2-D and 3-D anal ultrasound are among the most recent and advanced tools available for both the diagnosis and the management of anorectal diseases. They are neither expensive nor harmful for the patients and progressively replaced anal mapping with EMG electrodes for the diagnosis of sphincter's defects and anismus, which represents nearly 50% of the cases of chronic constipation. Anal US may provide the clinician with useful information for both classification, diagnosis and management of anorectal sepsis, anal incontinence and anorectal-perineal chronic pain. Almost any case presented in this Atlas shows both imaging and clinical pictures, thus allowing both the radiologist and the clinician to assess the reliability of the exam and the outcome of the selected treatment.

This book focuses on the state of the art in fully grasping precocious puberty and its consequences, incorporating advances in the areas of endocrinology, genetics, imaging and therapeutics to offer an indispensable tool for all physicians interested in the latest advances in this field. The authors present the latest findings on early puberty in girls and boys. The dynamic process of maturation is influenced by many signals and reshapes growing children's role within their environment. Readers will benefit from the educational value and level of depth of the individual chapters; written by respected experts and in a self-contained format, they can also be read separately to address specific interests.

This highly illustrated book, complete with comprehensive clinical references and annotated images, will serve as a leading text to educate head and neck surgeons, endocrinologists, and radiologists on the basics and nuances of thyroid and parathyroid ultrasound. It emphasizes the use of ultrasound as an office-based modality by clinicians and radiologists who actively care for this special set of patients. This text uniquely combines the collaboration between a clinician/surgeon and radiologist who share their extensive experience in head and neck ultrasound.

This book highlights advances and prospects of a highly versatile and dynamic research field: Therapeutic ultrasound. Leading experts in the field describe a wide range of topics related to the development of therapeutic ultrasound (i.e., high intensity focused ultrasound, microbubble-assisted ultrasound drug delivery, low intensity pulsed ultrasound, ultrasound-sensitive nanocarriers), ranging from the biophysical concepts (i.e., tissue ablation, drug and gene delivery, neuromodulation) to therapeutic applications (i.e., chemotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, sonothrombolysis, immunotherapy, lithotripsy, vaccination). This book is an indispensable source of information for students, researchers and clinicians dealing with non-invasive image-guided ultrasound-based therapeutic interventions in the fields of oncology, neurology, cardiology and nephrology.

Recent advances in imaging have renewed interest in uterine adenomyosis. The disease can now be diagnosed before hysterectomy which has advanced our understanding of its clinical impact, such as its effect on fertility. This book will provide an in-depth reference to recent scientific advances in the pathophysiology of uterine adenomyosis. It will represent some of the most up-to date and authoritative work in the field. This book is aimed at specialist clinicians and postgraduates wishing to acquire in-depth understanding of adenomyosis, and will be an essential reading for research scientists who will find a distillation of an up-to-date critical reading of literature.

The purpose of this Publication is to provide guidance on radiological protection in industries involving NORM. These industries may give rise to multiple hazards and the radiological hazard is not necessarily dominant. The industries are diverse and may involve exposure to people and the environment where protective actions need to be considered. In some cases, there is a potential for significant routine exposure to workers and members of the public if suitable control measures are not considered.

Preoperative and intraoperative echocardiography has become an indispensable tool for guiding mitral valve surgery and has fostered the development of many innovative surgical techniques. Mitral valvuloplasty is now an established surgical method for the treatment of mitral insufficiency but the success is largely dependent on the extent of the underlying disease of the mitral valve. The book by Dr. Ng and coauthors is an extraordinary presentation of the relation between echocardiographic display of mitral valve pathology and reconstructive mitral valve surgery. The atlas provides an excellent illustrative guide to teach echocardiographic-anatomic correlations and educates the reader on the techniques of mitral valve repair. The quality of the illustrations, particularly the surgical photographs is exquisite. The book will be helpful for cardiologists and cardiac surgeons.

The European Collaboration on Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT), conceived in 1987 and successful in 1989 in gaining financial support as a Concerted Action through the Medical and Health Research Programme of the Commission ofthe European Communities (CEC) in Brussels, considered it an opportune moment to hold its annual Plenary Meeting on 18-20 Septem ber 1991 as an International Workshop entitled "Towards Clinical Trials of Glioma with BNCT". The background to this consideration was influenced by the world-wide resurgence ofinterest in NCT over the last 2 decades and by the exemplifica tions at the Fourth International Symposium on Neutron Capture Therapy for Cancer held in Sydney in December 1990, where it was strongly indicated that within the next 2 years clinical trials would be started both in Europe and the United States. In particular at the High Flux Reactor of the Joint Research Centre of the CEC at Petten in The Netherlands, an epithermal neutron beam designed and installed in the summer of 1990 recently became operable at full reactor power. An extensive series ofexperiments, including the nuclear and radiobiological characterisation of the beam and a healthy tissue tolerance study on canines has started and has the aim to define the preconditions for clinical trials onpatients with Grade III/IV glioma. However, as with any other new therapy modality, it must be demon strated that BNCT is safe for the patient and has a reasonable chance of being an effective therapy.

