HIV and AIDS have long been problematized in the People's Republic of China as objects of governance in political frameworks and institutions. The state's attitudes towards health programs have, nevertheless, changed significantly during the 21st century. Pilot programs at the beginning of the century, which focused on underground sex workers, have now developed into the roll-out of a nationwide program, with supportive legislation and broadcast media publicity. This book therefore examines China's evolving AIDS response, providing an up to date investigation into the positions and practices of the state. It explains the origins, rationales and implementation of initiatives focused on female sex workers and explores the extension of such initiatives to include other populations identified as key to ending the AIDS epidemic, especially homosexual men and rural-to-urban migrant labourers. Ultimately, through an analysis of the different approaches to the governance of commercial sex and sexual health, Governing HIV in China concludes by considering the challenges raised by China's commitment to the United Nations' vision of ending AIDS as a global health threat by 2030. This book will be useful for students and scholars of Social Policy, Public Health Policy and Chinese Studies.

The Face of AIDS film archive at Karolinska Institutet, Sweden, consists of more than 700 hours of unedited and edited footage, shot over a period of more than thirty years and all over the world by filmmaker and journalist Staffan Hildebrand. The material documents the HIV/AIDS pandemic and includes scenes from conferences and rallies, and interviews with activists, physicians, people with the infection, and researchers. It represents a global historical development from the early years of the AIDS crisis to a situation in which it is possible to live a normal life with the HIV virus. This volume brings together a range of academic perspectives - from media and film studies, medical history, gender studies, history, and cultural studies - to bear on the archive, shedding light on memories, discourses, trauma, and activism. Using a medical humanities framework, the editors explore the influence of historical representations of HIV/AIDS and stigma in a world where antiretroviral treatment has fundamentally altered the conditions under which many people diagnosed with HIV live. Organized into four sections, this book begins by introducing the archive and its role, setting it in a global context. The first part looks at methodological, legal and ethical issues around archiving memories of the present which are then used to construct histories of the past; something that can be particularly controversial when dealing with a socially stigmatized epidemic such as HIV/AIDS. The second section is devoted to analyses of particular films from the archive, looking at the portrayal of people living with HIV/AIDS, the narrative of HIV as a chronic illness and the contemporary context of particular films. The third section looks at how stigma and trauma are negotiated in the material in the Face of AIDS film archive, discussing ideas about suffering and culpability. The final section contributes perspectives on and by the filmmaker as activist and auteur. This interdisciplinary collection is placed at the intersection of medical humanities, sexuality studies and film and media studies, continuing a tradition of studies on the cultural and social understandings of HIV/AIDS.

Brazil has occupied a central role in the access to medicines movement, especially with respect to drugs used to treat those with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). How and why Brazil succeeded in overcoming powerful political and economic interests, both at home and abroad, to roll-out and sustain treatment represents an intellectual puzzle. In this book, Matthew Flynn traces the numerous challenges Brazil faced in its efforts to provide essential medicines to all of its citizens. Using dependency theory, state theory, and moral underpinnings of markets, Flynn delves deeper into the salient factors contributing to Brazil's successes and weaknesses, including control over technology, creation of political alliances, and instrumental use of normative frameworks and effectively explains the ability of countries to fulfill the prescription drug needs of its population versus the interests and operations of the global pharmaceutical industry Pharmaceutical Autonomy and Public Health in Latin America is one of the only books to provide an in-depth account of the challenges that a developing country, like Brazil, faces to fulfill public health objectives amidst increasing global economic integration and new international trade agreements. Scholars interested in public health issues, HIV/AIDS, and human rights, but also to social scientists interested in Latin America and international political economy will find this an original and thought provoking read.

Drawing on the case of HIV/AIDS in Thailand, this book examines how anthropological and other interpretative social science research has been utilized in modeling the AIDS epidemic, and in the design and implementation of interventions. It argues that much social science research has been complicit with the forces that generated the epidemic and with the social control agendas of the state, and that as such it has increased the weight of structural violence bearing upon the afflicted. The book also questions claims of Thai AIDS control success, arguing that these can only be made at the cost of excluding categories such as intravenous drug users, the incarcerated, and homosexuals, who continue to experience extraordinarily high levels of levels of HIV infection. Considered deviant and undeserving, these persons have deliberately been excluded from harm reduction programs. Overall, this work argues for the untapped potential of anthropological research in the health field, a confident anthropology rooted in ethnography and a critical reflexivity. Crucially, it argues that in context of interdisciplinary collaborations, anthropological research must refuse relegation to the status of an adjunct discipline, and must be free epistemologically and methodologically from the universalizing assumptions and practices of biomedicine.

