This book attempts to present the concepts which underlie the various optimization procedures which are commonly used. It is written primarily for those scientists such as economists, operations researchers, and en gineers whose main tools of analysis involve optimization techniques and who possess a (not very sharp) knowledge of one or one-and-a-half year's calculus through partial differentiation and Taylor's theorem and some acquaintance with elementary vector and matrix terminology. Such a scientist is frequently confronted with expressions such as Lagrange multi pliers, first-and second-order conditions, linear programming and activity analysis, duality, the Kuhn-Tucker conditions, and, more recently, dy namic programming and optimal control. He or she uses or needs to use these optimization techniques, and would like to feel more comfortable with them through better understanding of their underlying mathematical concepts, but has no immediate use for a formal theorem-proof treatment which quickly abstracts to a general case of n variables and uses a style and terminology that are discouraging to people who are not mathematics majors. The emphasis of this book is on clarity and plausibility. Through examples which are worked out step by step in detail, I hope to illustrate some tools which will be useful to scientists when they apply optimization techniques to their problems. Most of the chapters may be read independently of each other-with the exception of Chapter 6, which depends on Chapter 5. For instance, the reader will find little or no difficulty in reading Chapter 8 without having read the previous chapters."

Linear Analysis.

Linear Spaces.

Linear Transformations and Matrices.

Determinants.

Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors.

Eigenvalues of Operators Acting on Euclidean Spaces.

Linear Differential Equations.

Systems of Differential Equations.

Nonlinear Analysis.

Differential Calculus of Scalar and Vector Fields.

Applications of the Differential Calculus.

Line Integrals.

Special Topics.

Set Functions and Elementary Probability.

Calculus of Probabilities.

Introduction to Numerical Analysis.

The most immediate one-dimensional variation problem is certainly the problem of determining an arc of curve, bounded by two given and having a smallest possible length. The problem of deter points mining and investigating a surface with given boundary and with a smallest possible area might then be considered as the most immediate two-dimensional variation problem. The classical work, concerned with the latter problem, is summed up in a beautiful and enthusiastic manner in DARBOUX'S Theorie generale des surfaces, vol. I, and in the first volume of the collected papers of H. A. SCHWARZ. The purpose of the present report is to give a picture of the progress achieved in this problem during the period beginning with the Thesis of LEBESGUE (1902). Our problem has always been considered as the outstanding example for the application of Analysis and Geometry to each other, and the recent work in the problem will certainly strengthen this opinion. It seems, in particular, that this recent work will be a source of inspiration to the Analyst interested in Calculus of Variations and to the Geometer interested in the theory of the area and in the theory of the conformal maps of general surfaces. These aspects of the subject will be especially emphasized in this report. The report consists of six Chapters. The first three Chapters are important tools or concerned with investigations which yielded either important ideas for the proofs of the existence theorems reviewed in the last three Chapters."

This self-contained textbook covers the fundamentals of two basic topics of linear functional analysis: locally convex spaces and harmonic analysis. Readers will find detailed introductions to topological vector spaces, distribution theory, weak topologies, Fourier transform, Hilbert transform, and Calderon-Zygmund singular integrals. An ideal introduction to more advanced texts, the book complements Ciarlet's Linear and Nonlinear Functional Analysis with Applications (SIAM), where the titular topics were not treated. Pedagogical features such as detailed theorems and 93 problems make the book ideal for a one-semester first-year graduate course or for self-study. The book is intended for advanced undergraduates and first-year graduate students and researchers. It is appropriate for the following courses: Advanced Numerical Analysis, Special Topics on Numerical Analysis, Topics on Data Science, Topics on Numerical Optimization, and Topics on Approximation Theory

This book collects papers mainly presented at the "International Conference on Partial Differential Equations: Theory, Control and Approximation" (May 28 to June 1, 2012 in Shanghai) in honor of the scientific legacy of the exceptional mathematician Jacques-Louis Lions. The contributors are leading experts from all over the world, including members of the Academies of Sciences in France, the USA and China etc., and their papers cover key fields of research, e.g. partial differential equations, control theory and numerical analysis, that Jacques-Louis Lions created or contributed so much to establishing.