For doctors and students who wish to learn ultrasonography concisely yet comprehensively. The authors present the subject both systematically and practically, and with the facility of quick reference in mind, making generous use of flow-charts, tables and teaching-points. All general aspects of diagnostic ultrasound are covered, concentrating on those disorders encountered in the daily routine of scanning, but also referring to rarer conditions which need to be considered in differential diagnosis.

Sonography is a noninvasive diagnostic method that has gained an established place in many branches of medicine. Although the inability of ultrasound to penetrate bone delayed its application in the orthopedic field, the successful work of R. Graf in the early detection of pediatric hip disorders with ultra sound has served as an impetus for the increasing use of sonogra phy to detect and evaluate abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. It is certain that further advances in this modality will be forth coming, and that sonography will be applied to new lines of inves tigation in orthopedic diagnosis. In Arthrosonography the authors use concise text and copious illustrations to demonstrate the potential applications of articular ultrasound, its diagnostic capabilities, and technical aspects of the ultrasound examination. Potential pitfalls are also explained. This book is the logical outcome of the application of diagnos tic ultrasound in orthopedics and rheumatology. It covers all basic practical aspects of arthrosonography and will be a valued re source for those concerned with the evaluation of the musculo skeletal system. HANS RETTIG Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Piezoelectric Effect - The Basis of Modem Sonography . . . . . . 1 Ultrasound Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . 1 General Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound 2 Landmarks for Arthrosonography 6 Artifacts ........ . 6 Reverberations . . . . . 7 Hyperbolic Artifacts . . 7 Acoustic Mirror Image . 8 Special Phenomena in Arthrosonography 8 "Wandering Echo" Phenomenon . ."

Twenty years ago, the enzyme superoxide dismutase which uses the superoxide radical anion as its specific substrate was reported. With this discovery was born a new scientific field, in which oxygen, necessary for aerobi c 1 ife on thi s planet, had to be cons i dered also in terms of its toxicity and stresses. This stimulated the search for knowledge of active oxygen species in biology and medicine. Superoxide and other reactive oxygen species are now implicated in many disease processes. Major advances have been achieved during these past years with respect to free radical generation and mechanisms of free radical action in causing tissue injury. In parallel, the possibil ity of influencing free radical related disease processes by antioxidant treatment was studied in various in vitro and in vivo systems. This was the unique theme of a conference organized in Paris by the Society for Free Radical Research (December 9-10, 1988) which brought together experts from basic sciences and clinicians in order to evaluate the current status of antioxidant therapy. The conference emphasized fundamental processes in antioxidant action. Among the major topics were superoxide dismutase (SOD) and low molecular weight substances with such activity, called SOD mimics. Other antioxidant enzymes were also considered. Antioxidant vitamins, in particular vitamins E and C, other naturally occurri ng antioxidants and vari ous synthet i c antioxidants were included in the presentations as there is now a rapidly developing series of compounds with potentially interesting clinical applications.

Das Buch enth{lt eine Auswahl der Vortr{ge, die auf dem 15. Dreil{ndertreffen der deutschsprachigen Ultraschallgesellschaften gehalten wurden. Damit informiert es }ber neue technische Entwicklungen und den praktischen Einsatz in den verschiedenen medizinischen Fachgebieten.

Acoustical imaging has become an indispensable tool in a variety of fields. Since its introduction, the applications have grown and cover a variety of techniques, producing significant results in fields as disparate as medicine and seismology. Cutting-edge trends continue to be discussed worldwide.

This book contains the proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging (AI27), which took place in Saarbrucken, Germany, from March 24th to March 27th 2003. The Symposium belongs to a conference series in existence since 1968. AI27 comprised sessions on:

• Medical Imaging,
• Non-Destructive Testing,
• Seismic Imaging,
• Physics and Mathematics of Acoustical Imaging,
• Acoustic Microscopy.

During two well-attended workshops the applications of quantitative acoustical imaging in biology and medical applications, and in near-field imaging of materials, were discussed. Based on its cross-disciplinary aspects, the authors of the papers of AI27 present experiments, theory and construction of new instruments.