Intravascular ultrasound imaging (IVUS) plays very important roles in clinical cardiology. This book describes the newest advances in vascular ultrasound imaging and the surrounding technologies for high frequency vascular ultrasound imaging. Most important topics of the book are technical applications of IVUS (elasticity imaging, chromaflow...) and the basic data (vibration, acoustic microscopy) that should provide very important information to understand clinical IVUS imaging.

The definitive guide to sonography in obstetrics and gynecology-thoroughly updated and enhanced by the addition of teaching cases This acclaimed guide is a clinically relevant reference text, an atlas, and a teaching/learning resource. Presented in full color and enriched by more than 2,000 illustrations, it expertly examines the full spectrum of disorders and conditions likely to be encountered in gynecologic and maternal-fetal care. You will find expert, all-inclusive coverage of everything from sonographic operating instruments and screening the fetal patient for syndromes and anomalies, to diagnosing the female patient for cysts, infertility, and incontinence. This edition has been updated to include coverage of the latest procedures and diagnostic guidelines for the use of sonography in ob/gyn, including 3D and 4D US and enhanced image processing, contrast enhanced sonography, ultrasound guided fetal therapy, sonographic evaluation of pelvic pain, and much more. The Eighth Edition also features an extensive series of teaching cases. Each case consists of the patient's medical history, representative US images, cineloop videos, Q&A, and teaching points with references. Fleischer's Sonography in Obstetrics & Gynecology, Eighth Edition opens with general obstetric sonography, covering such pivotal topics as normal pelvic anatomy and fetal echocardiography, before moving into fetal anomalies and disorders. Risk assessment and therapy, including first trimester screening and amniocentesis, are explored in the next section, while the remaining parts of the book focus on maternal disorders, gynecologic sonography, and the newest complementary imaging modalities.

Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has evolved from an obscure method of investigation in the 1980s to a distinct endoscopy subspecialty with interventional and therapeutic capabilities. The art of interpreting EUS images is a skill every endoscopist needs to master. This book helps to meet that need as it is concise, simple to read, and amply illustrated, and describes the technique in a step-by-step manner. Many high-resolution EUS images of diseases are included, and literature reviews are kept short and concise while separate discussions and illustrations are devoted to radial and linear techniques. The book can be used as a reference handbook in the endoscopy room, yet contains all of the relevant information required to perform EUS, interpret images, and reach a diagnosis. Important pathological conditions are thoroughly discussed using representative EUS images, pointing out salient differentiating features, and relevant literature reviews are included. The section on interventional EUS deals with advanced interventional or therapeutic procedures, and potential complications and methods to avoid them are discussed. For the novice, the book is designed to teach EUS using a step-by-step approach, and for the seasoned endosonographer it is a practical reference tool for use while performing EUS and may also serve in the differentiation of various pathologies.

As it is quick, inexpensive, and non-invasive, ultrasound is the modality of choice for guidance of interventional procedures in the soft tissues. Furthermore, the rising mean age of the general population is being accompanied by increasing demand among patients for minimally invasive procedures to treat painful chronic and degenerative syndromes of the musculoskeletal system. This handbook is a clear, practical guide to ultrasound-guided minimally invasive treatments of musculoskeletal pain in the upper limb. Each chapter is clearly structured, with brief but comprehensive descriptions of the disease to be treated and of the materials and drugs needed. High-quality images and easy-to-follow schemes explain the best approach in each situation, and practical tips and tricks of value in daily clinical routine are provided.

