chapter is formatted to address indications, image acquisition and interpretation, integration, and special considerations. Plus, an appendix with references to landmark articles and useful websites with case studies, images, and videos is included for further exploration of the topics."

Present day cardiology is in great need of non invasive, non toxic, and inexpensive devices which permit the delineation and visualization of normal and abnormal intracardiac structures, the calculation of intra cardiac volumes and study of contractility of the cardiac muscle. All of these may become within our reach if the principles outlined in this book and the preliminary clinical experience can be validated in general cardiac practise. The gist of one of the devices (visualization of the in vivo moving heart recorded on a short motion picture) is available to the interested reader on a 16 mm filmstrip. Rotterdam, June 1972 P. G. Hugenholtz Professor of Cardiology CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION TO ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY 9 1. General remarks 9 2. Purpose of this study 10 CHAPTER II PRINCIPLES OF ULTRASOUND 12 The piezo-electric effect 1- 12 2. Some physical properties of ultrasound 13 a. Attenuation 13 b. Reflection of sound 13 c. Near and far field 13 3. Scanning and recording techniques 15 a. Example of depth sonar 15 b. A-scan and Time-Motion recording 17 c. Single element 8-scan techniques 17 4. The Doppler effect 17 CHAPTER III PRESENT APPLICATIONS IN CARDIOLOGY 19 1. General remarks 19 2. Mitral stenosis 20 3. Pericardial effusion 23 4. Other applications 26 a. Mitral insufficiency 26 b. Tricuspid stenosis 26 c. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis 26 d. Aortic valve study 26 e. Internal dimensions 27 5. On the use of Doppler 28 6."