Audience: This volume will be of interest to engineers and researchers of all levels in the field, in industry or academia, and for those newcomers who want to get acquainted with the state-of-the-art in acoustical imaging. "

This book provides a comprehensive reference and practical guide on the application of US to penile diseases and conditions. After introductory chapters on technical requirements and penile anatomy, subsequent chapters offer a systematic overview of the diverse applications of color Doppler US. The topics covered include erectile dysfunction, Peyronie's disease, priapism, trauma, tumors, the postoperative penis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Each topic is introduced by a clinical overview with the purpose of clarifying the problems and elucidating what the urologist may expect from color Doppler US. Thereafter, performance of the US study is explained and the pathological anatomy reviewed. High-quality images obtained with high-end US equipment are included. Each chapter also contains a section on the diagnostic information provided by other imaging modalities, and in particular MRI.

Since the first edition of this book, sonography of the peripheral nervous system has evolved further. This second, revised edition includes many state-of-the-art high-resolution images, the text has been adapted to reflect the current state of the literature, and information is presented using a more modern layout. This book provides a practical, clinically oriented overview of all aspects of sonographic diagnosis and interventional therapy of the peripheral nervous system.

The primary purpose of this book is to bridge the gap be tween the practice of clinical medicine and diagnostic radi ology. It is intended primarily for utilization by medical students in training and by nonradiologist physicians. In this world of rapidly expanding knowledge in the many specialties of medicine, it is becoming increasingly difficult for many physicians to stay abreast of the newer and constantly changing modalities of diagnosis as well as the therapeutic regimens of the common as well as the less common disease processes within their realm of practice. This book will enable the busy clinician to utilize the consultative services offered by his or her colleagues in diagnostic radiology with maximum effectiveness. The most common clinical applications of the more recent imag ing modalities (i. e. , nuclear medicine, ultrasound, comput erized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging) have been categorized and condensed into a format that will be both comprehensible and useful on a daily basis for those physicians routinely requesting these diagnostic examina tions for their patients. For simplicity, the book is divided, whenever feasible, into organ systems and subdivided into the multiple classifications of pathologic states (i. e. , con genital, trauma or iatrogenic, inflammatory, and neo plasm). In addition, there are brief comments related to the vii specific advantages and disadvantages as well as the cost effectiveness of each modality.

For this Workshop, the organizers have attempted to invite experts from all known centers which are engaged in neutron beam development for neutron capture therapy. The Workshop was designed around a series of nineteen invited papers which dealt with neutron source design and development and beam characterization and performance. Emphasis was placed on epithermal beams because they offer clinical advantages and are more challenging to implement than thermal beams. Fission reactor sources were the basis for the majority of the papers; however three papers dealt with accelerator neutron sources. An additional three invited papers provided a summary of clinical results of Ncr therapy in Japan between 1968 and 1989 and overviews of clinical considerations for neutron capture therapy and of the status of tumor targeting chemical agents for Ncr. Five contributed poster papers dealing with NCT beam design and performance were also presented. A rapporteurs' paper was prepared after the Workshop to attempt to summarize the major aspects, issues, and conclusions which resulted from this Workshop. Many people contributed to both the smooth functioning of the Workshop and to the preparation of these proceedings. Special thanks are reserved for Ms. Dorothy K.

"Duplex Sonography" is the first comprehensive text written about this modality. The book offers the reader detailed information about all major uses of duplex and is introduced by a brief chapter on the physical principles of doppler ultrasound as it relates to duplex scanning. "Duplex " "Sonography" is intended to provide relevant information on all aspects of the technique, ranging from the basics of performing the examination to the features of sometimes complex pathological states. The book is intended for anyone interested in non-invasive vascular diagnosis including radiologists, vascular surgeons and ultrasound/peripheral vascular technologists. Other groups may find individual chapters appealing: carotid/cardiac sonography for cardiologists, fetal sonography for obstetricians or carotid sonography for neurologists. Each chapter is not only a guide to duplex evaluation, but also provides valuable information about vascular dynamics of the organ system under discussion. Physicians or technologists reading this book should come away with a well-rounded background in state-of-the-art duplex sonography and will undoubtedly discover new possibilities for using this non-invasive vascular technique.