Methods
- Thorough description of the current imaging and functional investigation techniques in nuclear medicine and radiology
- Detailed portrayal of indications and differential diagnoses
Clinical Applications
- Exhaustive description of the features of paediatric urological diseases relevant for diagnostic imaging
- Embryologic and pathophysiologic background
- Clear recommendations on application of diagnostic imaging techniques based on the latest findings and consensus guidelines
Case Studies
- Large number of case reports illustrating standard procedures in diagnostic imaging
- Case descriptions highlighting common diagnostic problems
- Presentation of unusual and rare cases

"a well-written book and is highly recommended." Reviewed by: Christina Kinnander, Herlev Hospital on behalf of Acta Radiologica, November 2015 Covers the spectrum of ultrasound use for general, vascular, obstetric, and gynecologic imaging. Fully illustrated design includes numerous side-by-side correlative images. Written at a level ideal for residents seeking an understanding of the basics, or for practitioners interested in lifelong learning and maintenance of competence. Extensive boxes and tables highlight differential diagnoses and summarize findings. "Key Features" boxes offer a review of key information at the end of each chapter. Explore extensively updated and expanded content on important topics such as practical physics and image optimization, the thyroid, salivary glands, bowel, musculoskeletal system, cervical nodal disease, ectopic pregnancy, early pregnancy failure, management of asymptomatic adnexal cysts, practice guidelines - and a new chapter on fetal chromosome abnormalities. Visualize the complete spectrum of diseases with many new and expanded figures of anatomy and pathology, additional correlative imaging, and new schematics demonstrating important concepts and findings. Further enhance your understanding with visual guidance from the accompanying electronic version, which features over 600 additional figures and more than 350 real-time ultrasound videos. Expert Consult eBook version included with purchase. The enhanced eBook experience allows you to view the additional images and video segments and access all of the text, figures, and suggested readings on a variety of devices.

Contents Contributors xiii 1. Basic Principles of Diagnostic Ultrasound 3 Sound Wave Characteristics 3 Generation of Sound Waves 5 The Interaction of Sound with Tissue 7 Instrumentation 10 Practical Considerations 17 References 20 Cases 22 2. Hepatic Ultrasonography 62 Hepatic Ultrasound Technique 62 Normal Ultrasonographic Anatomy of the Liver 63 Hepatic Pathology 64 References 67 Cases 68 3. Ultrasonography of the Gallbladder and Biliary System 116 Ultrasound Technique 116 Normal Anatomy 117 Pathological States 119 References 121 Cases 124 4. Ultrasonography of the Pancreas 168 Introduction 168 Normal Anatomy 169 Ultrasound Technique for Pancreatic Examination 170 Examination of the Normal Pancreas 172 Pathology of the Pancreas 172 Pitfalls in Pancreatic Examination 175 References 176 Cases 178 5. Ultrasonography of the Abdominal Aorta 226 Ultrasound Technique 226 Anatomy of the Abdominal Aorta 226 Pathology of the Abdominal Aorta 227 A Comparison of Ultrasound with Other Methods of Examination 228 References 229 Cases 230 6. Ultrasonography of the Spleen 244 9. Ultrasonography of Thyroid and Examination Technique 244 Neck Masses 452 Examination of the Normal Spleen 245 Introduction 452 Pathological Conditions 245 Anatomy fo the Thyroid Gland 453 References 247 Examination Technique 453 Cases 248 Pathology of the Thyroid Gland and Neck 454 References 457 7. Renal, Adrenal, Retroperitoneal, and Cases 458 Scrotal Ultrasonography 268 Renal Anatomy 268 10.

The book provides a comprehensive description of the ultrasound anatomy of the musculoskeletal system and clear guidance on the technique. Ultrasound images are coupled with anatomic pictures explaining probe positioning and scanning technique for the various joints of the musculoskeletal system: shoulder, elbow, hand and wrist, hip, knee, foot, and ankle. For each joint there is also a brief explanation of normal anatomy as well as a list of tricks and tips and advice on how to perform the ultrasound scan in clinical practice. This book will be an excellent practical teaching guide for beginners and a useful reference for more experienced sonographers.

It has often surprised me that in order to study the subject of obstructive uropathy, it is necessary to search through various sections of several urological, surgical and radiological textbooks rather than turn to one work on the subject. It is also true that, even now, many descriptions tend to concentrate on the causative conditions rather than their relationship to the proximal outflow tract, in a way which is predominantly structural and anatomical rather than functional and urodynamic. The subject of obstructive uropathy has changed radically in recent years. Inspired research from several centres has given us great insight into the mechanisms of obstruction and its effects on the outflow tract and nephron. It has been accompanied by the development of new methods of investigation in both the experimental and the clinical field. This book is an attempt to update and distill the subject of obstructive uropathy in one volume. For the purpose of the work, obstructive uropathy is taken to include any condition involving the outflow tract of the kidney, from minor calyces to urethra, which results in obstruction to the flow of urine. Emphasis is on physiology and pathophysiol ogy, function and urodynamics. These considerations should not be thought of as purely theoretical. Far from it. They hold the key to subsequent decisions on diagnosis and management and form the basis for a practical approach to the patient with obstruction. The only details the reader will not find here are descriptions of surgical technique."