First published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor and Francis, an informa company.

Based on several years of ethnographic fieldwork, the book explores life in and around a Luo-speaking village in western Kenya during a time of death: the epidemic of HIV/AIDS, which by the turn of the century had affected every aspect of sociality and pervaded villagers' debates about the past, the future and the ethics of everyday life. Central to such debates is a concern with touch in the broad sense of concrete, material contact between persons. In mundane practices as much as in ritual acts, touch is considered to be key to the creation of bodily life as well as social continuity. Underlying the significance of material contact is its connection with growth - of persons and groups, animals, plants and the land - and the forward movement of life more generally. Under the pressure of illness and death, economic hardship and land scarcity, as well as bitter struggles about the relevance and application of Christianity and "Luo tradition" in daily life, people found it difficult to agree about the role of touch in engendering growth, or indeed about the aims of growth itself. Yet they drew upon shared experiences and imaginaries in their struggles to restore a forward direction to their lives.

Not long after becoming public health concerns in the 1980s, HIV and AIDS were featured in a number of works of fiction, though such titles were written primarily for adult readers. Mirroring the disease's indiscriminate nature, however, the subject would soon be incorporated into novels aimed at young adults. Despite a need for accessible information on the subject, it is difficult to identify fiction that contains material about HIV/AIDS, as these books are seldom catalogued for this content, nor is this content consistently acknowledged in published reviews. In HIV/AIDS in Young Adult Novels: An Annotated Bibliography, the authors address this gap by identifying and assessing the full range of young adult novels that include HIV/AIDS content. This resource is comprised of two major parts. The first part summarizes findings from a content analysis performed on novels written for readers aged 11-19, published since 1981, and featuring at least one character with HIV/AIDS. The second part is an annotated bibliography of the more than 90 novels identified for use in the study. Each entry in the bibliography contains an annotation that summarizes the plot and how HIV/AIDS is depicted in the story, an indication of the accuracy of the HIV/AIDS content, a note on how central HIV/AIDS is to the story, and an evaluation of the literary quality of the book. This work will assist readers in collecting, choosing, evaluating, and using these works to educate readers about HIV/AIDS.

Biomedical revolutions seem to have radically altered the environment for HIV transmission: anti-retrovirals (ARVs) and drugs to reduce mother-to-child transmission promise to cut HIV transmission rates, as does male medical circumcision. However, the hopeful messages of UNAIDS are tempered with warning about expenditure shortfalls and calls for funding. Contributions to this book remind us that, along with the external financial constraints, there have been new fractures in state power and in the organisation of health systems. More than this, the book fundamentally calls into question whether biomedical interventions can change the social roots of this disease. As well as considering new policy approaches, the book reasserts a long-standing political economy approach to HIV and to adapt it to reflect new competing theoretical approaches. The chapters attempt to connect the debates about HIV/AIDS to larger discussions about globalisation, class differentiation, inequity and uneven development in African countries. This book was originally published as a special issue of Review of African Political Economy.

Table of Contents

Introduction: The political economy of HIV Deborah Johnston, Kevin Deane and Matteo Rizzo

1. Trapped in the prison of the proximate: structural HIV/AIDS prevention in southern Africa Bridget O’Laughlin

2. The political economy of concurrent partners: toward a history of sex–love–gift connections in the time of AIDS Mark Hunter

3. Wealthy and healthy? New evidence on the relationship between wealth and HIV vulnerability in Tanzania Danya Long and Kevin Deane

4. Paying the price of HIV in Africa: cash transfers and the depoliticisation of HIV risk Deborah Johnston

5. Exploring the complexity of microfinance and HIV in fishing communities on the shores of Lake Malawi Eleanor MacPherson, John Sadalaki, Victoria Nyongopa, Lawrence Nkhwazi, Mackwellings Phiri, Alinafe Chimphonda, Nicola Desmond, Victor Mwapasa, David G. Lalloo, Janet Seeley and Sally Theobald