Intracoronary ultrasound is a rapidly evolving imaging modality and the increasing number of published studies indicates that the technique is safe and provides incremental and more detailed diagnostic information than coronary angiography. The technique has the potential to study the pathobiology of atherosclerosis, to clarify the significance of angiographically equivocal lesions and has helped us to understand the mechanisms, effects and complications of catheter-based revascularization procedures. Combinations of imaging and therapeutic devices are being developed for both guidance and assessment of the revascularization procedure. Three-dimensional reconstruction of coronary segments is now possible in real time and provides the opertor with more detailed information on coronary pathology. In this monograph, leading experts in the field present the state of the art of all these new developments.

Exciting new developments and applications of imaging techniques have emerged over the last few years, leading to many improvements in diagnosis and staging of urologic diseases. Refinements in the technology mean that imaging now is much more precise than even five years ago, and this has significantly enhanced its application within several key fields.

As such, there are virtually no books currently available that cover the impact of these advances within urology leaving a major hole in the market. With its sound overview of the current state of affairs, and also its focus on highlighting future advances, this book would therefore find a significant audience within not only trainees, but also practicing clinicians too.

Furthermore, the whole topic of ultrasonography is a relatively overlooked one, with very few modern books tackling any specific areas of the field. This book will be up-to-date and will pay attention to the unique applications of ultrasound within each discipline.

Sitting an accreditation examination is a daunting prospect for many trainee echocardiographers. And with an increasing drive for the accreditation of echocardiography laboratories and individual echocardiographers, there is a need for an all-encompassing revision aid for those seeking accreditation. The editors of this unique book have produced the only echocardiography revision aid based on the syllabus and format of the British Society of Echocardiography (BSE) national echocardiography accreditation examination and similar examinations administered across Europe. Written by BSE accredited members, fully endorsed by the BSE, and with a foreword by BSE past-president, DR. Simon Ray, this indispensable guide provides a valuable insight into how echocardiography accreditation exams are structured. Crucially, to support students with the more challenging video section of the exam, a companion website provides video cases, and with clear and concisely-structured explanations to all questions, this is an essential tool for anyone preparing to sit an echocardiography examination.

The second E. C. Workshop on Ultrasonic Tissue Characterization was organized for the assessment of research goals and plans as the basis to a grant proposal for a "Concerted Action" which will be forwarded to the European Commission. It should, therefore, not only be considered as a work in progress exhibition which succeeded the former activities within the E. C. (Inventory on Tissue Characterization in Europe and first Workshop). The Steering Group invited a 1 imited group of Institutes to send its group leader and a research fel low in the entitled field, who should expose the overall research program, as wei 1 as the more specific work on tissue characterization by RF signal analysis and spectroscopy. The ultimate goal of the Workshop has been the formulation of schemes of interaction among the Institutes and individuals and the definition of cooperative research programs. The remainder of the groups and some of the groups present are working in the field of analysis and processing of cl inical A- and B-mode echograms (i. e. video signals). Because this work is more closely related to the cl inical diagnostics it was decided that for that reason no preparatory workshop was needed. In the final proposal for the Concerted Action this work wi 1 1 get ample attention. Although not many clinicians were present, their positive interest in the sophisticated analysis techniques and their contribution to the dis cussions again have been a most valuable and stimulating experience."

Are you looking for the essentials you need to learn the basics of echography for anesthesiology, intensive care and emergency medicine? This is what this book offers you! These few pages condense the essential knowledge to make getting started with echography in emergency situations easier. Ultrasounds are presented in great detail in order to facilitate and optimize the medical diagnosis process. As a doctor, you will first be placed in front of the machine in order to take the pictures that will serve to answer the questions asked. Just as the author did, you will realize that, when facing the patient with the machine, the best echographic examination is worth nothing without a good clinical examination. As a "beginner's guide", this book also offers self-training procedure that lays the foundations of the "FAST" learning method. This FAST Program of Echography allows you to learn the process by watching, feeling and talking. This training course is based on an ancient methodology that centers on the learning of a manual gesture: 'practice makes perfect'. This book will show you that you can quickly master this Program of Echography, and will in turn increase your self-confidence when taking care of your patients. Have a nice trip through the fascinating world of ultrasounds!