Physical Ultrasonics of Composites is a rigorous introduction to the characterization of composite materials by means of ultrasonic waves. Composites are treated here not simply as uniform media, but as inhomogeneous layered anisotropic media with internal structure characteristic of composite laminates. The objective here is to concentrate on exposing the singular behavior of ultrasonic waves as they interact with layered, anisotropic materials, materials which incorporate those structural elements typical of composite laminates.
This book provides a synergistic description of both modeling and experimental methods in addressing wave propagation phenomena and composite property measurements. After a brief review of basic composite mechanics, a thorough treatment of ultrasonics in anisotropic media is presented, along with composite characterization methods. The interaction of ultrasonic waves at interfaces of anisotropic materials is discussed, as are guided waves in composite plates and rods. Waves in layered media are developed from the standpoint of the "Stiffness Matrix," a major advance over the conventional, potentially unstable Transfer Matrix approach. Laminated plates are treated both with the stiffness matrix and using Floquet analysis. The important influence on the received electronic signals in ultrasonic materials characterization from transducer geometry and placement are carefully exposed in a dedicated chapter. Ultrasonic wave interactions are especially susceptible to such influences because ultrasonic transducers are seldom more than a dozen or so wavelengths in diameter. The book ends with a chapter devoted to the emerging field of air-coupled ultrasonics. This new technology has come of age with the development of purpose-built transducers and electronics and is finding ever wider applications, particularly in the characterization of composite laminates.

This user-friendly second edition provides a fully up-dated and practical introduction to gynaecological ultrasound. It describes and explains background anatomy and physiology, instrumentation and how to make the best use of equipment. Emphasis is placed on how to maximise image quality, and how to recognise normal and pathological features. The volume also assesses other relevant diagnostic techniques and various management strategies, and evaluates the role of ultrasound as part of patient management. It includes chapters on pathology of the uterus, ovaries and adnexae, paediatric and trauma cases, together with management of infertility and other gynaecological perspectives of patient management. Illustrated throughout with numerous high-quality ultrasound images and line drawings, many of them new for this latest edition, this is essential reading for practitioners in training, including radiologists, gynaecologists and sonographers.

The value of ultrasound contrast agents (USCA) in clinical practice depends on the pharmacokinetics, the signal processing, and the contrast-specific imaging modalities. USCA are exogenous non-toxic substances smaller than red blood cells, which after intravenous administration must be stable enough to pass through the pulmonary capillary bed and enter the blood pool producing the necessary contrast enhancement for the duration of the examination. Recently, second-generation agents, such as SonoVue (Bracco Imaging SpA, Milan, Italy), have been introduced into the market. These agents, taking advantage of the stability of their microbubbles, withstand the acoustic pressure of insonation much better than previous USCA, resulting in an increased half-life of the agent and thus in a prolonged diagnostic window. These agents are blood pool agents that remain in the intravascular compartment and do not leak into the organ tissue. Therefore, they are used to - crease the Doppler signal amplitude during their dynamic vascular phase. Concomitant with the improvement of contrast agents, d- ferent contrast-specific imaging modalities have been developed which, used in combination with USCA and a low mechanical - dex (MI), allow continuous real-time grey-scale imaging. These - cent technical improvements have opened new possibilities in the use of USCA in a variety of indications, as shown in the contributions contained in this book. In the following chapters, some of the most distinguished users of second-generation USCA will share their knowledge and experience. The first contributor is Dr. Thomas Albrecht, Department of - diology, University Hospital of Be

Acoustical imaging has become an indispensable tool in a variety of fields. Since its introduction, the applications have grown and cover a variety of techniques, producing significant results in fields as disparate as medicine and seismology. Cutting-edge trends continue to be discussed worldwide.

This book contains the proceedings of the 27th International Symposium on Acoustical Imaging (AI27), which took place in Saarbrucken, Germany, from March 24th to March 27th 2003. The Symposium belongs to a conference series in existence since 1968. AI27 comprised sessions on: Medical Imaging, Non-Destructive Testing, Seismic Imaging, Physics and Mathematics of Acoustical Imaging, Acoustic Microscopy.

During two well-attended workshops the applications of quantitative acoustical imaging in biology and medical applications, and in near-field imaging of materials, were discussed. Based on its cross-disciplinary aspects, the authors of the papers of AI27 present experiments, theory and construction of new instruments. "