6. Revisiting the economics of transactional sex: evidence from Tanzania Kevin Deane and Joyce Wamoyi

Debates

7. The key questions in the AIDS epidemic in 2015 Alan Whiteside OBE

8. 15 years of ‘War on AIDS’: what impact has the global HIV/AIDS response had on the political economy of Africa? Sophie Harman

9. Breaking out of silos – the need for critical paradigm reflection in HIV prevention Justin O. Parkhurst and Moritz Hunsmann

10. Microfinance and HIV prevention Janet Seeley

How can we care so much about health care yet so little about public health? Before Covid-19, public health programs constituted only 2.5 percent of all US health spending, with the other 97.5 percent going towards the larger health care system. In fact, the United States spends on average $11,000 per citizen per year on health care, but only $286 per person on public health. It seems that Americans value health care, the medical care of individuals, over public health, the well-being of collections of people. In Me vs. Us, primary care doctor and public health advocate Michael Stein takes a hard, insightful look at the larger questions behind American health and health care. He offers eight reasons why our interest in the technologies and delivery of health care supersedes our interest in public health and its focus on the core social, economic, and environmental forces that shape health. Stein documents how public health has continually "lost out" to medicine-from a loss in funding and resources to how we view our personal priorities-and suggests how public health may hold the solutions to our most concerning crises, from pandemics to obesity to climate change. Me vs. Us concludes that individual and public health are inseparable. In the end, Stein argues, we need to recover and sharpen our sense of health based on a reverent appreciation of both perspectives.

Since the onset of the HIV epidemic, the behaviour of men who have sex with men has been subject to intense scrutiny on the part of the behavioural and sociomedical sciences. What happens when we consider the work of these sciences to be not merely descriptive, but also constitutive of the realities it describes? The Gay Science pays attention to lived experiences of sex, drugs and the scientific practices that make these experiences intelligible. Through a series of empirically and historically detailed case studies, the book examines how new technologies and scientific artifacts - such as antiretroviral therapy, digital hookup apps and research methods - mediate sexual encounters and shape the worlds and self-practices of men who have sex with men. Rather than debunking scientific practices or minimizing their significance, The Gay Science approaches these practices as ways in which we 'learn to be affected' by HIV. It explores what knowledge practices best engage us, move us and increase our powers and capacities for action. The book includes an historical analysis of drug use as a significant element in the formation of urban gay cultures; constructivist accounts of the emergence of barebacking and chemsex; a performative response to Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and its uptake; and, a speculative analysis of ways of thinking and doing sexual community in the digital context. Combining insights from queer theory, process philosophy and science and technology studies to develop an original approach to the analysis of sexuality, drug use, public health and digital practices, this book demonstrates the ontological consequences of different modes of attending to risk and pleasure. It is suitable for those interested in cultural studies, sociology, gender and sexuality studies, digital culture, public health and drug and alcohol studies.

In the early 1980s we witnessed the birth of one of the most complex and perplexing social problems faced by modern society: the epidemic of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Originally published in 1993 this title looks at the social psychology surrounding HIV and AIDS. The organization of the volume centres upon two themes: The Theoretical Roots of Prevention and The Dilemma of the PWA (person with AIDS). The goal of this volume is not to evaluate previous attempts to answer these social problems, but to provide theoretical analyses of some of the basic sociopsychological processes that underlie the problems. Over 20 years on this is a snapshot of research into HIV and AIDS and attitudes of the time looking at social problems that are very much still with us.

India ranks third in the number of people living with HIV/AIDS globally. The country has high levels of poverty and inequality, poor healthcare infrastructure, especially away from the metropolitan areas, and a legacy of colonialism that bequeathed laws criminalizing non-heteronormative sexualities. These factors mean that many minority groups do not receive adequate access to preventative and treatment programs. This book explores the HIV/AIDS epidemic in India. Based on research in Tamil Nadu, it presents experiences of those marginalized by their sexuality and/ or gender, their struggles and their triumphs. Based on interviews with male and female sex-workers, men who have sex with men, aravanis (male to female transgenders) and HIV positive women-groups usually not included in the policy-making by Indian government agencies, international donors and international NGOs-the author uses an interdisciplinary approach. The approach highlights the historical and cultural context, while providing contemporary narratives. The book thus presents a deeper, multi-dimensional, understanding of the context of the disease and comprehends the roots of the stigma and discrimination that exacerbate the epidemic. An important study of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic, this book will be of interest to researchers in the field of South Asian Studies, Sexuality and Gender Studies, Health Sciences and Public Health.