Echocardiography has recently become one of' the most important techniques in clinical cardiology. The major advantage of this method is its noninvasive nature enabling us to apply it under a widespread variety of clinical conditions. In the late 1960s, when research and clinical application of echo cardiography were started, and during the first decade investigations were mainly focused on the morphology of the valves and the chambers of the heart. The introduction of two-dimensional echocardiography was a major breakthrough in visualizing different portions of the heart. How ever, the poor resolution of the first devices provided only little qualitative information. With the introduction of phased array 2-D-echo-devices yielding better results and the application of computer techniques for the processing of M-mode and two-dimensional echo cardiograms, a great amount of qualitative information has become available to describe not only the morphology, but also the dynamic function of the heart in a noninvasive manner. This volume summarizes the lectures held at the International Symposium on Echocardiography, Hamburg, September 1978, endeavoring to review the current state of knowledge with regard to echo cardiography in the experimental and clinical setting. We herewith thank all lecturers, who have contributed to the publication and the Pharma-Schwarz Company which enabled us to organize this meeting by a generous subsidy."

Today, coronary artery disease is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in the Western World. In the last decade many major diagnostic and therapeutic advances have been made, considerably furthering our potential in the management of coronary artery disease. At the same time, a new generation of cardiac tools has appeared. The field which has, perhaps, undergone the most important technological innovations is echocardiography. Nowadays, in fact, the world of ultrasounds ofters the cardiologist a wide range of technical applicatons: two-dimensional real-time imaging, intra-and extra-cardiac Doppler flow measurements, real-time imaging of cardiac struc ture and flow by 2D color Doppler, high resolution cardiac imaging by transesophageal echocardiography, tissue characterization by analysis of ultrasound wave characteristics, information on myocardial perfusion by con trast echocardiography, etc. Thanks to these technical improvements and to its consequent increased potentiality, echocardiography now plays an impor tant and irreplaceable role in the management of all cardiac diseases. In the field of coronary artery disease, echocardiography can reliably be used not only in the acute phases of the disease to derive useful functional and prog nostic information but also as a stress diagnostic procedure (thanks to new stress modalities and the continuing improvement of reviewing digital sys tems) for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease and for the evaluation of various therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, other promising applications of ultrasounds in this disease are currently being investigated: tissue charac coronary artery anatomy terization, myocardial contrast echocardiography, and flow evaluation by specially-designed ultrasound catheters."

New developments in the field of high resolution imaging focus on functional parameters pertaining to disease-specific medical imaging. Such new diagnostic strategies are possible using scintigraphic techniques and, more recently, by MRI and US. In addition, new therapeutic concepts, including gene therapy, require specific tracers or contrast media for therapy monitoring, for example, enzyme activity and changes in receptor expression. For this purpose scientists conducting basic research, expecially molecular biologists, and clinicians must collaborate in order to exploit the available interdisciplinary knowledge in the development of new imaging technologies so as to incorporate the molecular signals of diseases.

Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Aetiology and Management will be the first book to focus exclusively on this extremely important and common complication of pregnancy. There have been many recent developments in our understanding of the aetiology and pathogenesis of the condition as well as in screening, monitoring and therapy. This book is unique in that it covers both the aetiology and pathogenesis as well as clinical management and also includes sections on definitions and potential future advances. Every aspect is covered by an international expert which will provide the reader with a valuable insight into this condition.