Since early-on in the epidemic, there has been much interest in the role that bisexual behaviour among men may play in HIV transmission. This text reviews from an international perspective what has been learned about male bisexuality in countries as diverse as Peru and Britain. Its authors examine the forms that bisexuality takes in different cultures, what it means to the men concerned, and whether or not such behaviour poses special risks. The implications of such enquiry for HIV prevention efforts are also examined.

We have not yet unravelled how HIV/AIDS is changing South Africa's social fabric, despite the fact that over 5 million South Africans are living with the virus. Do we know how HIV/AIDS may affect different sectors of society, possibly altering the course set for development? Is it possible that the way in which the epidemic is being fought - through health and human rights activism - is adjusting our expectations of justice and equality? This title is a multidisciplinary overview of the discourse on HIV/AIDS and explores the concept of human security and the global development agenda. Contributions are drawn from a diverse group of academics and activists who examine how the epidemic intersects with politics, society, culture and the economy in South Africa, addressing human rights, gender inequality, prisons, the military, the education sector, rural livelihoods and the orphan crisis.

'Positively Women smashes the invisibility of women with AIDS. By combining individual experiences with concrete analysis and implications for organizing, the authors treat each reader as a potential activist and inspire us to action.'

This book approaches the subject of AIDS pedagogy by analysing the complex links between representation or discourse, ideology, power relations and practices of self, understood from the perspective of embodiment. While there is a fairly large amount of literature available on the social, economic, psychological and policy dimensions of the epidemic, there is virtually nothing on its cultural politics. As a critique of the national AIDS pedagogy, this book attempts to fill the gap. It addresses important issues in cultural studies, body studies, medical humanities, disease control policy and behaviour change communication strategies. This book will be of interest to researchers and students of culture studies and social sciences, especially social anthropology, community health, health management. and gender studies.

Being Positive gives us the clearest picture we have of what life is like for people who have been diagnosed HIV positive. Based upon unique in-depth interviews with a broad cross-section of patients, the book is remarkable for its candor and compassionate analysis. The people speak for themselves. "Through these pages," Robert Klitzman writes, "I have tried to present a picture-a group portrait-and a sense of the fabric and texture of these individual's lives. Their stories taught me much about how people find meaning and cope with apparently overwhelming difficulties." In looking for patterns in these lives, Dr. Klitzman has focused first on the problems these new patients face-the uncertainties, losses, and taboos; then on how they adapt-their new life in "HIV-land," their spiritual beliefs, work and volunteerism, family relations, drugs and sex, and denial psychology. Finally he considers the implications of this major new medical problem and how it has forced us to examine so many personal, political, and institutional issues surrounding illness and the threat of death. Being Positive is not only a humanizing antidote to statistical studies of HIV and AIDS, it is an important benchmark in understanding the lives and experiences of the people who are affected.

This manual will help field staff to mainstream HIV andAIDS in humanitarian emergencies. It assumes someknowledge of humanitarian programming and is intended to build staff skills in addressing the underlying causes of vulnerability to HIV infection and the consequences of HIV and AIDS, particularly in rapid-onset emergencies. The authors draw on experience in the field and offer practical recommendations on how to make sure that HIV and AIDS is considered when responding to humanitarian crises. The book explains both how HIV affects emergencies and how emergencies affect HIV, as well as identifying the particular needs of potential vulnerable groups. There is guidance particularly for managers in the planning stage but the book also suggests how to mainstream HIV and AIDS throughout the emergency project cycle. It includes useful checklists and planning tools with examples of inductions, trainings and awareness-raising sessions both for staff and for community members. The CD ROM to accompany the manual features the full text of the book plus training materials for use in the field.

First Published in 1989. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This open access book introduces the theoretical frameworks and academic debates concerning sexual cultural practices and HIV/AIDS in Africa. It shows how these frameworks have been applied in a practical sense in Africa to investigate sexual cultural practices and their link with HIV/AIDS. The author provides an overview of both the field of study and the methods used during fieldwork. Finally, it assesses the implications of the findings for the conceptualization and provision of current and future HIV/AIDS policies and programs in Africa. This monograph will appeal to policy makers and practitioners working in the field of HIV/AIDS in the Global South as well as academics and students.

This book demonstrates the political potential of mainstream theatre in the US at the end of the twentieth century, tracing ideological change over time in the reception of US mainstream plays taking HIV/AIDS as their topic from 1985 to 2000. This is the first study to combine the topics of the politics of performance, LGBT theatre, and mainstream theatre's political potential, a juxtaposition that shows how radical ideas become mainstream, that is, how the dominant ideology changes. Using materialist semiotics and extensive archival research, Juntunen delineates the cultural history of four pivotal productions from that period-Larry Kramer's The Normal Heart (1985), Tony Kushner's Angels in America (1992), Jonathan Larson's Rent (1996), and Moises Kaufman's The Laramie Project (2000). Examining the connection between AIDS, mainstream theatre, and the media reveals key systems at work in ideological change over time during a deadly epidemic whose effects changed the nation forever. Employing media theory alongside nationalism studies and utilizing dozens of reviews for each case study, the volume demonstrates that reviews are valuable evidence of how a production was hailed by society's ideological gatekeepers. Mixing this new use of reviews alongside textual analysis and material study-such as the theaters' locations, architectures, merchandise, program notes, and advertising-creates an uncommonly rich description of these productions and their ideological effects. This book will be of interest to scholars and students of theatre, politics, media studies, queer theory, and US history, and to those with an interest in gay civil rights, one of the most successful social movements of the late twentieth century.

This book studies the role of civil society organisations in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Russia. It looks at how Russia's HIV/AIDS epidemic has developed into a serious social, economic and political problem, and how according to the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), Russia is currently facing the biggest HIV/AIDS epidemic in all of Europe with an estimated number of 980,000 people living with HIV in 2009. The book investigates civil society organisations' contribution to social change and civil society development in post-Soviet Russia, and thus situates a specific type of civil society actors into a broader socio-political context and questions their ability to represent civic interests, particularly in the field of social policy-making and health. This allows for a better understanding of the dynamics of state-society relations in present-day Russia, and gives insight into the ways HIV/AIDS NGOs in Russia have used transnational ties in order to exert influence on domestic policy-making in the field of HIV/AIDS.

This book is a successor to the earlier and widely-used Business Organization. In this book the author helps the student to develop his or her own critical and conceptual understanding of the subject. As the author reviews the various approaches - classical, human relations, behavioural science, systems and contingency theories - he shows that none of them offers a simple progression from error to truth, but that all of them combine to contribute to a broader view of the field. The final chapter summarizes the author's viewpoint, applying the different approaches to a particular case study.

Heterosexual Africa? The History of an idea from the age of exploration to the age of AIDS explores the historical processes by which a singular, heterosexual identity for Africa was constructed. Epprecht argues that Africans, just like people all over the world, have always had a range of sexualities and sexual identities. Heterosexual Africa? aims to understand an enduring stereotype about Africa and Africans. It asks how Africa came to be defined as a "homosexual-free zone" during the colonial era, and how this idea not only survived the transition to independence but flourished under conditions of globalisation and early panicky responses to HIV/AIDS. In this timely volume, Epprecht examines a number of issues concerning sexuality and the construction of sexual identities that have largely been overlooked by studies of African ethnology in the past.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the most important themes in German HIV/AIDS prevention and care from the beginning of the epidemic to the present. Multidisciplinary in approach, it highlights the unique contributions of Germany to AIDS work, making available for the first time knowledge which can be applied to other countries as well as to other fields of public health practice. Topics discussed include: *structural prevention, a concept which unites political and behavioural change *the synchronistic relationship between AIDS policy and gay politics *the dominance of love and intimacy over other 'risk factors' *an approach to prevention among drug users which emphasis human rights and accepts the using behaviour *a unique partnership between public authorities and the voluntary sector *services for women working in cross-national border prostitution *an AIDS survivor syndrome among gay men *HIV in the context of emotional risks taken by women in relationships. In addition, specifically German themes are described, including special needs of gay men from the former East Germany, the difficulties of providing adequate outpatient care for people with HIV/AIDS and the history of the AIDS prevention debate in Germany. The book offers medical, nursing, public health, sociological, psychological and social work perspectives on the German response to AIDS.