Abdominal Ultrasound has become the core text in the UK for trainee sonographers learning to scan the abdominal area. Now fully updated to reflect the latest evidence and technology, the fourth edition provides a solid foundation to abdominal ultrasound for practitioners of all levels. This highly illustrated book covers everything from basic principles through to discussion of complex features and ultrasound findings for a large range of conditions. It includes basic related anatomy, technique and ultrasound appearances together with the most common pathologies. This edition has been written and edited by a collaborative team of influential sonographers, consultant sonographers and consultant radiologists, and continues to provide clear explanations along with excellent use of images that make learning easy for all those who use ultrasound as part of their healthcare role. Heavily illustrated with images to support interpretation of scans Clear structure and easy to read Step-by-step approach suits needs of different healthcare professionals using ultrasound Tip boxes to provide support in difficult cases Written at a level suitable for both trainees and qualified practitioners Updated images reflecting advances in technology New information on ultrasound of the male pelvis, including testes Completely revised paediatric ultrasound chapter including new images Expanded and updated sections on endoscopic ultrasound for pancreatic assessment, FAST (focused assessment of sonography in trauma) and gastrointestinal imaging to include bowel scanning technique Reformatted liver and biliary tree chapters

The use of ultrasonic imaging techniques for diagnostic purposes in veteri nary medicine and animal science has lagged far behind their use in human medicine. In the area of domestic animal reproduction, diagnostic ultrasono graphy has a relatively short history. Reports on B-mode scanning first appeared as late as 1969, when Stouffer and co-workers used it for counting foetal numbers in late gestation sheep. After Lindahl had re-evaluated the potential of two-dimensional ultrasonography for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep in 1976, results of the first large scale field-trials by Fowler and Wilkins on predicting foetal numbers during the first half of gestation in sheep were published as recently as 1980. In this year also the first paper, by Palmer and co-workers, on ultrasonic scanning of the uterus and ovaries in the mare appeared. The improvement of diagnostics which was achieved by the application of this technique is illustrated by its present routine use in clinical equine practice and sheep breeding. Besides offe ring an accurate early pregnancy diagnosis in species such as the horse, cow, sheep, goat, pig and dog, ultrasonography enables the visualization of ovarian and uterine structures for the identification of both physiological and pathological conditions. In this way it replaces or supplements the more common diagnostic techniques used by the general practitioner so far. Ultrasonography has also opened several new lines of research for clini cians and research workers."

This interdisciplinary collection brings together the fundamental research in shock focusing and sonoluminescence. The authors report on their studies on shock focusing and related bubble dynamics, as well as their applications in medical science.

Chest sonography is an established procedure in the stepwise imaging diagnosis of pulmonary and pleural disease. It is the method of choice to distinguish between solid and liquid lesions and allows the investigator to make an unequivocal diagnosis without exposing the patient to costly and stressful procedures. This book presents the state of the art in chest investigation by means of ultrasonography. A number of excellent illustrations and the compact text provide concise and easy-to-assimilate information about the diagnostic procedure. Basic elements such as indications, investigation techniques and image artifacts are detailed in separate chapters.

Medical imaging has been transformed over the past 30 years by the advent of computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and various advances in x-ray and ultrasonic techniques. An enabling force behind this progress has been the (so far) exponentially increasing power of computers, which has made it practical to explore fundamentally new approaches. In particular, what our group terms "model-based" modalities-which produce tissue property images from data using nonlinear, iterative numerical modeling techniques-have become increasingly feasible.

Alternative Breast Imaging: Four Model-Based Approaches explores our research on four such modalities, particularly with regard to imaging of the breast: (1) MR elastography (MRE), (2) electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), (3) microwave imaging spectroscopy (MIS), and (4) near infrared spectroscopic imaging (NIS). Chapter 1 introduces the present state of breast imaging and discusses how our alternative modalities can contribute to the field. Chapter 2 looks at the computational common ground shared by all four modalities. Chapters 2 through 10 are devoted to the four modalities, with each modality being discussed first in a theory chapter and then in an implementation-and-results chapter. The eleventh and final chapter discusses statistical methods for image analysis in the context of these four alternative imaging modalities.

Imaging for the detection of breast cancer is a particularly interesting and relevant application of the four imaging modalities discussed in this book. Breast cancer is an extremely common health problem for women; the National Cancer Institute estimates that one in eight US women will develop breast cancer at least once in her lifetime. Yet the efficacy of the standard (and notoriously uncomfortable) early-detection test, the x-ray mammogram, has been disputed of late, especially for younger women. Conditions are thus ripe for the development of affordable techniques that replace or complement mammography. The breast is both anatomically accessible and small enough that the computing power required to model it, is affordable.